Earthlike World elworld_wiki http://elworld.shoutwiki.com/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.35.11 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Earthlike World Earthlike World talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk Template:HeaderTemplate 10 7 12 2009-05-02T18:34:55Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki <div> <!-- Beginning of header section --> {|style="width:100%;margin-top:+.7em;background-color:#4682B4;border:1px solid #ccc;-moz-border-radius:20px" |style="width:45%;color:#000"| {|style="width:100%;border:solid 0px;background:none" |- |style="width:100%px;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;color:#000" | <div style="font-size:195%;border:none;margin: 0;padding:.1em;color:#FFFFFF">{{{welcome}}}</div> |}<!-- Blurb & useful links --> |style="width:45%;font-size:125%;color:#FFFFFF"| {{{blurb}}} |}<!-- End of blurb & useful links --> </div> a384f27c7f43d66acecf5d65137f0fd5a41a122e Template:MainTemplate 10 9 18 14 2009-07-08T08:41:15Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{HeaderTemplate|welcome={{{welcome}}}|blurb={{{blurb}}}}} <br /> <!-- LEFT COLUMN --> {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent;" |- | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:0.5em;" | <!-- Info about this site --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{about_title}}}|content={{{about_content}}}}} | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-left:0.5em;" | <!-- Featured Article --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{featured_title}}}|content={{{featured_content}}}}} |} <br /> <!-- RIGHT COLUMN --> {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent;" |- | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:0.5em;" | <!-- Did you know... --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{didyouknow_title}}}|content={{{didyouknow_content}}}}} | width="50%" style="vertical-align:top; padding-left:0.5em;" | <!-- Site news --> {{SectionTemplate|title={{{news_title}}}|content={{{news_content}}}}} |} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ 78f8386e9d2112600b0c1d1b84022fead288afdb Main Page 0 1 19 8 2009-07-08T08:42:32Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MainTemplate | welcome = Welcome to '''{{SITENAME}}!''' | blurb = You can put a short description of your wiki here. | about_title = About this site | about_content = This is your new site! Feel free to start editing right away! If you need any help, don't hesitate to contact ShoutWiki's [[Special:ListUsers/staff|Customer Support Team]]. | featured_title = Featured Article | featured_content = You can put a "featured article" here to show off the very best pieces that your community has done &mdash; or alternatively, you can use this space for something else if featured articles aren't "your thing". | didyouknow_title = Did you know... | didyouknow_content = * ...that you can add your own "did you know" tidbits right here? | news_title = News | news_content = * This wiki was started! }} a8ae9f2f544922f44ef407d59dce5b9d42303d64 48 19 2014-01-19T20:41:12Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Originalia]] * [[Omoserica]] * [[Seforma]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Dateline]] * [[Archipelago]] * [[Island Chain]] |} <!-- MAIN PAGE BANNER --> {{#if:{{Main Page banner}}| <table id="mp-banner" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr><td class="MainPageBG" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em; background-color:#fffaf5; border:1px solid #f2e0ce; color:#000; font-size:100%;">{{Main Page banner}} </td></tr> </table> }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|From today's featured article|Featured article }}</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|{{Featured article}}|{{Featured article}}}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">PlaceholderBL</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{PlaceholderBL}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">PlaceholderTR</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{PlaceholderTR}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">PlaceholderBR</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-otd">{{PlaceholderBR}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE FROM HERE -->{{#switch:{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}|Monday= <table id="mp-middle" style="width:100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr> <td class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #f2cedd; background:#fff5fa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;"> <table id="mp-center" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#fff5fa; color:#000;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"><h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#f2cedd; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #bfa3af; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">From today's featured list</h2></td> </tr><tr> <td style="color:#000;"><div id="mp-tfl" style="padding:2px 5px;">{{#ifexist:Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured list/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|{{TFLempty}}}}</div></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <!-- END TODAY'S FEATURED LIST --><!-- CONDITIONAL: SHOW/HIDE TO HERE -->|}} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Maplist|Maps | Maps&ensp;}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:Maplist|{{Maplist}}|{{Maplist}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 33761989534f927ee60d5621245c7a9eeb9c04c6 Template:SectionTemplate 10 8 20 13 2009-07-12T21:34:10Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2 style="border:none; background-color:#4682B4; padding:0.2em 0; margin:0; color:#ffffff; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; text-indent:0.5em; font-variant:small-caps; -moz-border-radius: 10px">{{{title}}}</h2> <div style="margin-bottom:1em; padding:0.5em 0.8em 0.5em 0.8em;"> {{{content}}} </div> a3eaeb792831e5830ecbb2db32c638dc9f8f7349 Template:! 10 10 21 2009-12-30T17:51:29Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki |<noinclude> [[Category:Utility templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> 9b3ed31a879b6aa4bb92a5b208aa67deb5a08aee Category:Utility templates 14 11 22 2009-12-30T17:54:25Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki This category is for '''Utility templates'''. [[Category:Templates]] 15e385a420bfe4cfee4b3d0534649f6788fba68b Category:Templates 14 12 23 2009-12-30T17:55:03Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki This category is for '''Templates'''. [[Category:Browse]] a8cfd0a0ac921fa55b5414969f163aad6d6ede6f Category:Browse 14 13 24 2009-12-30T17:56:16Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a starting point which can be used to access any article on this wiki. [[Category:Browse]] 317d0a35193ca0fd12391f7d765809291a2c756e User:Jack Phoenix 2 14 25 2010-10-03T15:20:51Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s:User:Jack Phoenix}} 39f2127f5a731958e4d69166956d8203baa21f5f User:Lynton 2 18 29 2010-10-03T15:28:32Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s:User:Lynton}} 489443000d7f6919f3fb29e669e8975b12d5a0c7 User:Pinky 2 20 31 2010-10-03T15:28:58Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s:User:Pinky}} 956d39f2ba87e63e0746da28f570aa7c9668f5dc User:MediaWiki default 2 23 35 34 2010-12-30T05:43:26Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki This account is used by [[s:ShoutWiki Staff|ShoutWiki Staff]] when performing maintenance tasks. This account is not a bot and cannot be blocked. If there is a problem with an edit from this account, please inform a member of the [[s:Customer Support Team|Customer Support Team]] using [[Special:Contact]]. Thanks, ShoutWiki Staff 4bac90676744e50249bf2391b4f33736fa8b0efc User:Lcawte 2 25 38 37 2012-08-18T14:01:09Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s::User:Lcawte}} 86fa2663ff9f9ea6394f014c3f357961a4df0dfe User:Cook879 2 26 39 2012-09-08T10:44:22Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s:User:Cook879}} 53e7e32bee1b98a164562824eefabce5a576eb77 User talk:Cook879 3 27 41 40 2012-09-08T10:46:56Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="center" style="background: #ccf; border: 3px solid #8888AA; width: 100%; -moz-border-radius: 80px;" |- | Hi. Welcome to my talk page. Feel free to [http://{{SERVERNAME}}/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Cook879&action=edit&section=new post a message] below. |} e7fa7b50cc89ce2aa64672457d39d2e53a3af758 File:Wiki.png 6 28 42 2012-09-13T14:06:18Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 50 42 2014-01-19T20:56:26Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee User talk:Lcawte 3 29 43 2013-03-28T18:59:56Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s::User talk:Lcawte/header}} 3559a9a3d5b050de27eb5d8307d77d116689c1d1 User:Solar Dragon 2 30 44 2013-08-21T20:03:47Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s:User:Solar Dragon}} fc16bbd0df472669f7061ad2d89aedaf3311711c User talk:Solar Dragon 3 31 46 45 2013-08-21T21:30:04Z MediaWiki default 30443056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s::User:Solar Dragon/Talkheader}} ce291e93fb8d269830d46539397abfd041cbaa75 User talk:Manomow 3 32 47 2014-01-19T20:23:00Z ShoutWiki 11 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi Manomow, thank you for choosing ShoutWiki to make your wiki. We would suggest that you start your wiki off by doing these few basic things: *Upload a logo. You can do this by uploading an image over [[:File:Wiki.png]]. (not available on some skins) *Design your [[Main Page]]. The main page is likely the first thing users will see. It should be attractive and catch the eye. *Start building content. All wikis need content to become the best they can be. If you need help with making a logo, skin or favicon, please see [[s:w:logocreation|ShoutWiki's Logo Creation Wiki]]. If you need any help with building your wiki, feel free to contact [[s:ShoutWiki Staff|ShoutWiki staff]] either via their talk pages or via [[Special:Contact]]. Alternatively, you can talk to us, or other users, via [[s:ShoutWiki Hub:IRC|IRC]]. Thank you again for using ShoutWiki. [[s:ShoutWiki Staff|ShoutWiki staff]] 20:22, 19 January 2014 f6c852122a16327d890bc23eea43188f08fedf2f Template:Main Page banner 10 33 49 2014-01-19T20:42:35Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "Wiki still in initial stages" wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki still in initial stages 1d11bbaed29fa7268b748352d2cd300bcb7d6bb8 File:Heightmap.png 6 34 51 2014-01-19T21:00:11Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 55 51 2014-01-19T21:13:01Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Heightmap.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 67 55 2014-01-19T21:55:27Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#00C060|0-200m (0-656 ft)}} {{legend|#01FF80|200-500m (656-1640 ft)}} {{legend|#FFFF80|500-1000m (1640-3281 ft)}} {{legend|#808040|1000-2000m (3281-6565 ft)}} {{legend|#8080C0|2000-3000m (6565-9841 ft)}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|>3000m (>9841 ft)}} 3cce58621f1f4f21a053e19b1969e8be23d84ada File:Basemap.png 6 35 52 2014-01-19T21:00:23Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 54 52 2014-01-19T21:12:31Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Basemap.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 63 54 2014-01-19T21:46:52Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#CAFFCF|Land}} {{legend|#B8D9F3|Water}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|Ice}} 25798c46098dc45cffd05bd3fa9a21dd74ea01b7 64 63 2014-01-19T21:47:29Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#CAFFCF|Land}} {{legend|#B8D9F3|Water}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|Ice}} {{legend|#647F96|River}} 3454bb9dde3f054626be78f3e7432b4d66d97a5a Template:Maplist 10 36 53 2014-01-19T21:10:06Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "[[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]] 7c98af73af679141b1629f1362bdeda0382a4570 57 53 2014-01-19T21:18:28Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]] 96703e2929ec08645b611d14c24a5798dc848211 File:Biomemap.png 6 37 56 2014-01-19T21:17:34Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 59 56 2014-01-19T21:28:20Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{legend|#3c7110|TEST}} 1ed155c54f3ad4a36a4895a45c1361428ddb1819 61 59 2014-01-19T21:40:51Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Forests''' {{legend|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} '''Grasslands''' {{legend|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} '''Harsh Climates''' {{legend|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} a969ad3bf73f00bb4087ddbcf27529b04c2c5966 62 61 2014-01-19T21:41:45Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == '''Forests''' {{legend|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} '''Grasslands''' {{legend|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} '''Harsh Climates''' {{legend|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} 3d34257bedbc2c7466f3d3998d6b4b1a6ead44ba 65 62 2014-01-19T21:54:50Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#00C060|0-200m (0-656 ft)}} {{legend|#01FF80|200-500m (656-1640 ft)}} {{legend|#FFFF80|500-1000m (1640-3281 ft)}} {{legend|#808040|1000-2000m (3281-6565 ft)}} {{legend|#8080C0|2000-3000m (6565-9841 ft)}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|>3000m (>9841 ft)}} 3cce58621f1f4f21a053e19b1969e8be23d84ada 66 65 2014-01-19T21:55:23Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == '''Forests''' {{legend|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} '''Grasslands''' {{legend|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} '''Harsh Climates''' {{legend|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} 3d34257bedbc2c7466f3d3998d6b4b1a6ead44ba Template:Legend 10 38 58 2014-01-19T21:27:50Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<includeonly><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:{{{border|1px solid {{{outline|black}}..." wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:{{{border|1px solid {{{outline|black}}}}}}; background-color:{{trim|{{{1|transparent}}}}}; color:{{{textcolor|black}}}; font-size:{{{size|100%}}}; text-align:center;">{{#if:{{{text|}}}|<span class="legend-text" style="font-size:95%;">{{{text}}}</span>|&nbsp;}}</span>&nbsp;{{{2|}}}</div></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 27c2938b9d3ee7bec88526d278beb6dfd6c3ea9d Template:Trim 10 39 60 2014-01-19T21:35:38Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<includeonly>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:1|{{{1|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:1|{{{1|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 80cbf249bdbb60b46ba41f0d928c8f463c62983e Template:Infobox Continent 10 40 68 2014-01-19T22:04:57Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox |title = {{{title|}}} |image = {{{image|}}} |label1 = Area |data1 = {{{area|}}} |label2 = Population |data2 = {{{population|}}} |label3 = ..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = {{{title|}}} |image = {{{image|}}} |label1 = Area |data1 = {{{area|}}} |label2 = Population |data2 = {{{population|}}} |label3 = Pop. density |data3 = {{{density|}}} |label4 = [[Demonym]] |data4 = {{{demonym|}}} |label5 = Countries |data5 = {{{countries|}}} {{#if: {{{list_countries|}}} | ([[{{{list_countries}}}|list of countries]])}} |label6 = Dependencies |data6 = {{{dependencies|}}} |label7 = Unrecognized regions |data7 = {{{unrecognized|}}} |label8 = Languages |data8 = {{{languages|}}} |label9 = Time zones |data9 = {{{time|}}} |label10 = Internet [[Top-level domain|TLD]] |data10 = {{{internet|}}} |label11 = Largest cities |data11 = {{{cities|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 0020039245798d760d72e1f87caaaf0839a74ca3 Template:Infobox 10 41 69 2014-01-19T22:07:18Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<includeonly>{| |- | align="center" | '''<big>{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}</big>''' {| align="center" | align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;" | [[File:{{{image}}}|250px]] |-..." wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| |- | align="center" | '''<big>{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}</big>''' {| align="center" | align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;" | [[File:{{{image}}}|250px]] |- | align="center" | {{{caption}}} |} |- | align="center" | '''{{{subject}}} information''' {| align="center" {{#if:{{{field1|}}}| ! align="right" width="80px" {{!}} {{{title1}}}: {{!}} {{{field1}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{field2|}}}| ! align="right" width="80px" {{!}} {{{title2}}}: {{!}} {{{field2}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{field3|}}}| ! align="right" width="80px" {{!}} {{{title3}}}: {{!}} {{{field3}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{field4|}}}| ! align="right" width="80px"{{!}} {{{title4}}}: {{!}} {{{field4}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{field5|}}}| ! align="right" width="80px" {{!}} {{{title5}}}: {{!}} {{{field5}}} }} |- |} |}</includeonly><noinclude> A basic infobox for [[Help:Infoboxes]]. [[Category:Templates]]</noinclude> b77f4a7a439c2cece9eb3fb29494a8eee1b614a3 73 69 2014-01-19T22:29:26Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> =Usage= ==Parameters== There are some general 'styling' parameters, some 'title' and subtitle parameters, some 'image' parameters', and then parameters for each of the 80 possible 'rows' ===Style=== * bodyclass * bodystyle ===Title=== * title * titleclass * titlestyle * above * aboveclass * abovestyle * subheader * subheaderclass * subheaderstyle ===Image=== * image * imageclass * imagestyle * caption * captionstyle ===Rows=== ====For all rows==== * headerstyle * labelstyle * datastyle ====For specific rows==== For each of the 80 possible rows, replace the 'N' below with the number (e.g. 'header3', 'header80') * headerN * labelN * dataN * classN =Example= {{Infobox|title=TITLE |above=ABOVE |subheader=SUBHEADER |image=[[Image:Some_image.jpg]] |caption=IMAGE_CAPTION |header1=HEADER_1 |label1=LABEL_1 |data1=DATA_1 }} </noinclude> {{{!}} class="infobox {{{bodyclass|}}}" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; {{{bodystyle|}}}"<!-- Caption -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}+ {{!}}class="{{{titleclass|}}}" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; {{{titlestyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{title}}} }}<!-- Header -->{{#if:{{{above|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{aboveclass|}}}" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; {{{abovestyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{above}}} }}<!-- Subheader -->{{#if:{{{subheader|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{subheaderclass|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{subheaderstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{subheader}}} }}<!-- Image -->{{#if:{{{image|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{imageclass|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{imagestyle|}}}"{{!}} {{{image}}} {{#if:{{{caption|}}}|<br /> <span style="{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption}}}</span> }} }}<!-- Row 1 -->{{#if:{{{header1|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header1|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label1|}}}|{{#if:{{{data1|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label1|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class1|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data1|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data1|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class1|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data1|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 2 -->{{#if:{{{header2|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header2|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label2|}}}|{{#if:{{{data2|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label2|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class2|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data2|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data2|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class2|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data2|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 3 -->{{#if:{{{header3|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header3|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label3|}}}|{{#if:{{{data3|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label3|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class3|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data3|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data3|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class3|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data3|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 4 -->{{#if:{{{header4|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header4|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label4|}}}|{{#if:{{{data4|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label4|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class4|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data4|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data4|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class4|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data4|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 5 -->{{#if:{{{header5|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header5|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label5|}}}|{{#if:{{{data5|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label5|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class5|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data5|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data5|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class5|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data5|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 6 -->{{#if:{{{header6|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header6|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label6|}}}|{{#if:{{{data6|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label6|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class6|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data6|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data6|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class6|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data6|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 7 -->{{#if:{{{header7|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header7|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label7|}}}|{{#if:{{{data7|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label7|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class7|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data7|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data7|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class7|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data7|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 8 -->{{#if:{{{header8|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header8|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label8|}}}|{{#if:{{{data8|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label8|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class8|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data8|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data8|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class8|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data8|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 9 -->{{#if:{{{header9|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header9|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label9|}}}|{{#if:{{{data9|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label9|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class9|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data9|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data9|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class9|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data9|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 10 -->{{#if:{{{header10|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header10|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label10|}}}|{{#if:{{{data10|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label10|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class10|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data10|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data10|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class10|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data10|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 11 -->{{#if:{{{header11|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header11|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label11|}}}|{{#if:{{{data11|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label11|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class11|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data11|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data11|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class11|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data11|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 12 -->{{#if:{{{header12|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header12|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label12|}}}|{{#if:{{{data12|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label12|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class12|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data12|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data12|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class12|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data12|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 13 -->{{#if:{{{header13|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header13|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label13|}}}|{{#if:{{{data13|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label13|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class13|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data13|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data13|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class13|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data13|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 14 -->{{#if:{{{header14|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header14|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label14|}}}|{{#if:{{{data14|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label14|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class14|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data14|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data14|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class14|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data14|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 15 -->{{#if:{{{header15|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header15|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label15|}}}|{{#if:{{{data15|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label15|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class15|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data15|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data15|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class15|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data15|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 16 -->{{#if:{{{header16|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header16|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label16|}}}|{{#if:{{{data16|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label16|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class16|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data16|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data16|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class16|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data16|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 17 -->{{#if:{{{header17|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header17|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label17|}}}|{{#if:{{{data17|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label17|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class17|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data17|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data17|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class17|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data17|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 18 -->{{#if:{{{header18|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header18|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label18|}}}|{{#if:{{{data18|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label18|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class18|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data18|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data18|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class18|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data18|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 19 -->{{#if:{{{header19|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header19|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label19|}}}|{{#if:{{{data19|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label19|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class19|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data19|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data19|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class19|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data19|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 20 -->{{#if:{{{header20|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header20|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label20|}}}|{{#if:{{{data20|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label20|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class20|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data20|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data20|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class20|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data20|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 21 -->{{#if:{{{header21|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header21|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label21|}}}|{{#if:{{{data21|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label21|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class21|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data21|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data21|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class21|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data21|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 22 -->{{#if:{{{header22|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header22|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label22|}}}|{{#if:{{{data22|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label22|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class22|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data22|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data22|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class22|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data22|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 23 -->{{#if:{{{header23|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header23|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label23|}}}|{{#if:{{{data23|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label23|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class23|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data23|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data23|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class23|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data23|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 24 -->{{#if:{{{header24|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header24|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label24|}}}|{{#if:{{{data24|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label24|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class24|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data24|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data24|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class24|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data24|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 25 -->{{#if:{{{header25|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header25|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label25|}}}|{{#if:{{{data25|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label25|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class25|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data25|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data25|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class25|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data25|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 26 -->{{#if:{{{header26|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header26|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label26|}}}|{{#if:{{{data26|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label26|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class26|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data26|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data26|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class26|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data26|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 27 -->{{#if:{{{header27|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header27|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label27|}}}|{{#if:{{{data27|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label27|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class27|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data27|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data27|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class27|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data27|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 28 -->{{#if:{{{header28|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header28|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label28|}}}|{{#if:{{{data28|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label28|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class28|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data28|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data28|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class28|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data28|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 29 -->{{#if:{{{header29|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header29|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label29|}}}|{{#if:{{{data29|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label29|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class29|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data29|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data29|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class29|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data29|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 30 -->{{#if:{{{header30|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header30|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label30|}}}|{{#if:{{{data30|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label30|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class30|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data30|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data30|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class30|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data30|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 31 -->{{#if:{{{header31|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header31|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label31|}}}|{{#if:{{{data31|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label31|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class31|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data31|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data31|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class31|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data31|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 32 -->{{#if:{{{header32|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header32|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label32|}}}|{{#if:{{{data32|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label32|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class32|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data32|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data32|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class32|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data32|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 33 -->{{#if:{{{header33|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header33|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label33|}}}|{{#if:{{{data33|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label33|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class33|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data33|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data33|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class33|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data33|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 34 -->{{#if:{{{header34|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header34|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label34|}}}|{{#if:{{{data34|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label34|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class34|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data34|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data34|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class34|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data34|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 35 -->{{#if:{{{header35|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header35|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label35|}}}|{{#if:{{{data35|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label35|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class35|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data35|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data35|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class35|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data35|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 36 -->{{#if:{{{header36|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header36|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label36|}}}|{{#if:{{{data36|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label36|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class36|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data36|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data36|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class36|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data36|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 37 -->{{#if:{{{header37|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header37|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label37|}}}|{{#if:{{{data37|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label37|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class37|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data37|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data37|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class37|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data37|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 38 -->{{#if:{{{header38|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header38|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label38|}}}|{{#if:{{{data38|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label38|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class38|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data38|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data38|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class38|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data38|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 39 -->{{#if:{{{header39|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header39|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label39|}}}|{{#if:{{{data39|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label39|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class39|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data39|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data39|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class39|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data39|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 40 -->{{#if:{{{header40|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header40|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label40|}}}|{{#if:{{{data40|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label40|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class40|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data40|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data40|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class40|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data40|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 41 -->{{#if:{{{header41|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header41|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label41|}}}|{{#if:{{{data41|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label41|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class41|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data41|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data41|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class41|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data41|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 42 -->{{#if:{{{header42|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header42|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label42|}}}|{{#if:{{{data42|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label42|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class42|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data42|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data42|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class42|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data42|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 43 -->{{#if:{{{header43|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header43|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label43|}}}|{{#if:{{{data43|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label43|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class43|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data43|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data43|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class43|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data43|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 44 -->{{#if:{{{header44|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header44|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label44|}}}|{{#if:{{{data44|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label44|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class44|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data44|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data44|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class44|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data44|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 45 -->{{#if:{{{header45|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header45|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label45|}}}|{{#if:{{{data45|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label45|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class45|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data45|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data45|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class45|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data45|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 46 -->{{#if:{{{header46|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header46|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label46|}}}|{{#if:{{{data46|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label46|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class46|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data46|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data46|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class46|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data46|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 47 -->{{#if:{{{header47|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header47|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label47|}}}|{{#if:{{{data47|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label47|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class47|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data47|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data47|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class47|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data47|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 48 -->{{#if:{{{header48|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header48|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label48|}}}|{{#if:{{{data48|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label48|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class48|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data48|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data48|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class48|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data48|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 49 -->{{#if:{{{header49|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header49|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label49|}}}|{{#if:{{{data49|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label49|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class49|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data49|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data49|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class49|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data49|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 50 -->{{#if:{{{header50|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header50|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label50|}}}|{{#if:{{{data50|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label50|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class50|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data50|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data50|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class50|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data50|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 51 -->{{#if:{{{header51|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header51|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label51|}}}|{{#if:{{{data51|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label51|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class51|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data51|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data51|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class51|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data51|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 52 -->{{#if:{{{header52|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header52|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label52|}}}|{{#if:{{{data52|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label52|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class52|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data52|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data52|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class52|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data52|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 53 -->{{#if:{{{header53|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header53|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label53|}}}|{{#if:{{{data53|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label53|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class53|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data53|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data53|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class53|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data53|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 54 -->{{#if:{{{header54|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header54|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label54|}}}|{{#if:{{{data54|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label54|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class54|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data54|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data54|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class54|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data54|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 55 -->{{#if:{{{header55|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header55|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label55|}}}|{{#if:{{{data55|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label55|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class55|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data55|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data55|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class55|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data55|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 56 -->{{#if:{{{header56|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header56|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label56|}}}|{{#if:{{{data56|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label56|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class56|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data56|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data56|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class56|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data56|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 57 -->{{#if:{{{header57|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header57|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label57|}}}|{{#if:{{{data57|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label57|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class57|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data57|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data57|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class57|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data57|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 58 -->{{#if:{{{header58|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header58|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label58|}}}|{{#if:{{{data58|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label58|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class58|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data58|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data58|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class58|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data58|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 59 -->{{#if:{{{header59|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header59|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label59|}}}|{{#if:{{{data59|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label59|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class59|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data59|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data59|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class59|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data59|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 60 -->{{#if:{{{header60|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header60|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label60|}}}|{{#if:{{{data60|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label60|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class60|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data60|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data60|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class60|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data60|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 61 -->{{#if:{{{header61|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header61|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label61|}}}|{{#if:{{{data61|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label61|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class61|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data61|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data61|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class61|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data61|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 62 -->{{#if:{{{header62|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header62|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label62|}}}|{{#if:{{{data62|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label62|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class62|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data62|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data62|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class62|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data62|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 63 -->{{#if:{{{header63|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header63|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label63|}}}|{{#if:{{{data63|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label63|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class63|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data63|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data63|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class63|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data63|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 64 -->{{#if:{{{header64|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header64|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label64|}}}|{{#if:{{{data64|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label64|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class64|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data64|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data64|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class64|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data64|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 65 -->{{#if:{{{header65|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header65|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label65|}}}|{{#if:{{{data65|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label65|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class65|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data65|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data65|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class65|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data65|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 66 -->{{#if:{{{header66|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header66|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label66|}}}|{{#if:{{{data66|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label66|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class66|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data66|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data66|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class66|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data66|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 67 -->{{#if:{{{header67|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header67|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label67|}}}|{{#if:{{{data67|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label67|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class67|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data67|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data67|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class67|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data67|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 68 -->{{#if:{{{header68|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header68|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label68|}}}|{{#if:{{{data68|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label68|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class68|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data68|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data68|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class68|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data68|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 69 -->{{#if:{{{header69|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header69|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label69|}}}|{{#if:{{{data69|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label69|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class69|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data69|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data69|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class69|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data69|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 70 -->{{#if:{{{header70|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header70|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label70|}}}|{{#if:{{{data70|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label70|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class70|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data70|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data70|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class70|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data70|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 71 -->{{#if:{{{header71|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header71|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label71|}}}|{{#if:{{{data71|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label71|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class71|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data71|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data71|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class71|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data71|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 72 -->{{#if:{{{header72|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header72|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label72|}}}|{{#if:{{{data72|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label72|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class72|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data72|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data72|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class72|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data72|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 73 -->{{#if:{{{header73|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header73|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label73|}}}|{{#if:{{{data73|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label73|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class73|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data73|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data73|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class73|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data73|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 74 -->{{#if:{{{header74|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header74|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label74|}}}|{{#if:{{{data74|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label74|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class74|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data74|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data74|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class74|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data74|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 75 -->{{#if:{{{header75|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header75|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label75|}}}|{{#if:{{{data75|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label75|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class75|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data75|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data75|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class75|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data75|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 76 -->{{#if:{{{header76|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header76|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label76|}}}|{{#if:{{{data76|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label76|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class76|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data76|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data76|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class76|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data76|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 77 -->{{#if:{{{header77|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header77|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label77|}}}|{{#if:{{{data77|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label77|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class77|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data77|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data77|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class77|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data77|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 78 -->{{#if:{{{header78|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header78|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label78|}}}|{{#if:{{{data78|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label78|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class78|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data78|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data78|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class78|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data78|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 79 -->{{#if:{{{header79|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header79|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label79|}}}|{{#if:{{{data79|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label79|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class79|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data79|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data79|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class79|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data79|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 80 -->{{#if:{{{header80|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header80|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label80|}}}|{{#if:{{{data80|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label80|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class80|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data80|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data80|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class80|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data80|}}} }} }}<!-- Below -->{{#if:{{{below|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{belowstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{below|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{name|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}style="text-align:right;" colspan=2"{{!}}{{Tnavbar|{{{name}}}|noedit={{{noedit|0}}}}} }} {{!}}} 56b1d6135fd241ccff3bd90cb0fb486681cd000d Template:Pp-move-indef 10 42 70 2014-01-19T22:13:56Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|sysop|{{#switch: {{NAMESPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:User talk}} = Category:Wikipedia move-protected user and user talk pages|{{..." wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|sysop|{{#switch: {{NAMESPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:User talk}} = [[Category:Wikipedia move-protected user and user talk pages|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:Wikipedia}} | {{ns:Help}} = [[Category:Wikipedia move-protected project pages|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{ns:Portal}} = [[Category:Wikipedia move-protected portals|{{PAGENAME}}]] | {{TALKSPACE}} = {{talk other|[[Category:Wikipedia move-protected talk pages|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} | #default = [[Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|[[Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> b4e9d44fe0cdf3960eee3911f76ed272441d35ed Originalia 0 43 71 2014-01-19T22:23:25Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox Continent |title = Originalia |image = [[File:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg|250px]] }} '''Originalia'''" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Continent |title = Originalia |image = [[File:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg|250px]] }} '''Originalia''' a80378f2a22b8bbd16e57a8808ee393c131f90e2 75 71 2014-01-19T22:33:46Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] }} '''Originalia''', dubbed 'China' 94993f1cc9b75f635211ce05d7446bc669856e7f 76 75 2014-01-19T22:35:11Z Manomow 3365071 whoops, wrong continent wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] }} '''Originalia''' 3fff10d7b5e133368db10921fd5195d19d5252b1 77 76 2014-01-19T22:39:20Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] }} '''Originalia''' = Geography = ==Biodiversity== ===Southern Originalia=== Cultivatable Flora *Bearberry *Labrador Tea Other Animals *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle (in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra) *Osprey Aquatic Fauna *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross Other Flora *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch ed2a6f0be28ca60fa958c7804bcd4e98c113d157 File:Originalia.png 6 44 72 2014-01-19T22:24:29Z Manomow 3365071 Originalian continent wikitext text/x-wiki Originalian continent ad407cc5b7874276d7642cfd686608d788f7aa97 Omoserica 0 45 74 2014-01-19T22:33:38Z Will Brawner 3370060 Created page with "'''Omoserica''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after Originalia, Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world..." wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omoserica''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after Originalia, Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. e6bf10cbf2de67d673b9023a4d258fe19a645814 File:Omoserica.png 6 46 78 2014-01-19T22:40:41Z Will Brawner 3370060 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Omoserica 0 45 79 74 2014-01-19T22:41:14Z Will Brawner 3370060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omoserica''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after Originalia, Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. [[File:Omoserica.png]] 5082032c116754f18771b1d21d25ad2767c5b2d8 90 79 2014-01-20T02:53:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] }} '''Omoserica''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after Originalia, Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== Domestic Animals *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> Cultivable Plants *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo Aquatic Animals *Albatross *Right Whale Other Animals *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven Other Plants *Birch <references/> e5dc826f5a6778108c9e592c70669e83b4baa67b 91 90 2014-01-20T02:56:21Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] }} '''Omoserica''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after Originalia, Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== Domestic Animals *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> Cultivable Plants *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo Aquatic Animals *Albatross *Right Whale Other Animals *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven Other Plants *Birch <references/> a48347d0140ad7ed0338422eb7a1f6d53271dd38 92 91 2014-01-20T02:56:54Z Manomow 3365071 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] }} '''Omoserica''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after Originalia, Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> d1831add274b88d6fb50c281909106f64c64e038 Originalia 0 43 80 77 2014-01-19T22:47:38Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] }} '''Originalia''' == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== Cultivatable Flora *Bearberry *Labrador Tea Other Animals *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle (in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra) *Osprey Aquatic Fauna *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross Other Flora *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch ==== Eastern Originalia ==== Domestic Animals -Dog -Horse -Cattle -Serows -Red panda -Dholes -Gaur Cultivable Flora -Wheat -Barley -Sorghum -Olives -Grapes -Flax -Cotton -Palm Oil Other Animals *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle (In the winter) *Golden Eagle (in the winter) *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher (along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed) Aquatic Animals *Bull Shark *Albatross Other Flora *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus ==== Central Originalia ==== Domestic Animals *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass Cultivatable Flora *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant Aquatic Animals *Bull Shark Other Animals *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle (only during migrations) *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra Other Flora *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive ==== Far Western Originalia ==== Domestic Animals *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar Cultivable Flora *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro Other Animals *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle (during the summer) *Golden Eagle (in the mountains, all year; winters further west) *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice Aquatic Fauna *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross Other Flora *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> 142711c4c4f01b226f178f22e429e918f6bff6bd 81 80 2014-01-19T22:52:02Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] }} '''Originalia''' == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' -Dog -Horse -Cattle -Serows -Red panda -Dholes -Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' -Wheat -Barley -Sorghum -Olives -Grapes -Flax -Cotton -Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> cc7ae11394ad00c2708e0958dd3a62bbe1fb702e 82 81 2014-01-19T22:53:38Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] }} '''Originalia''' is home to the cradle of humanity, == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> e63e5f2b03de085b9deea446cb711a387f6262f6 114 82 2014-01-20T03:37:43Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] }} '''Originalia''' is home to the cradle of humanity, == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Originalia.png|100px|link=|alt=]] | list1= [[Originalia]] • [[Omoserica]] • [[Seforma]] • [[Dateline]] • [[Archipelago]] • [[Island Chain]] }} 2a7320b0b62db41b03c08f5ee7d611083a29396d File:Dateline.png 6 47 83 2014-01-19T22:58:51Z Manomow 3365071 Dateline continent wikitext text/x-wiki Dateline continent 11356e8986e31fe52364ee81a157b5a62ef5f942 File:Seforma.png 6 48 84 2014-01-19T23:03:04Z Manomow 3365071 Seformian continent wikitext text/x-wiki Seformian continent c603d62f4d3498a81f878dd72c0cacc3d7a24d23 File:Archipelago.png 6 49 85 2014-01-19T23:04:36Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Islandchain.png 6 50 86 2014-01-19T23:06:24Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Arctica.png 6 51 87 2014-01-19T23:07:53Z Manomow 3365071 Arctican continent wikitext text/x-wiki Arctican continent 395f2d417428dd6fd676bdc158852c895b68973b Seforma 0 52 88 2014-01-19T23:16:33Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Se..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper 760316ec0b07491677ce2f4cc72c9be78065d367 89 88 2014-01-19T23:17:00Z Manomow 3365071 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> 34a750daeaf1e1f546c9665b4622516288fd6792 Template:Infobox 10 41 93 73 2014-01-20T03:03:23Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <table class="infobox {{{bodyclass|}}}" cellspacing="5" style="width:22em; text-align:left; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; 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|data={{{data26|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class26|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass26|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header27|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label27|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data27|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class27|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass27|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header28|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label28|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data28|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class28|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass28|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header29|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label29|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data29|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class29|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass29|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header30|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label30|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data30|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class30|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass30|}}} 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|headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label53|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data53|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class53|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass53|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header54|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label54|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data54|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class54|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass54|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header55|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label55|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data55|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class55|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass55|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header56|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label56|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data56|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class56|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass56|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header57|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label57|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data57|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class57|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass57|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header58|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label58|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data58|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class58|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass58|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header59|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label59|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data59|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class59|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass59|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header60|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label60|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data60|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class60|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass60|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header61|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label61|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data61|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class61|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass61|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header62|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label62|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data62|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class62|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass62|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header63|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label63|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data63|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class63|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass63|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header64|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label64|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data64|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class64|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass64|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header65|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label65|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data65|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class65|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass65|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header66|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label66|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data66|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class66|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass66|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header67|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label67|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data67|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class67|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass67|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header68|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label68|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data68|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class68|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass68|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header69|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label69|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data69|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class69|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass69|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header70|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label70|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data70|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class70|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass70|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header71|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label71|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data71|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class71|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass71|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header72|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label72|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data72|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class72|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass72|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header73|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label73|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data73|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class73|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass73|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header74|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label74|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data74|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class74|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass74|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header75|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label75|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data75|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class75|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass75|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header76|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label76|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data76|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class76|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass76|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header77|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label77|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data77|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class77|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass77|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header78|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label78|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data78|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class78|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass78|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header79|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label79|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data79|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class79|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass79|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header80|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label80|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data80|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class80|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass80|}}} }}<!-- Below -->{{#if:{{{below|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" class="{{{belowclass|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{belowstyle|}}}">{{{below}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- Navbar -->{{#if:{{{name|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:right">{{navbar|{{{name}}}|mini=1}}</td></tr>}} </table><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 2660304ecac6fbb4b8ea7b3bc42a8f92eb5e36c9 98 93 2014-01-20T03:14:38Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| |- | align="center" | '''<big>{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}</big>''' {| align="center" | align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;" | [[File:{{{image}}}|250px]] |- | align="center" | {{{caption}}} |} |- | align="center" | '''{{{subject}}} information''' {| align="center" {{#if:{{{field1|}}}| ! align="right" width="80px" {{!}} {{{title1}}}: {{!}} {{{field1}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{field2|}}}| ! align="right" width="80px" {{!}} {{{title2}}}: {{!}} {{{field2}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{field3|}}}| ! align="right" width="80px" {{!}} {{{title3}}}: {{!}} {{{field3}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{field4|}}}| ! align="right" width="80px"{{!}} {{{title4}}}: {{!}} {{{field4}}} }} |- {{#if:{{{field5|}}}| ! align="right" width="80px" {{!}} {{{title5}}}: {{!}} {{{field5}}} }} |- |} |}</includeonly><noinclude> A basic infobox for [[Help:Infoboxes]]. [[Category:Templates]]</noinclude> b77f4a7a439c2cece9eb3fb29494a8eee1b614a3 100 98 2014-01-20T03:18:22Z Manomow 3365071 Undo revision 98 by [[Special:Contributions/Manomow|Manomow]] ([[User talk:Manomow|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <table class="infobox {{{bodyclass|}}}" cellspacing="5" style="width:22em; text-align:left; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; {{{bodystyle|}}}"><!-- Caption -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<caption class="{{{titleclass|}}}" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; {{{titlestyle|}}}">{{{title}}}</caption>}}<!-- Header -->{{#if:{{{above|}}}|{{Infobox/row |header={{{above}}} |headerstyle=text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; {{{abovestyle|}}} |class={{{aboveclass|}}} |rowclass={{{aboverowclass|}}} }} }}<!-- Subheader1 -->{{#if:{{{subheader|}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{subheader}}} |datastyle={{{subheaderstyle|}}} |class={{{subheaderclass|}}} |rowclass={{{subheaderrowclass1|}}} }} }}<!-- Subheader2 -->{{#if:{{{subheader2|}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{subheader2}}} |datastyle={{{subheaderstyle|}}} |class={{{subheaderclass|}}} |rowclass={{{subheaderrowclass2|}}} }} }}<!-- Image1 -->{{#if:{{{image|{{{image1|}}}}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{image|{{{image1}}} }}}{{#if:{{{caption|{{{caption1|}}}}}}|<br /><span style="{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption|{{{caption1}}}}}}</span>}} |datastyle={{{imagestyle|}}} |class={{{imageclass|}}} |rowclass={{{imagerowclass1|}}} }} }}<!-- Image2 -->{{#if:{{{image2|}}}|{{Infobox/row |data={{{image2}}}{{#if:{{{caption2|}}}|<br /><span style="{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption2}}}</span>}} |datastyle={{{imagestyle|}}} |class={{{imageclass|}}} |rowclass={{{imagerowclass2|}}} }} }}<!-- -->{{Infobox/row |header={{{header1|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label1|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data1|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class1|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass1|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header2|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label2|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data2|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class2|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass2|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header3|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label3|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data3|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class3|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass3|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header4|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label4|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data4|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class4|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass4|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header5|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label5|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data5|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class5|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass5|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header6|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label6|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data6|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class6|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass6|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header7|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label7|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data7|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class7|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass7|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header8|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label8|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data8|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class8|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass8|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header9|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label9|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data9|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class9|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass9|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header10|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label10|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data10|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class10|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass10|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header11|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label11|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data11|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class11|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass11|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header12|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label12|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data12|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class12|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass12|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header13|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label13|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data13|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class13|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass13|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header14|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label14|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data14|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class14|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass14|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header15|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label15|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data15|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class15|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass15|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header16|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label16|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data16|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class16|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass16|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header17|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label17|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data17|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class17|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass17|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header18|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label18|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data18|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class18|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass18|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header19|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label19|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data19|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class19|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass19|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header20|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label20|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data20|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class20|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass20|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header21|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label21|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data21|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class21|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass21|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header22|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label22|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data22|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class22|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass22|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header23|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label23|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data23|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class23|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass23|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header24|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label24|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data24|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class24|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass24|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header25|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label25|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data25|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class25|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass25|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header26|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label26|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data26|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class26|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass26|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header27|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label27|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data27|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class27|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass27|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header28|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label28|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data28|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class28|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass28|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header29|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label29|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data29|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class29|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass29|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header30|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label30|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data30|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class30|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass30|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header31|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label31|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data31|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class31|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass31|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header32|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label32|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data32|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class32|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass32|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header33|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label33|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data33|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class33|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass33|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header34|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label34|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data34|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class34|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass34|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header35|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label35|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data35|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class35|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass35|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header36|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label36|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data36|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class36|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass36|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header37|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label37|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data37|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class37|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass37|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header38|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label38|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data38|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class38|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass38|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header39|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label39|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data39|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class39|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass39|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header40|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label40|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data40|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class40|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass40|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header41|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label41|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data41|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class41|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass41|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header42|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label42|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data42|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class42|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass42|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header43|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label43|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data43|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class43|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass43|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header44|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label44|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data44|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class44|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass44|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header45|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label45|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data45|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class45|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass45|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header46|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label46|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data46|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class46|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass46|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header47|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label47|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data47|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class47|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass47|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header48|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label48|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data48|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class48|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass48|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header49|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label49|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data49|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class49|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass49|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header50|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label50|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data50|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class50|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass50|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header51|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label51|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data51|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class51|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass51|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header52|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label52|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data52|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class52|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass52|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header53|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label53|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data53|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class53|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass53|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header54|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label54|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data54|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class54|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass54|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header55|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label55|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data55|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class55|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass55|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header56|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label56|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data56|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class56|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass56|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header57|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label57|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data57|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class57|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass57|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header58|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label58|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data58|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class58|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass58|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header59|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label59|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data59|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class59|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass59|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header60|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label60|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data60|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class60|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass60|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header61|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label61|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data61|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class61|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass61|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header62|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label62|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data62|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class62|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass62|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header63|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label63|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data63|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class63|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass63|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header64|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label64|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data64|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class64|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass64|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header65|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label65|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data65|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class65|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass65|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header66|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label66|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data66|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class66|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass66|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header67|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label67|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data67|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class67|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass67|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header68|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label68|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data68|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class68|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass68|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header69|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label69|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data69|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class69|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass69|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header70|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label70|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data70|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class70|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass70|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header71|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label71|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data71|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class71|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass71|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header72|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label72|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data72|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class72|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass72|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header73|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label73|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data73|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class73|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass73|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header74|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label74|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data74|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class74|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass74|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header75|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label75|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data75|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class75|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass75|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header76|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label76|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data76|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class76|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass76|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header77|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label77|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data77|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class77|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass77|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header78|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label78|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data78|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class78|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass78|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header79|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label79|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data79|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class79|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass79|}}} }}{{Infobox/row |header={{{header80|}}} |headerstyle={{{headerstyle|}}} |label={{{label80|}}} |labelstyle={{{labelstyle|}}} |data={{{data80|}}} |datastyle={{{datastyle|}}} |class={{{class80|}}} |rowclass={{{rowclass80|}}} }}<!-- Below -->{{#if:{{{below|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" class="{{{belowclass|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{belowstyle|}}}">{{{below}}}</td></tr>}}<!-- Navbar -->{{#if:{{{name|}}}|<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:right">{{navbar|{{{name}}}|mini=1}}</td></tr>}} </table><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 2660304ecac6fbb4b8ea7b3bc42a8f92eb5e36c9 Template:Infobox/row 10 53 94 2014-01-20T03:03:51Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{#if:{{{header|}}} |<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}">{{{header|}}}</th></tr> |{{#if:{{{data|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{name|}}}|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{header|}}} |<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}">{{{header|}}}</th></tr> |{{#if:{{{data|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{name|}}}|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1}}|example}} |<tr>{{#if:{{{label|}}} |<th style="{{{labelstyle|}}}">{{{label|}}}</th> <td class="{{{class|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"> |<td colspan="2" class="{{{class|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"> }}{{{data|}}}</td></tr> }} }}<noinclude>[[Category:Template subpages|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> a6cce77c08a0eb7af5c404013b6f90f04b940433 Module:Infobox 828 54 95 2014-01-20T03:07:59Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "-- -- This module implements {{Infobox}} -- local p = {} local HtmlBuilder = require('Module:HtmlBuilder') local args = {} local origArgs local root function union(t1,..." Scribunto text/plain -- -- This module implements {{Infobox}} -- local p = {} local HtmlBuilder = require('Module:HtmlBuilder') local args = {} local origArgs local root function union(t1, t2) -- Returns the union of the values of two tables, as a sequence. local vals = {} for k, v in pairs(t1) do vals[v] = true end for k, v in pairs(t2) do vals[v] = true end local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(vals) do table.insert(ret, k) end return ret end local function getArgNums(prefix) -- Returns a table containing the numbers of the arguments that exist -- for the specified prefix. For example, if the prefix was 'data', and -- 'data1', 'data2', and 'data5' exist, it would return {1, 2, 5}. local nums = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do local num = tostring(k):match('^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)$') if num then table.insert(nums, tonumber(num)) end end table.sort(nums) return nums end local function addRow(rowArgs) -- Adds a row to the infobox, with either a header cell -- or a label/data cell combination. if rowArgs.header then root .tag('tr') .addClass(rowArgs.rowclass) .tag('th') .attr('colspan', 2) .addClass(rowArgs.class) .css('text-align', 'center') .cssText(args.headerstyle) .wikitext(rowArgs.header) elseif rowArgs.data then local row = root.tag('tr') row.addClass(rowArgs.rowclass) if rowArgs.label then row .tag('th') .attr('scope', 'row') .css('text-align', 'left') .cssText(args.labelstyle) .wikitext(rowArgs.label) .done() end local dataCell = row.tag('td') if not rowArgs.label then dataCell .attr('colspan', 2) .css('text-align', 'center') end dataCell .addClass(rowArgs.class) .cssText(rowArgs.datastyle) .newline() .wikitext(rowArgs.data) end end local function renderTitle() if not args.title then return end root .tag('caption') .addClass(args.titleclass) .cssText(args.titlestyle) .wikitext(args.title) end local function renderAboveRow() if not args.above then return end root .tag('tr') .tag('th') .attr('colspan', 2) .addClass(args.aboveclass) .css('text-align', 'center') .css('font-size', '125%') .css('font-weight', 'bold') .cssText(args.abovestyle) .wikitext(args.above) end local function renderBelowRow() if not args.below then return end root .tag('tr') .tag('td') .attr('colspan', '2') .addClass(args.belowclass) .css('text-align', 'center') .cssText(args.belowstyle) .newline() .wikitext(args.below) end local function renderSubheaders() if args.subheader then args.subheader1 = args.subheader end if args.subheaderrowclass then args.subheaderrowclass1 = args.subheaderrowclass end local subheadernums = getArgNums('subheader') for k, num in ipairs(subheadernums) do addRow({ data = args['subheader' .. tostring(num)], datastyle = args.subheaderstyle or args['subheaderstyle' .. tostring(num)], class = args.subheaderclass, rowclass = args['subheaderrowclass' .. tostring(num)] }) end end local function renderImages() if args.image then args.image1 = args.image end if args.caption then args.caption1 = args.caption end local imagenums = getArgNums('image') for k, num in ipairs(imagenums) do local caption = args['caption' .. tostring(num)] local data = HtmlBuilder.create().wikitext(args['image' .. tostring(num)]) if caption then data .tag('br', {selfClosing = true}) .done() .tag('div') .cssText(args.captionstyle) .wikitext(caption) end addRow({ data = tostring(data), datastyle = args.imagestyle, class = args.imageclass, rowclass = args['imagerowclass' .. tostring(num)] }) end end local function renderRows() -- Gets the union of the header and data argument numbers, -- and renders them all in order using addRow. local rownums = union(getArgNums('header'), getArgNums('data')) table.sort(rownums) for k, num in ipairs(rownums) do addRow({ header = args['header' .. tostring(num)], label = args['label' .. tostring(num)], data = args['data' .. tostring(num)], datastyle = args.datastyle, class = args['class' .. tostring(num)], rowclass = args['rowclass' .. tostring(num)] }) end end local function renderNavBar() if not args.name then return end root .tag('tr') .tag('td') .attr('colspan', '2') .css('text-align', 'right') .wikitext(mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate({ title = 'navbar', args = { args.name, mini = 1 } })) end local function renderItalicTitle() local italicTitle = args['italic title'] and mw.ustring.lower(args['italic title']) if italicTitle == '' or italicTitle == 'force' or italicTitle == 'yes' then root.wikitext(mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate({title = 'italic title'})) end end local function renderTrackingCategories() if args.decat ~= 'yes' then if #(getArgNums('data')) == 0 and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then root.wikitext('[[Category:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows]]') end if args.child == 'yes' and args.title then root.wikitext('[[Category:Articles which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter]]') end end end local function _infobox() -- Specify the overall layout of the infobox, with special settings -- if the infobox is used as a 'child' inside another infobox. if args.child ~= 'yes' then root = HtmlBuilder.create('table') root .addClass('infobox') .addClass(args.bodyclass) .attr('cellspacing', 3) .css('border-spacing', '3px') if args.subbox == 'yes' then root .css('padding', '0') .css('border', 'none') .css('margin', '-3px') .css('width', 'auto') .css('min-width', '100%') .css('font-size', '100%') .css('clear', 'none') .css('float', 'none') .css('background-color', 'transparent') else root .css('width', '22em') end root .cssText(args.bodystyle) renderTitle() renderAboveRow() else root = HtmlBuilder.create() root .wikitext(args.title) end renderSubheaders() renderImages() renderRows() renderBelowRow() renderNavBar() renderItalicTitle() renderTrackingCategories() return tostring(root) end local function preprocessSingleArg(argName) -- If the argument exists and isn't blank, add it to the argument table. -- Blank arguments are treated as nil to match the behaviour of ParserFunctions. if origArgs[argName] and origArgs[argName] ~= '' then args[argName] = origArgs[argName] end end local function preprocessArgs(prefixTable, step) -- Assign the parameters with the given prefixes to the args table, in order, in batches -- of the step size specified. This is to prevent references etc. from appearing in the -- wrong order. The prefixTable should be an array containing tables, each of which has -- two possible fields, a "prefix" string and a "depend" table. The function always parses -- parameters containing the "prefix" string, but only parses parameters in the "depend" -- table if the prefix parameter is present and non-blank. if type(prefixTable) ~= 'table' then error("Non-table value detected for the prefix table", 2) end if type(step) ~= 'number' then error("Invalid step value detected", 2) end -- Get arguments without a number suffix, and check for bad input. for i,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do if type(v) ~= 'table' or type(v.prefix) ~= "string" or (v.depend and type(v.depend) ~= 'table') then error('Invalid input detected to preprocessArgs prefix table', 2) end preprocessSingleArg(v.prefix) -- Only parse the depend parameter if the prefix parameter is present and not blank. if args[v.prefix] and v.depend then for j, dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do if type(dependValue) ~= 'string' then error('Invalid "depend" parameter value detected in preprocessArgs') end preprocessSingleArg(dependValue) end end end -- Get arguments with number suffixes. local a = 1 -- Counter variable. local moreArgumentsExist = true while moreArgumentsExist == true do moreArgumentsExist = false for i = a, a + step - 1 do for j,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do local prefixArgName = v.prefix .. tostring(i) if origArgs[prefixArgName] then moreArgumentsExist = true -- Do another loop if any arguments are found, even blank ones. preprocessSingleArg(prefixArgName) end -- Process the depend table if the prefix argument is present and not blank, or -- we are processing "prefix1" and "prefix" is present and not blank, and -- if the depend table is present. if v.depend and (args[prefixArgName] or (i == 1 and args[v.prefix])) then for j,dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do local dependArgName = dependValue .. tostring(i) preprocessSingleArg(dependArgName) end end end end a = a + step end end function p.infobox(frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args else origArgs = frame end -- Parse the data parameters in the same order that the old {{infobox}} did, so that -- references etc. will display in the expected places. Parameters that depend on -- another parameter are only processed if that parameter is present, to avoid -- phantom references appearing in article reference lists. preprocessSingleArg('child') preprocessSingleArg('bodyclass') preprocessSingleArg('subbox') preprocessSingleArg('bodystyle') preprocessSingleArg('title') preprocessSingleArg('titleclass') preprocessSingleArg('titlestyle') preprocessSingleArg('above') preprocessSingleArg('aboveclass') preprocessSingleArg('abovestyle') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'subheader', depend = {'subheaderstyle', 'subheaderrowclass'}} }, 10) preprocessSingleArg('subheaderstyle') preprocessSingleArg('subheaderclass') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'image', depend = {'caption', 'imagerowclass'}} }, 10) preprocessSingleArg('captionstyle') preprocessSingleArg('imagestyle') preprocessSingleArg('imageclass') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'header'}, {prefix = 'data', depend = {'label'}}, {prefix = 'rowclass'}, {prefix = 'class'} }, 50) preprocessSingleArg('headerstyle') preprocessSingleArg('labelstyle') preprocessSingleArg('datastyle') preprocessSingleArg('below') preprocessSingleArg('belowclass') preprocessSingleArg('belowstyle') preprocessSingleArg('name') args['italic title'] = origArgs['italic title'] -- different behaviour if blank or absent preprocessSingleArg('decat') return _infobox() end return p 3cd7d08882323e6ed6ff690049c9ead888f7eed5 96 95 2014-01-20T03:08:50Z Manomow 3365071 Blanked the page Scribunto text/plain da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:- 10 55 97 2014-01-20T03:10:15Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<br style="clear:{{{1|both}}};" /><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <br style="clear:{{{1|both}}};" /><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ffae5bfd69cb2095f999b826c482acc52d692b12 Template:Infobox Continent 10 40 99 68 2014-01-20T03:15:49Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> =Usage= ==Parameters== There are some general 'styling' parameters, some 'title' and subtitle parameters, some 'image' parameters', and then parameters for each of the 80 possible 'rows' ===Style=== * bodyclass * bodystyle ===Title=== * title * titleclass * titlestyle * above * aboveclass * abovestyle * subheader * subheaderclass * subheaderstyle ===Image=== * image * imageclass * imagestyle * caption * captionstyle ===Rows=== ====For all rows==== * headerstyle * labelstyle * datastyle ====For specific rows==== For each of the 80 possible rows, replace the 'N' below with the number (e.g. 'header3', 'header80') * headerN * labelN * dataN * classN =Example= {{Infobox|title=TITLE |above=ABOVE |subheader=SUBHEADER |image=[[Image:Some_image.jpg]] |caption=IMAGE_CAPTION |header1=HEADER_1 |label1=LABEL_1 |data1=DATA_1 }} </noinclude> {{{!}} class="infobox {{{bodyclass|}}}" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; {{{bodystyle|}}}"<!-- Caption -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}+ {{!}}class="{{{titleclass|}}}" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; {{{titlestyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{title}}} }}<!-- Header -->{{#if:{{{above|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{aboveclass|}}}" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; {{{abovestyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{above}}} }}<!-- Subheader -->{{#if:{{{subheader|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{subheaderclass|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{subheaderstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{subheader}}} }}<!-- Image -->{{#if:{{{image|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{imageclass|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{imagestyle|}}}"{{!}} {{{image}}} {{#if:{{{caption|}}}|<br /> <span style="{{{captionstyle|}}}">{{{caption}}}</span> }} }}<!-- Row 1 -->{{#if:{{{header1|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header1|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label1|}}}|{{#if:{{{data1|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label1|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class1|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data1|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data1|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class1|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data1|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 2 -->{{#if:{{{header2|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header2|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label2|}}}|{{#if:{{{data2|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label2|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class2|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data2|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data2|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class2|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data2|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 3 -->{{#if:{{{header3|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header3|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label3|}}}|{{#if:{{{data3|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label3|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class3|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data3|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data3|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class3|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data3|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 4 -->{{#if:{{{header4|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header4|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label4|}}}|{{#if:{{{data4|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label4|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class4|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data4|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data4|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class4|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data4|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 5 -->{{#if:{{{header5|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header5|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label5|}}}|{{#if:{{{data5|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label5|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class5|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data5|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data5|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class5|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data5|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 6 -->{{#if:{{{header6|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header6|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label6|}}}|{{#if:{{{data6|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label6|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class6|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data6|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data6|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class6|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data6|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 7 -->{{#if:{{{header7|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header7|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label7|}}}|{{#if:{{{data7|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label7|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class7|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data7|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data7|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class7|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data7|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 8 -->{{#if:{{{header8|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header8|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label8|}}}|{{#if:{{{data8|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label8|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class8|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data8|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data8|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class8|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data8|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 9 -->{{#if:{{{header9|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header9|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label9|}}}|{{#if:{{{data9|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label9|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class9|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data9|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data9|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class9|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data9|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 10 -->{{#if:{{{header10|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header10|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label10|}}}|{{#if:{{{data10|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label10|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class10|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data10|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data10|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class10|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data10|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 11 -->{{#if:{{{header11|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header11|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label11|}}}|{{#if:{{{data11|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label11|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class11|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data11|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data11|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class11|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data11|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 12 -->{{#if:{{{header12|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header12|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label12|}}}|{{#if:{{{data12|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label12|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class12|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data12|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data12|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class12|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data12|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 13 -->{{#if:{{{header13|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header13|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label13|}}}|{{#if:{{{data13|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label13|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class13|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data13|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data13|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class13|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data13|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 14 -->{{#if:{{{header14|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header14|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label14|}}}|{{#if:{{{data14|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label14|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class14|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data14|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data14|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class14|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data14|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 15 -->{{#if:{{{header15|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header15|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label15|}}}|{{#if:{{{data15|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label15|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class15|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data15|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data15|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class15|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data15|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 16 -->{{#if:{{{header16|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header16|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label16|}}}|{{#if:{{{data16|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label16|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class16|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data16|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data16|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class16|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data16|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 17 -->{{#if:{{{header17|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header17|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label17|}}}|{{#if:{{{data17|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label17|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class17|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data17|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data17|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class17|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data17|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 18 -->{{#if:{{{header18|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header18|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label18|}}}|{{#if:{{{data18|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label18|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class18|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data18|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data18|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class18|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data18|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 19 -->{{#if:{{{header19|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header19|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label19|}}}|{{#if:{{{data19|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label19|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class19|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data19|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data19|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class19|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data19|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 20 -->{{#if:{{{header20|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header20|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label20|}}}|{{#if:{{{data20|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label20|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class20|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data20|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data20|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class20|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data20|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 21 -->{{#if:{{{header21|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header21|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label21|}}}|{{#if:{{{data21|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label21|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class21|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data21|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data21|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class21|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data21|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 22 -->{{#if:{{{header22|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header22|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label22|}}}|{{#if:{{{data22|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label22|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class22|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data22|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data22|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class22|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data22|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 23 -->{{#if:{{{header23|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header23|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label23|}}}|{{#if:{{{data23|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label23|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class23|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data23|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data23|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class23|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data23|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 24 -->{{#if:{{{header24|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header24|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label24|}}}|{{#if:{{{data24|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label24|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class24|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data24|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data24|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class24|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data24|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 25 -->{{#if:{{{header25|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header25|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label25|}}}|{{#if:{{{data25|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label25|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class25|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data25|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data25|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class25|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data25|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 26 -->{{#if:{{{header26|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header26|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label26|}}}|{{#if:{{{data26|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label26|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class26|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data26|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data26|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class26|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data26|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 27 -->{{#if:{{{header27|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header27|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label27|}}}|{{#if:{{{data27|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label27|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class27|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data27|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data27|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class27|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data27|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 28 -->{{#if:{{{header28|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header28|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label28|}}}|{{#if:{{{data28|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label28|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class28|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data28|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data28|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class28|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data28|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 29 -->{{#if:{{{header29|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header29|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label29|}}}|{{#if:{{{data29|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label29|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class29|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data29|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data29|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class29|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data29|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 30 -->{{#if:{{{header30|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header30|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label30|}}}|{{#if:{{{data30|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label30|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class30|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data30|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data30|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class30|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data30|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 31 -->{{#if:{{{header31|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header31|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label31|}}}|{{#if:{{{data31|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label31|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class31|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data31|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data31|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class31|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data31|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 32 -->{{#if:{{{header32|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header32|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label32|}}}|{{#if:{{{data32|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label32|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class32|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data32|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data32|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class32|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data32|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 33 -->{{#if:{{{header33|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header33|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label33|}}}|{{#if:{{{data33|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label33|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class33|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data33|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data33|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class33|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data33|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 34 -->{{#if:{{{header34|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header34|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label34|}}}|{{#if:{{{data34|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label34|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class34|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data34|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data34|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class34|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data34|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 35 -->{{#if:{{{header35|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header35|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label35|}}}|{{#if:{{{data35|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label35|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class35|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data35|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data35|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class35|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data35|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 36 -->{{#if:{{{header36|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header36|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label36|}}}|{{#if:{{{data36|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label36|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class36|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data36|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data36|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class36|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data36|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 37 -->{{#if:{{{header37|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header37|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label37|}}}|{{#if:{{{data37|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label37|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class37|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data37|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data37|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class37|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data37|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 38 -->{{#if:{{{header38|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header38|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label38|}}}|{{#if:{{{data38|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label38|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class38|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data38|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data38|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class38|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data38|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 39 -->{{#if:{{{header39|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header39|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label39|}}}|{{#if:{{{data39|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label39|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class39|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data39|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data39|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class39|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data39|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 40 -->{{#if:{{{header40|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header40|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label40|}}}|{{#if:{{{data40|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label40|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class40|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data40|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data40|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class40|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data40|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 41 -->{{#if:{{{header41|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header41|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label41|}}}|{{#if:{{{data41|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label41|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class41|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data41|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data41|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class41|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data41|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 42 -->{{#if:{{{header42|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header42|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label42|}}}|{{#if:{{{data42|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label42|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class42|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data42|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data42|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class42|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data42|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 43 -->{{#if:{{{header43|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header43|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label43|}}}|{{#if:{{{data43|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label43|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class43|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data43|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data43|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class43|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data43|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 44 -->{{#if:{{{header44|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header44|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label44|}}}|{{#if:{{{data44|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label44|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class44|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data44|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data44|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class44|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data44|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 45 -->{{#if:{{{header45|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header45|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label45|}}}|{{#if:{{{data45|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label45|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class45|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data45|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data45|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class45|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data45|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 46 -->{{#if:{{{header46|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header46|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label46|}}}|{{#if:{{{data46|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label46|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class46|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data46|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data46|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class46|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data46|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 47 -->{{#if:{{{header47|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header47|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label47|}}}|{{#if:{{{data47|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label47|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class47|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data47|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data47|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class47|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data47|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 48 -->{{#if:{{{header48|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header48|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label48|}}}|{{#if:{{{data48|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label48|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class48|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data48|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data48|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class48|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data48|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 49 -->{{#if:{{{header49|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header49|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label49|}}}|{{#if:{{{data49|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label49|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class49|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data49|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data49|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class49|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data49|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 50 -->{{#if:{{{header50|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header50|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label50|}}}|{{#if:{{{data50|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label50|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class50|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data50|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data50|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class50|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data50|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 51 -->{{#if:{{{header51|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header51|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label51|}}}|{{#if:{{{data51|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label51|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class51|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data51|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data51|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class51|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data51|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 52 -->{{#if:{{{header52|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header52|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label52|}}}|{{#if:{{{data52|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label52|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class52|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data52|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data52|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class52|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data52|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 53 -->{{#if:{{{header53|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header53|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label53|}}}|{{#if:{{{data53|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label53|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class53|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data53|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data53|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class53|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data53|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 54 -->{{#if:{{{header54|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header54|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label54|}}}|{{#if:{{{data54|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label54|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class54|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data54|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data54|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class54|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data54|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 55 -->{{#if:{{{header55|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header55|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label55|}}}|{{#if:{{{data55|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label55|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class55|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data55|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data55|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class55|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data55|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 56 -->{{#if:{{{header56|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header56|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label56|}}}|{{#if:{{{data56|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label56|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class56|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data56|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data56|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class56|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data56|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 57 -->{{#if:{{{header57|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header57|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label57|}}}|{{#if:{{{data57|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label57|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class57|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data57|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data57|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class57|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data57|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 58 -->{{#if:{{{header58|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header58|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label58|}}}|{{#if:{{{data58|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label58|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class58|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data58|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data58|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class58|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data58|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 59 -->{{#if:{{{header59|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header59|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label59|}}}|{{#if:{{{data59|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label59|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class59|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data59|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data59|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class59|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data59|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 60 -->{{#if:{{{header60|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header60|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label60|}}}|{{#if:{{{data60|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label60|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class60|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data60|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data60|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class60|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data60|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 61 -->{{#if:{{{header61|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header61|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label61|}}}|{{#if:{{{data61|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label61|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class61|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data61|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data61|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class61|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data61|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 62 -->{{#if:{{{header62|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header62|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label62|}}}|{{#if:{{{data62|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label62|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class62|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data62|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data62|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class62|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data62|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 63 -->{{#if:{{{header63|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header63|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label63|}}}|{{#if:{{{data63|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label63|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class63|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data63|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data63|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class63|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data63|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 64 -->{{#if:{{{header64|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header64|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label64|}}}|{{#if:{{{data64|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label64|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class64|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data64|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data64|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class64|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data64|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 65 -->{{#if:{{{header65|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header65|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label65|}}}|{{#if:{{{data65|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label65|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class65|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data65|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data65|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class65|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data65|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 66 -->{{#if:{{{header66|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header66|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label66|}}}|{{#if:{{{data66|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label66|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class66|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data66|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data66|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class66|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data66|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 67 -->{{#if:{{{header67|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header67|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label67|}}}|{{#if:{{{data67|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label67|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class67|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data67|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data67|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class67|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data67|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 68 -->{{#if:{{{header68|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header68|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label68|}}}|{{#if:{{{data68|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label68|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class68|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data68|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data68|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class68|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data68|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 69 -->{{#if:{{{header69|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header69|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label69|}}}|{{#if:{{{data69|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label69|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class69|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data69|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data69|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class69|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data69|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 70 -->{{#if:{{{header70|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header70|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label70|}}}|{{#if:{{{data70|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label70|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class70|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data70|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data70|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class70|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data70|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 71 -->{{#if:{{{header71|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header71|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label71|}}}|{{#if:{{{data71|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label71|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class71|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data71|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data71|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class71|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data71|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 72 -->{{#if:{{{header72|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header72|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label72|}}}|{{#if:{{{data72|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label72|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class72|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data72|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data72|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class72|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data72|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 73 -->{{#if:{{{header73|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header73|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label73|}}}|{{#if:{{{data73|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label73|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class73|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data73|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data73|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class73|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data73|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 74 -->{{#if:{{{header74|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header74|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label74|}}}|{{#if:{{{data74|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label74|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class74|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data74|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data74|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class74|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data74|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 75 -->{{#if:{{{header75|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header75|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label75|}}}|{{#if:{{{data75|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label75|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class75|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data75|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data75|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class75|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data75|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 76 -->{{#if:{{{header76|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header76|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label76|}}}|{{#if:{{{data76|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label76|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class76|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data76|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data76|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class76|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data76|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 77 -->{{#if:{{{header77|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header77|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label77|}}}|{{#if:{{{data77|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label77|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class77|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data77|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data77|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class77|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data77|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 78 -->{{#if:{{{header78|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header78|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label78|}}}|{{#if:{{{data78|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label78|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class78|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data78|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data78|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class78|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data78|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 79 -->{{#if:{{{header79|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header79|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label79|}}}|{{#if:{{{data79|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label79|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class79|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data79|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data79|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class79|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data79|}}} }} }}<!-- Row 80 -->{{#if:{{{header80|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{headerstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{header80|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{label80|}}}|{{#if:{{{data80|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- ! style="{{{labelstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{label80|}}} {{!}} class="{{{class80|}}}" style="{{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data80|}}} }}| {{#if:{{{data80|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" class="{{{class80|}}}" style="text-align:center; {{{datastyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{data80|}}} }} }}<!-- Below -->{{#if:{{{below|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}colspan="2" style="text-align:center; {{{belowstyle|}}}"{{!}}{{{below|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{name|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{!}}style="text-align:right;" colspan=2"{{!}}{{Tnavbar|{{{name}}}|noedit={{{noedit|0}}}}} }} {{!}}} 56b1d6135fd241ccff3bd90cb0fb486681cd000d 101 99 2014-01-20T03:18:35Z Manomow 3365071 Undo revision 99 by [[Special:Contributions/Manomow|Manomow]] ([[User talk:Manomow|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = {{{title|}}} |image = {{{image|}}} |label1 = Area |data1 = {{{area|}}} |label2 = Population |data2 = {{{population|}}} |label3 = Pop. density |data3 = {{{density|}}} |label4 = [[Demonym]] |data4 = {{{demonym|}}} |label5 = Countries |data5 = {{{countries|}}} {{#if: {{{list_countries|}}} | ([[{{{list_countries}}}|list of countries]])}} |label6 = Dependencies |data6 = {{{dependencies|}}} |label7 = Unrecognized regions |data7 = {{{unrecognized|}}} |label8 = Languages |data8 = {{{languages|}}} |label9 = Time zones |data9 = {{{time|}}} |label10 = Internet [[Top-level domain|TLD]] |data10 = {{{internet|}}} |label11 = Largest cities |data11 = {{{cities|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 0020039245798d760d72e1f87caaaf0839a74ca3 Template:Str left 10 56 102 2014-01-20T03:24:43Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<includeonly>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:|{{{2|1}}}|{{{1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:|{{{2|1}}}|{{{1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9c0bdb76d3fd64ecd8af888df4ec235e5aec0b33 Template:Resize 10 57 103 2014-01-20T03:25:36Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{#if:{{{2|}}} |<span style="font-size:{{{1|}}};">{{{2|}}}</span> |<span style="font-size:90%;">{{{1}}}</span> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} {{Template:Resize/TemplateData}}..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{2|}}} |<span style="font-size:{{{1|}}};">{{{2|}}}</span> |<span style="font-size:90%;">{{{1}}}</span> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} {{Template:Resize/TemplateData}} <!--PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS--> </noinclude> a8de5b0bab808ae5f4574969c09a4e87722f403a Template:Nowrap 10 58 104 2014-01-20T03:27:12Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<span class="nowrap">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!--interwikis/categories go inside doc--> </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="nowrap">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!--interwikis/categories go inside doc--> </noinclude> 0a5498be3b4d4e7a0bbbe87de9d6940adb5b1684 Template:Ns0 10 59 105 2014-01-20T03:27:29Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | ..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}} | main | other }} }} | main = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! 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If a third parameter is given, {{tl|Userpage otheruse}} is included.</noinclude> a77f56b47e7ee7d4810b02af455c032304a075c3 Template:Col-begin 10 62 108 2014-01-20T03:28:28Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{| class="{{{class|}}} multicol" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0px; border: 0px; background:{{{bgColor|transparent}}}; width:{{{width|100%}}};"<noinclude> |} {{do..." wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="{{{class|}}} multicol" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0px; border: 0px; background:{{{bgColor|transparent}}}; width:{{{width|100%}}};"<noinclude> |} {{documentation}} {{Col-begin/TemplateData}} </noinclude> 44351bf8c1da70d779ac2778a2ea8a59639f6b4e Template:Col-end 10 63 109 2014-01-20T03:28:48Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<p></p> |}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <p></p> |}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 484c10af83379c19d32a27d11e6ee58c3a76a6fd Template:Col-5 10 64 110 2014-01-20T03:29:02Z Manomow 3365071 Created 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{{#if:{{{name|}}}||{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child|none=1}}}}| {{#ifeq:{{{navbar|}}}|off|{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain|<div style="float:right;width:6em;">&nbsp;</div>}}| {{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain||<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;</div>}}}}| <div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> {{navbar|{{{name}}}|fontstyle={{{basestyle|}}};{{{titlestyle|}}};border:none;|mini=1}} </div>{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain|<div style="float:right;width:6em;">&nbsp;</div>}}}} <span style="font-size:{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child|none=100|#default=110}}%;"> {{{title}}}</span> }}<!-- ---Above--- -->{{#if:{{{above|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px;" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{!}} class="navbox-abovebelow" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{abovestyle|}}}" colspan="{{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}}}" {{!}} {{{above}}} }}<!-- ---Body--- ---First group/list and images--- -->{{#if:{{{list1|}}}|{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px;" {{!}} }} {{!}}-<!-- -->{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} style="width:0%;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px;{{{imageleftstyle|}}}" rowspan={{#expr:1{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|+2}}}} {{!}} {{{imageleft|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{group1|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group1style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group1}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list1style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{list1padding|{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}}}}"> {{{list1|}}}</div><!-- -->{{#if:{{{image|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;{{{imagestyle|}}}" rowspan={{#expr:1{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|+2}}}} {{!}} {{{image|}}} }} }}<!-- ---Remaining groups/lists--- -->{{#if:{{{list2|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list1|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group2|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group2style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group2}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list2style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list2|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list3|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list2|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group3|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group3style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group3}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list3style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list3|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list4|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list3|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group4|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group4style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group4}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list4style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list4|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list5|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list4|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group5|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group5style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group5}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list5style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list5|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list6|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list5|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group6|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group6style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group6}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list6style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list6|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list7|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list6|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group7|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group7style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group7}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list7style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list7|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list8|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list7|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group8|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group8style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group8}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list8style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list8|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list9|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list8|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group9|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group9style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group9}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list9style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list9|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list10|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list9|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group10|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group10style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group10}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list10style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list10|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list11|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list10|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group11|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group11style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group11}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list11style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list11|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list12|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list11|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group12|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group12style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group12}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list12style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list12|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list13|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list12|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group13|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group13style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group13}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list13style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list13|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list14|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list13|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group14|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group14style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group14}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list14style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list14|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list15|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list14|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group15|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group15style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group15}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list15style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list15|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list16|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list15|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group16|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group16style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group16}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list16style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list16|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list17|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list16|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group17|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group17style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group17}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list17style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list17|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list18|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list17|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group18|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group18style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group18}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list18style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list18|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list19|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list18|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group19|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group19style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group19}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list19style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list19|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list20|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list19|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group20|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group20style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group20}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list20style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list20|}}}</div> }}<!-- ---Below--- -->{{#if:{{{below|}}}|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list1|}}}{{{list2|}}}{{{list3|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px;" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{!}} class="navbox-abovebelow" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{belowstyle|}}}" colspan="{{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}}}" {{!}} {{{below}}} }} {{!}}}{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child=|none=|#default=<nowiki/> {{!}}} }} b4762acf6dce46d11cf8a0a23effd339bc560791 119 112 2014-01-20T03:47:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please do not edit without discussion first as this is a VERY complex template. -->{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child=</div>|none=|#default=<table cellspacing="0" <!-- -->class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;{{{bodystyle|}}};{{{style|}}}"><tr><td style="padding:2px;">}}<!-- --><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks {{{bodyclass|}}} {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{#switch:{{{state|}}}|<!-- -->plain|off=|#default=collapsible {{#if:{{{state|}}}|{{{state}}}|autocollapse}}}}}} {{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|<!-- -->subgroup|child|none=navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;{{{bodystyle|}}};{{{style|}}}|<!-- -->#default=navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit}};{{{innerstyle|}}};"><!-- ---Title and Navbar--- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<tr>{{#if:{{{titlegroup|}}}|<!-- --><th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{titlegroupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{titlegroupstyle|}}}"><!-- -->{{{titlegroup|}}}</th><th scope="col" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;|<!-- --><th scope="col" style="}}{{{basestyle|}}};{{{titlestyle|}}}" class="navbox-title" <!-- -->colspan={{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{titlegroup|}}}|-1}}}}><!-- -->{{#if:{{#switch:{{{navbar|}}}|plain|off=1}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{name|}}}||{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child|none=1}}}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{navbar|}}}|off|{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain|<span style="float:right;width:6em;">&nbsp;</span>}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain||<span style="float:left;width:6em;">&nbsp;</span>}}}}|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{Navbar|{{{name}}}|mini=1|<!-- -->fontstyle={{{basestyle|}}};{{{titlestyle|}}};background:none transparent;border:none;}}|<!-- --><span class="error" style="float:left;white-space:nowrap;">Error: No name provided</span>}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain|<span style="float:right;width:6em;">&nbsp;</span>}}}}<!-- --><div class="{{{titleclass|}}}" style="font-size:110%;"> {{{title}}}</div></th></tr>}}<!-- ---Above--- -->{{#if:{{{above|}}}|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr>}}<!-- --><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow {{{aboveclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{abovestyle|}}}" <!-- -->colspan="{{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}}}"><div> {{{above}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- ---Body--- ---First group/list and images--- -->{{#if:{{{list1|}}}|{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}|<tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr>}}<tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|<!-- --><td class="navbox-image {{{imageclass|}}}" style="width:0%;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px;{{{imageleftstyle|}}}" <!-- -->rowspan={{#expr:1{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|+2}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|+2}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|+2}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|+2}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|+2}}}}><div> {{{imageleft}}}</div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{group1|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group1style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group1}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list1style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{list1padding|{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}}}}"> {{{list1}}}</div></td><!-- -->{{#if:{{{image|}}}|<!-- --><td class="navbox-image {{{imageclass|}}}" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;{{{imagestyle|}}}" <!-- -->rowspan={{#expr:1{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|+2}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|+2}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|+2}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|+2}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|+2}}}}><div> {{{image}}}</div></td>}}<!-- --></tr>}}<!-- ---Remaining groups/lists--- -->{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list1|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr>}}<tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group2|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group2style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group2}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list2style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list2}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list1|}}}{{{list2|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr>}}<tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group3|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group3style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group3}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list3style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list3}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group4|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group4style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group4}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list4style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list4}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group5|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group5style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group5}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list5style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list5}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group6|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group6style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group6}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list6style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list6}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group7|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group7style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group7}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list7style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list7}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group8|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group8style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group8}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list8style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list8}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group9|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group9style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group9}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list9style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list9}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group10|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group10style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group10}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list10style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list10}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group11|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group11style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group11}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list11style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list11}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group12|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group12style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group12}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list12style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list12}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group13|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group13style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group13}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list13style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list13}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group14|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group14style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group14}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list14style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list14}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group15|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group15style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group15}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list15style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list15}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group16|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group16style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group16}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list16style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list16}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group17|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group17style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group17}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list17style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list17}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group18|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group18style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group18}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list18style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list18}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group19|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group19style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group19}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list19style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list19}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|<!-- --><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><!-- -->{{#if:{{{group20|}}}|<th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" <!-- -->style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group20style|}}}"><!-- -->{{{group20}}}</th><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|<td colspan=2 style="}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list20style|}}}" <!-- -->class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"><!-- --><div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list20}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- ---Below--- -->{{#if:{{{below|}}}|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list1|}}}{{{list2|}}}{{{list3|}}}|<tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr>}}<!-- --><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow {{{belowclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{belowstyle|}}}" <!-- -->colspan="{{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}}}"><div> {{{below}}}</div></td></tr>}}<!-- --></table>{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child=<div>|none=|#default=</td></tr></table>}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:10}}|{{#ifeq:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|child||{{#ifeq:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup||{{#switch:{{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} |doc |sandbox |testcases = |#default = {{#switch:{{{bodyclass|}}} |plainlist |hlist |hlist hnum |hlist vcard |vcard hlist = |#default = {{{listclass|}}} }} }} }}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> fe315c692eaa03040b5a456ce502f8894df43f72 120 119 2014-01-20T03:48:38Z Manomow 3365071 Undo revision 119 by [[Special:Contributions/Manomow|Manomow]] ([[User talk:Manomow|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child=|none=|#default=<nowiki/> {{{!}} class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style="{{{bodystyle|}}};{{{style|}}}" {{!}}- {{!}} style="padding:2px;" {{!}} }} {{{!}} cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{#switch:{{{state|}}}|plain|off=|#default=collapsible {{#if:{{{state|}}}|{{{state|}}}|autocollapse}}}}}} {{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child|none=navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;{{{bodystyle|}}};{{{style|}}}|#default=" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit}};{{{innerstyle|}}};" <!-- ---Title and Navbar--- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- {{#if:{{{titlegroup|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{titlegroupstyle|}}}" {{!}} {{{titlegroup|}}} ! style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;|<nowiki/> ! style="}}{{{basestyle|}}};{{{titlestyle|}}}" colspan={{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{titlegroup|}}}|-1}}}} class="navbox-title" {{!}} {{#if:{{#switch:{{{navbar|}}}|plain|off=1}} {{#if:{{{name|}}}||{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child|none=1}}}}| {{#ifeq:{{{navbar|}}}|off|{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain|<div style="float:right;width:6em;">&nbsp;</div>}}| {{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain||<div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;">&nbsp;</div>}}}}| <div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> {{navbar|{{{name}}}|fontstyle={{{basestyle|}}};{{{titlestyle|}}};border:none;|mini=1}} </div>{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain|<div style="float:right;width:6em;">&nbsp;</div>}}}} <span style="font-size:{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child|none=100|#default=110}}%;"> {{{title}}}</span> }}<!-- ---Above--- -->{{#if:{{{above|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px;" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{!}} class="navbox-abovebelow" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{abovestyle|}}}" colspan="{{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}}}" {{!}} {{{above}}} }}<!-- ---Body--- ---First group/list and images--- -->{{#if:{{{list1|}}}|{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px;" {{!}} }} {{!}}-<!-- -->{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} style="width:0%;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px;{{{imageleftstyle|}}}" rowspan={{#expr:1{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|+2}}}} {{!}} {{{imageleft|}}} }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{group1|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group1style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group1}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list1style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{list1padding|{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}}}}"> {{{list1|}}}</div><!-- -->{{#if:{{{image|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;{{{imagestyle|}}}" rowspan={{#expr:1{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|+2}}}} {{!}} {{{image|}}} }} }}<!-- ---Remaining groups/lists--- -->{{#if:{{{list2|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list1|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group2|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group2style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group2}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list2style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list2|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list3|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list2|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group3|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group3style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group3}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list3style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list3|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list4|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list3|}}}|<nowiki/> 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style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list7style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list7|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list8|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list7|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group8|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group8style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group8}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list8style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list8|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list9|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list8|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group9|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group9style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group9}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list9style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list9|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list10|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list9|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group10|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group10style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group10}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list10style|}}}" class="navbox-list 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{{{group12}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list12style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list12|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list13|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list12|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group13|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group13style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group13}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list13style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list13|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list14|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list13|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group14|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group14style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group14}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list14style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list14|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list15|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list14|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group15|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group15style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group15}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list15style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list15|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list16|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list15|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group16|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group16style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group16}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list16style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list16|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list17|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list16|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group17|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group17style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group17}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list17style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list17|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list18|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list17|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group18|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group18style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group18}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list18style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list18|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list19|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list18|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group19|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group19style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group19}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} width:100%;padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list19style|}}}" class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}}" {{!}} <div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"> {{{list19|}}}</div> }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{list20|}}}| {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list19|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}}- style="height:2px" {{!}} }} {{!}}- {{#if:{{{group20|}}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="navbox-group" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group20style|}}}" {{!}} {{{group20}}} {{!}} style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;|<nowiki/> {{!}} colspan=2 style="}} 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style="{{{fontstyle|}}}">&#93;</span>}}<!-- --></span> 2d0149e72728622365f9f6734fe7954fdd0fb360 Template:Collapsible list 10 68 115 2014-01-20T03:41:26Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<includeonly><!-- ========= List ========= --><div class="NavFrame" style="{{#if: {{{frame_style|}}}|<!--then:-->{{{frame_style|}}}|<!--else:-->}}"> <div class="NavHead" ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- ========= List ========= --><div class="NavFrame" style="{{#if: {{{frame_style|}}}|<!--then:-->{{{frame_style|}}}|<!--else:-->}}"> <div class="NavHead" align="left" style="<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{title_style|}}} |<!--else:-->width:100%; background:#f9f9f9;}}"><!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{title|}}} |<!--else:-->List}}</div><!-- ========= Content ========= -->{{#if:{{{1|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{1|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{2|}}} 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style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{13|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{14|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{14|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{15|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{15|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{16|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{16|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{17|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{17|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{18|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{18|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{19|}}} 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|<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{24|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{25|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{25|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{26|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{26|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{27|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{27|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{28|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{28|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{29|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{29|}}}</div>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{30|}}} |<!--then:--><div class="NavContent" style="{{#if:{{{list_style|}}} |<!--then:-->{{{list_style|}}} |<!--else:-->text-align:left;}}">{{{30|}}}</div>}}<!-- --></div> <!-- ========= END ========= --></includeonly> <noinclude>{{template doc}}<!-- ========= Please add interwiki links etc to the /doc page, not here; thanks! ========= --></noinclude> 579c2b12acb22f5396067103160facc2169c79b8 Module:Collapsible list 828 69 116 2014-01-20T03:41:54Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "-- This module implements {{collapsible list}}. local p = {} local function getListItem( data ) if not type( data ) == 'string' then return '' end return..." Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{collapsible list}}. local p = {} local function getListItem( data ) if not type( data ) == 'string' then return '' end return mw.ustring.format( '<li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">%s</li>', data ) end -- Returns an array containing the keys of all positional arguments -- that contain data (i.e. non-whitespace values). local function getArgNums( args ) local nums = {} for k, v in pairs( args ) do if type( k ) == 'number' and k >= 1 and math.floor( k ) == k and type( v ) == 'string' and mw.ustring.match( v, '%S' ) then table.insert( nums, k ) end end table.sort( nums ) return nums end -- Formats a list of classes, styles or other attributes. local function formatAttributes( attrType, ... ) local attributes = { ... } local nums = getArgNums( attributes ) local t = {} for i, num in ipairs( nums ) do table.insert( t, attributes[ num ] ) end if #t == 0 then return '' -- Return the blank string so concatenation will work. end return mw.ustring.format( ' %s="%s"', attrType, table.concat( t, ' ' ) ) end local function buildList( args ) -- Get the list items. local listItems = {} local argNums = getArgNums( args ) for i, num in ipairs( argNums ) do table.insert( listItems, getListItem( args[ num ] ) ) end if #listItems == 0 then return '' end listItems = table.concat( listItems ) -- Get class, style and title data. local div1class = formatAttributes( 'class', 'NavFrame', not args.expand and 'collapsed' ) local div1style = formatAttributes( 'style', args.frame_style, args.framestyle, not ( args.frame_style or args.framestyle ) and 'border: none; padding: 0;' ) local div2class = formatAttributes( 'class', 'NavHead' ) local div2style = formatAttributes( 'style', 'font-size: 105%;', args.title_style, args.titlestyle, not ( args.title_style or args.titlestyle ) and 'background: transparent; text-align: left;' ) local title = args.title or 'List' local ulclass = formatAttributes( 'class', 'NavContent', args.hlist and 'hlist' ) local ulstyle = formatAttributes( 'style', not args.bullets and 'list-style: none none; margin-left: 0;', args.list_style, args.liststyle, not ( args.list_style or args.liststyle ) and 'text-align: left;', 'font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;' ) -- Build the list. return mw.ustring.format( '<div%s%s>\n<div%s%s>%s</div>\n<ul%s%s>%s</ul>\n</div>', div1class, div1style, div2class, div2style, title, ulclass, ulstyle, listItems ) end function p.main( frame ) local origArgs if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs( frame.args ) do origArgs = frame.args break end else origArgs = frame end local args = {} for k, v in pairs( origArgs ) do if type( k ) == 'number' or v ~= '' then args[ k ] = v end end return buildList( args ) end return p 3340cd2c4f313c94d054b7fd705eaa8d2ce35e01 Template:Namespace detect showall 10 70 117 2014-01-20T03:45:53Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{#switch: <!-- Use the parameter --> {{#switch: <!-- Find out which parameter to use --> {{lc: <!--Lower case the result--> <!--If no or empty "demospace..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: <!-- Use the parameter --> {{#switch: <!-- Find out which parameter to use --> {{lc: <!--Lower case the result--> <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{{demospace}}} | {{#if:{{{page|}}} | <!--Detect the namespace in the "page" parameter--> {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE:{{{page}}} }}|{{TALKSPACE:{{{page}}} }} | talk | {{SUBJECTSPACE:{{{page}}} }} }} | <!--No "demospace" or "page" parameters, so detect actual namespace--> {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | talk | {{SUBJECTSPACE}} }} }} }} }} <!-- Only one of the lines below will be executed --> <!-- Respecting empty parameters on purpose --> | showall = showall <!-- "demospace=showall" --> | main <!--"demospace=main" or {{SUBJECTSPACE}}={{ns:0}}=""--> | = {{{main| {{{other|}}} }}} | talk = {{{talk| {{{other|}}} }}} | user = {{{user| {{{other|}}} }}} | wikipedia = {{{wikipedia| {{{other|}}} }}} | file | image = {{{file| {{{image| {{{other|}}} }}} }}} | mediawiki = {{{mediawiki| {{{other|}}} }}} | template = {{{template| {{{other|}}} }}} | help = {{{help| {{{other|}}} }}} | category = {{{category| {{{other|}}} }}} | portal = {{{portal| {{{other|}}} }}} | book = {{{book| {{{other|}}} }}} | other | #default = {{{other|}}} <!--"demospace=other" or a new namespace--> }} | 1 = {{{1|}}} | 2 = {{{2|}}} | 3 = {{{3|}}} | 4 = {{{4|}}} | 5 = {{{5|}}} | 6 = {{{6|}}} | showall = {{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}{{{3|}}}{{{4|}}}{{{5|}}}{{{6|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 8315b090c96c2bd21906f0de15368c2d6077abe9 Template:Navbox with columns 10 71 118 2014-01-20T03:46:26Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<!-- Please do not edit without discussion first as this is a "VERY complex" template. -->{{Navbox |name = {{{name|}}} |navbar = {{{navbar|}}} |state = {{{state|}}} |border ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please do not edit without discussion first as this is a "VERY complex" template. -->{{Navbox |name = {{{name|}}} |navbar = {{{navbar|}}} |state = {{{state|}}} |border = {{{border|{{{1|}}}}}} |title = {{{title|}}} |above = {{{above|}}} |image = {{{image|}}} |imageleft = {{{imageleft|}}} |bodyclass = {{{bodyclass|}}} |titleclass = {{{titleclass|}}} |aboveclass = {{{aboveclass|}}} |belowclass = {{{belowclass|}}} |groupclass = {{{groupclass|}}} |listclass = {{{listclass|}}} |style = {{{style|}}}{{{bodystyle|}}} |basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}} |titlestyle = {{{titlestyle|}}} |abovestyle = {{{abovestyle|}}} |belowstyle = {{{belowstyle|}}} |imagestyle = {{{imagestyle|}}} |imageleftstyle = {{{imageleftstyle|}}} |oddstyle = {{{oddstyle|}}} |evenstyle = {{{evenstyle|}}} |{{#if:{{{evenodd|}}}|evenodd|void}} = {{{evenodd|}}} |list1padding = 0px; |list1 = <!-- --><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col1header|}}}{{{fullwidth|}}}|width:100%;<!-- -->|width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;}}{{{coltablestyle|}}}"><!-- --- Header row --- -->{{#if:{{{col1header|}}}|<tr><!-- --><td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col1headercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col1headerstyle|}}}">{{{col1header}}}</td><!-- -->{{#if:{{{col2header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col2headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col2headerstyle|}}}">{{{col2header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col3header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col3headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col3headerstyle|}}}">{{{col3header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col4header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col4headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col4headerstyle|}}}">{{{col4header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col5header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col5headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col5headerstyle|}}}">{{{col5header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col6header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col6headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col6headerstyle|}}}">{{{col6header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col7header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col7headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col7headerstyle|}}}">{{{col7header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col8header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col8headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col8headerstyle|}}}">{{{col8header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col9header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col9headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col9headerstyle|}}}">{{{col9header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col10header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col10headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col10headerstyle|}}}">{{{col10header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col11header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col11headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col11headerstyle|}}}">{{{col11header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col12header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col12headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col12headerstyle|}}}">{{{col12header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col13header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col13headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col13headerstyle|}}}">{{{col13header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col14header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col14headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col14headerstyle|}}}">{{{col14header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col15header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col15headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col15headerstyle|}}}">{{{col15header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col16header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col16headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col16headerstyle|}}}">{{{col16header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col17header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col17headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col17headerstyle|}}}">{{{col17header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col18header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col18headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col18headerstyle|}}}">{{{col18header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col19header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->colspan={{{col19headercolspan|1}}} style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col19headerstyle|}}}">{{{col19header}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col20header|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" <!-- -->style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colheaderstyle|}}}{{{col20headerstyle|}}}">{{{col20header}}}</td>}}<!-- --></tr>}}<!-- --- Main columns--- -->{{#if:{{{col1|}}}|{{#if:{{{col1header|}}}|<tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr>}}<!-- --><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><!-- -->{{#if:{{{col1header|}}}{{{col1footer|}}}{{{fullwidth|}}}|<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{padding|}}}|off|0|0em|0px|0%|0;|0em;|0px;|0%;=<!-- -->|#default=<td style="width:{{{padding|5em}}};">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>}}}}<!-- --><td style="padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{oddcolstyle|}}};{{{col1style|}}};width:{{{col1width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col1}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col2|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{evencolstyle|}}};{{{col2style|}}};width:{{{col2width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col2}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col3|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{oddcolstyle|}}};{{{col3style|}}};width:{{{col3width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col3}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col4|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{evencolstyle|}}};{{{col4style|}}};width:{{{col4width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col4}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col5|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{oddcolstyle|}}};{{{col5style|}}};width:{{{col5width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col5}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col6|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{evencolstyle|}}};{{{col6style|}}};width:{{{col6width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col6}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col7|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{oddcolstyle|}}};{{{col7style|}}};width:{{{col7width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col7}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col8|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{evencolstyle|}}};{{{col8style|}}};width:{{{col8width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col8}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col9|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{oddcolstyle|}}};{{{col9style|}}};width:{{{col9width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col9}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col10|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{evencolstyle|}}};{{{col10style|}}};width:{{{col10width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col10}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col11|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{oddcolstyle|}}};{{{col11style|}}};width:{{{col11width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col11}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col12|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{evencolstyle|}}};{{{col12style|}}};width:{{{col12width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col12}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col13|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{oddcolstyle|}}};{{{col13style|}}};width:{{{col13width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col13}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col14|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{evencolstyle|}}};{{{col14style|}}};width:{{{col14width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col14}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col15|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{oddcolstyle|}}};{{{col15style|}}};width:{{{col15width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col15}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col16|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{evencolstyle|}}};{{{col16style|}}};width:{{{col16width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col16}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col17|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{oddcolstyle|}}};{{{col17style|}}};width:{{{col17width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col17}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col18|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{evencolstyle|}}};{{{col18style|}}};width:{{{col18width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col18}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col19|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{oddcolstyle|}}};{{{col19style|}}};width:{{{col19width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col19}}} </div></td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col20|}}}|<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;<!-- -->{{{colstyle|}}};{{{evencolstyle|}}};{{{col20style|}}};width:{{{col20width|{{{colwidth|10em}}}}}};"><div> {{{col20}}} </div></td>}}<!-- --- Footer row --- -->{{#if:{{{col1footer|}}}|<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col1|}}}{{{col1header|}}}|<tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr>}}<tr><!-- --><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col1footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col1footerstyle|}}}">{{{col1footer}}}</td><!-- -->{{#if:{{{col2footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col2footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col2footerstyle|}}}">{{{col2footer}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col3footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col3footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col3footerstyle|}}}">{{{col3footer}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col4footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col4footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col4footerstyle|}}}">{{{col4footer}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col5footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col5footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col5footerstyle|}}}">{{{col5footer}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col6footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col6footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col6footerstyle|}}}">{{{col6footer}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col7footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col7footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col7footerstyle|}}}">{{{col7footer}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col8footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col8footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col8footerstyle|}}}">{{{col8footer}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col9footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col9footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col9footerstyle|}}}">{{{col9footer}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col10footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col10footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col10footerstyle|}}}">{{{col10footer}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col11footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col11footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col11footerstyle|}}}">{{{col11footer}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col12footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col12footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;{{{colfooterstyle|}}};{{{col12footerstyle|}}}">{{{col12footer}}}</td>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{col13footer|}}}|<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan={{{col13footercolspan|1}}} style="<!-- -->border-left:2px solid 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|list5style = {{{list3style|}}} |list6style = {{{list3style|}}} |list7style = {{{list5style|}}} |list8style = {{{list6style|}}} |list3 = {{{list1|}}} |list4 = {{{list2|}}} |list5 = {{{list3|}}} |list6 = {{{list4|}}} |list7 = {{{list5|}}} |list8 = {{{list6|}}} |groupstyle = {{{groupstyle|}}} |group3style = {{{group1style|}}} |group4style = {{{group2style|}}} |group5style = {{{group3style|}}} |group6style = {{{group4style|}}} |group7style = {{{group5style|}}} |group8style = {{{group6style|}}} |group3 = {{{group1|}}} |group4 = {{{group2|}}} |group5 = {{{group3|}}} |group6 = {{{group4|}}} |group7 = {{{group5|}}} |group8 = {{{group6|}}} |below = {{{below|}}} |tracking = no }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!---Please add metadata to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of the /doc subpage---> </noinclude> bdbfe2424df393982152cd4d953bda5ec525d963 Template:Lua 10 72 121 2014-01-20T03:49:55Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{mbox | image = [[File:Gnome-utilities-terminal.svg|42px]] | text = This template uses {{#if: {{{1|}}} | '''[[{{{1}}}]]''', a script written in }} the Lua (programming lan..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{mbox | image = [[File:Gnome-utilities-terminal.svg|42px]] | text = This template uses {{#if: {{{1|}}} | '''[[{{{1}}}]]''', a script written in }} the [[Lua (programming language)|Lua programming language]]. 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{{{list10style|}}} |list11style = {{{list11style|}}} |list12style = {{{list12style|}}} |list13style = {{{list13style|}}} |list14style = {{{list14style|}}} |list15style = {{{list15style|}}} |list16style = {{{list16style|}}} |list17style = {{{list17style|}}} |list18style = {{{list18style|}}} |list19style = {{{list19style|}}} |list20style = {{{list20style|}}} |{{#if:{{{evenodd|}}}|evenodd|void}} = {{{evenodd|}}} |{{#if:{{{listpadding|}}}|listpadding|void}} = {{{listpadding|}}} }}<noinclude> {{template doc}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 3b4bfcc14327585d216f89a943de83d47667d0a5 Template:Para 10 75 124 2014-01-20T03:51:24Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<code style="white-space:nowrap;"><nowiki>|</nowiki>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}<nowiki>=</nowiki>}}{{{2|}}}</code><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!--Categories and interwikis go nea..." wikitext text/x-wiki <code style="white-space:nowrap;"><nowiki>|</nowiki>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}<nowiki>=</nowiki>}}{{{2|}}}</code><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!--Categories and interwikis go near the bottom of the /doc subpage.--> </noinclude> e48f0b7dec4d33dbd25f9917ba6be1bce3cd9793 Template:Ordinal 10 76 125 2014-01-20T03:51:42Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{{1}}}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{sup}}}|yes |<sup> }}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:abs({{{1}}}) mod 100}} |11|12|13=th |{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#switch..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{{1}}}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{sup}}}|yes |<sup> }}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:abs({{{1}}}) mod 100}} |11|12|13=th |{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#switch:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:abs{{{1}}} mod 10}} |1=st |2={{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{2|}}}|d|d|nd}} |3={{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{2|}}}|d|d|rd}} |th }} }}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{sup}}}|yes |</sup> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 826b7ba52396675132a2a317c440b4d99245b0e7 Template:Clear 10 77 126 2014-01-20T03:52:47Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<div style="clear:{{{1|both}}};"></div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="clear:{{{1|both}}};"></div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 38bab3e3d7fbd3d6800d46556e60bc6bac494d72 Template:Distinguish 10 78 127 2014-01-20T03:53:01Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[:{{{1}}}]]{{ #if: {{{3|}}}{{{4|}}} | , [[:{{{2}}}]], {{ #if: {{{4|}}} | [[:{{{3}}}]], or [[:{{{4}}}]] | or :{{{..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[:{{{1}}}]]{{ #if: {{{3|}}}{{{4|}}} | , [[:{{{2}}}]], {{ #if: {{{4|}}} | [[:{{{3}}}]], or [[:{{{4}}}]] | or [[:{{{3}}}]] }} | {{ #if: {{{2|}}} | &nbsp;or [[:{{{2}}}]] }} }}.}}<noinclude><!-- splitting these lines causes {{Documentation}} template to terminate green shading when Distinguish is used in /doc pages. --> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not 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1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; } .wikitable th, .wikitable td, .prettytable th, .prettytable td { border: 1px #aaa solid; padding: 0.2em; } .wikitable th, .prettytable th { background: #f2f2f2; text-align: center; } .wikitable caption, .prettytable caption { font-weight: bold; } /* Default skin for navigation boxes */ table.navbox { /* Navbox container style */ border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 100%; margin: auto; clear: both; font-size: 88%; text-align: center; padding: 1px; } table.navbox + table.navbox { /* Single pixel border between adjacent navboxes */ margin-top: -1px; /* (doesn't work for IE6, but that's okay) */ } .navbox-title, .navbox-abovebelow, table.navbox th { text-align: center; /* Title and above/below styles */ padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } .navbox-group { /* Group style */ white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } .navbox, .navbox-subgroup { 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[[Template:Listen]], [[Template:Multi-listen_start]], [[Template:Video]], [[Template:Multi-video_start]] */ div.listenlist { background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gnome-speakernotes.png/30px-Gnome-speakernotes.png"); padding-left: 40px; } /* Style rules for media list templates */ div.medialist { min-height: 50px; margin: 1em; background-position: top left; background-repeat: no-repeat; } div.medialist ul { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0; } div.medialist ul li { padding-bottom: 0.5em; } div.medialist ul li li { font-size: 91%; padding-bottom: 0; } /* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon for all PDF files in browsers that support these CSS selectors, like Mozilla and Opera */ #bodyContent a[href$=".pdf"].external, #bodyContent a[href*=".pdf?"].external, #bodyContent a[href*=".pdf#"].external, #bodyContent a[href$=".PDF"].external, #bodyContent a[href*=".PDF?"].external, #bodyContent a[href*=".PDF#"].external, 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{ display: table-row; } /* for real browsers */ .wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */ /* cd7b1a03370929f26475301d94c059f197a9b688 Originalia 0 43 130 114 2014-01-20T04:07:52Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is home to the cradle of humanity, == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Originalia.png|100px|link=|alt=]] | list1= [[Originalia]] • [[Omoserica]] • [[Seforma]] • [[Dateline]] • [[Archipelago]] • [[Island Chain]] }} 8bddac436baadfea9508d292b0ced89db6252147 135 130 2014-01-20T05:17:42Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is home to the cradle of humanity, == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Originalia.png|100px|link=|alt=]] | list1= [[Originalia]] • [[Omoserica]]{{•}}[[Seforma]] • [[Dateline]] • [[Archipelago]] • [[Island Chain]] }} a599b00571c8ba15101f3bd9e7a1acacfe2b041d 137 135 2014-01-20T05:37:31Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is home to the cradle of humanity, == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | list1= [[Originalia]] • [[Omoserica]]{{•}}[[Seforma]] • [[Dateline]] • [[Archipelago]] • [[Island Chain]] }} 71de079f2b7702c04222c17d774cab180e25888d 138 137 2014-01-20T05:38:03Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is home to the cradle of humanity, == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> = See Also = {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | list1= [[Originalia]] • [[Omoserica]]{{•}}[[Seforma]] • [[Dateline]] • [[Archipelago]] • [[Island Chain]] }} e0a9d5265e7dba3350621ba6de28c873ebe9554d 139 138 2014-01-20T05:38:41Z Manomow 3365071 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is home to the cradle of humanity, == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | list1= [[Originalia]] • [[Omoserica]]{{•}}[[Seforma]] • [[Dateline]] • [[Archipelago]] • [[Island Chain]] }} 93b88674e8e6b1c269328b29d01c8817d0efd488 146 139 2014-01-20T06:07:34Z Manomow 3365071 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is home to the cradle of humanity, == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} da99b2fb40731bca90c038f9d47908e57f608c6d 162 146 2014-01-20T17:17:26Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is home to the cradle of humanity, == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey *Woolly mammoths '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 48d1d056cc08335205f45cbe1a0f98bd93895543 173 162 2014-01-21T17:20:56Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is home to the cradle of humanity, == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey *Woolly mammoths '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1e9a0c04953a8d22348beab322da03ac19a51399 Seforma 0 52 131 89 2014-01-20T04:23:35Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> 40aafddc1726ba899fe5790b4695e7da596973db 141 131 2014-01-20T05:39:37Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | list1= [[Originalia]] • [[Omoserica]]{{•}}[[Seforma]] • [[Dateline]] • [[Archipelago]] • [[Island Chain]] }} 6995aa14cb4528e192046e697e769639f2682902 148 141 2014-01-20T06:08:28Z Manomow 3365071 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4afb602b469404878c6b6134c81f19da44804b21 174 148 2014-01-21T17:21:18Z Manomow 3365071 /* Geography */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 047b39ab735014fd684f5c13f7eb9c2d5d6b18ee Omoserica 0 45 132 92 2014-01-20T04:24:07Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after Originalia, Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> 11f3b6d28e019aa8e4a57f6a87e052d6c12c83a1 140 132 2014-01-20T05:39:16Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after Originalia, Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | list1= [[Originalia]] • [[Omoserica]]{{•}}[[Seforma]] • [[Dateline]] • [[Archipelago]] • [[Island Chain]] }} 48dd9849ea9908b8a9903f8995b2e8b1027b161c 147 140 2014-01-20T06:07:53Z Manomow 3365071 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after Originalia, Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7a02072df8c60ba9f86b19e9367b870252b9291d 160 147 2014-01-20T16:56:31Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after Originalia, Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Araucaria araucana <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1780317e019f08dfcf548163979e9548343c5086 161 160 2014-01-20T17:04:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''' is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after Originalia, Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Araucaria araucana <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e531205dceca914e9cf3eb421bf796ed32efb6e3 172 161 2014-01-21T17:20:37Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Araucaria araucana <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7816d2f126505509789edba856b017aa7f06ff86 Template:· 10 81 133 2014-01-20T05:13:52Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&middot;</span>&#32;<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki &nbsp;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&middot;</span>&#32;<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> a7daf7bb6b4bcf2fb7c3db44f783e61f9593e1ae Template:• 10 82 134 2014-01-20T05:14:23Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "&nbsp;&bull;&#32;<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki &nbsp;&bull;&#32;<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 1ce5c3ab416552e5a44b7973cbd4e6803ab8a892 File:Worldmap.png 6 83 136 2014-01-20T05:35:34Z Manomow 3365071 World Map wikitext text/x-wiki World Map 454a2a3590598661e1477092121bde4dfc7e5d35 Island Chain 0 84 142 2014-01-20T05:57:02Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Biodi..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Okapi *Bornean Orangutan *Leopard *Rhinoceroses *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | list1= [[Originalia]] • [[Omoserica]]{{•}}[[Seforma]] • [[Dateline]] • [[Archipelago]] • [[Island Chain]] }} c2b7231a2d34ced282edf327b14ae12fb54c8938 143 142 2014-01-20T06:00:00Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Okapi *Bornean Orangutan *Leopard *Rhinoceroses *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c2c8ef5495f70b7a0b47a8d9a609f958d2d6abad 177 143 2014-01-21T17:22:15Z Manomow 3365071 /* Geography */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Okapi *Bornean Orangutan *Leopard *Rhinoceroses *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 09cf223332abd07c1262018ff8d85e3fda315f59 Template:Continent navbox 10 85 144 2014-01-20T06:00:09Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | list1= [[Originalia]] • [[Omoserica]]{{•}}[[Seforma]] ..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | list1= [[Originalia]] • [[Omoserica]]{{•}}[[Seforma]] • [[Dateline]] • [[Archipelago]] • [[Island Chain]] }} ecbe950bcda33b40d3e9701c3a771df78f1e9dd3 145 144 2014-01-20T06:06:28Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | group1=[[Originalia]] | list1=[[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group2=[[Omoserica]] | list2=[[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group3=[[Seforma]] | list3=[[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4=[[Dateline]] | list4=[[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group5=[[Archipelago]] | list5=[[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Island Chain]] | list6=[[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} e9a198ccfe9b161657bd8fac68c6e8677b8b42ad Archipelago 0 86 149 2014-01-20T06:12:35Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archiepelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Biodiv..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archiepelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southeast Archipelago==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Cattle *Serows *Reindeer '''Cultivable Flora''' *Rye *Barley '''Other Animals''' *Smilodon *Golden langur *Snow Leopard *Whitetail Deer *Glyptodons *Common Raven *Osprey '''Aquatic Animals''' *Cod *Gray Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 31dcc57688cdf30550603862dac820e7005ba618 150 149 2014-01-20T06:13:39Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Biodiversity === ==== Southeast Archipelago==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Cattle *Serows *Reindeer '''Cultivable Flora''' *Rye *Barley '''Other Animals''' *Smilodon *Golden langur *Snow Leopard *Whitetail Deer *Glyptodons *Common Raven *Osprey '''Aquatic Animals''' *Cod *Gray Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} abc40e920bcd347b20cf607d46f8dcf9936b7e50 151 150 2014-01-20T06:14:10Z Manomow 3365071 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Cattle *Serows *Reindeer '''Cultivable Flora''' *Rye *Barley '''Other Animals''' *Smilodon *Golden langur *Snow Leopard *Whitetail Deer *Glyptodons *Common Raven *Osprey '''Aquatic Animals''' *Cod *Gray Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f37c12cd33f52fd54b192a4b752764e2535ba051 176 151 2014-01-21T17:21:59Z Manomow 3365071 /* Geography */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Cattle *Serows *Reindeer '''Cultivable Flora''' *Rye *Barley '''Other Animals''' *Smilodon *Golden langur *Snow Leopard *Whitetail Deer *Glyptodons *Common Raven *Osprey '''Aquatic Animals''' *Cod *Gray Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 0263ade2ff3e3935b9498231c9076df65d0942b9 Dateline 0 87 152 2014-01-20T06:14:54Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Biodive..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Cattle *Serows *Reindeer '''Cultivable Flora''' *Rye *Barley '''Other Animals''' *Smilodon *Golden langur *Snow Leopard *Whitetail Deer *Glyptodons *Common Raven *Osprey '''Aquatic Animals''' *Cod *Gray Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f37c12cd33f52fd54b192a4b752764e2535ba051 153 152 2014-01-20T06:16:03Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''' is a continent. == Geography == === Biodiversity === == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} dffd9f81aa254656e067c93606a099223d0355a7 175 153 2014-01-21T17:21:38Z Manomow 3365071 /* Geography */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cff99c351d968ea3e6a0eadfc5572773ceef4b67 File:Agriculture.png 6 88 154 2014-01-20T06:25:16Z Manomow 3365071 agriculture map wikitext text/x-wiki agriculture map 2afc2f32cc90e03ffe2223dffa48293dcc5eeda2 155 154 2014-01-20T06:30:37Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Spread of Agriculture: 12,000 BP - Present== {{legend|#5F0000|12,000 BP - 6,000 BP}} {{legend|#870023|6,000 BP - 4,000 BP}} {{legend|#BA0030|4,000 BP - 2,000 BP}} {{legend|#FF2D63|2,000 BP - 1,000 BP}} {{legend|#FD50B6|1,000 BP - 500 BP}} {{legend|#FD50B6|After 500 BP}} {{legend|#FFC9C9|Never Cultivated}} 233d9c5b405f21ceb94223f4a04ba5bd41963937 Template:Maplist 10 36 156 57 2014-01-20T06:31:17Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]] [[File:agricultre.png|500px|Agricultre]] ef4419704c766f8dcf3138126bf0567592bd45d0 157 156 2014-01-20T06:31:50Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]] [[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]] 959012578a87f8d6115eec08a5ff7b65a03d7a02 Main Page 0 1 158 48 2014-01-20T06:32:39Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" 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WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Originalia]] * [[Omoserica]] * [[Seforma]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Dateline]] * [[Archipelago]] * [[Island Chain]] |} <!-- MAIN PAGE BANNER --> {{#if:{{Main Page banner}}| <table id="mp-banner" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr><td class="MainPageBG" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em; 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style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == Would you like to know more about how time is measured in this world? Read up on [[Planetary Time]]. {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ bdac4358094bb7f32a46c162eb49c7ac48b5f987 169 163 2014-01-20T22:45:26Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Originalia]] * [[Omoserica]] * [[Seforma]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Dateline]] * [[Archipelago]] * [[Island Chain]] |} <!-- MAIN PAGE BANNER --> {{#if:{{Main Page banner}}| <table id="mp-banner" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr><td class="MainPageBG" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em; background-color:#fffaf5; border:1px solid #f2e0ce; color:#000; font-size:100%;">{{Main Page banner}} </td></tr> </table> }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|From today's featured article|Featured article }}</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|{{Featured article}}|{{Featured article}}}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">PlaceholderBL</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{PlaceholderBL}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Other Articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{OtherArticles}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">PlaceholderBR</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-otd">{{PlaceholderBR}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Maplist|Maps | Maps&ensp;}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:Maplist|{{Maplist}}|{{Maplist}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == Would you like to know more about how time is measured in this world? Read up on [[Planetary Time]]. {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 94195bca8a05aa1ccffc4e2c03d7cc247903caba Template:Main Page banner 10 33 159 49 2014-01-20T06:36:59Z Manomow 3365071 Blanked the page wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Planetary Time 0 89 164 2014-01-20T20:29:31Z Will Brawner 3370060 Created page with "Most mentions of years or days on this wiki will refer to planetary time, which differs from Earth time. Due to the alternate makeup of this planet's solar system, the units o..." wikitext text/x-wiki Most mentions of years or days on this wiki will refer to planetary time, which differs from Earth time. Due to the alternate makeup of this planet's solar system, the units of time familiar to people on Earth no longer apply. However, this conversion chart should make it easier to understand the relationship between this planet's time and Earth's. '''1 Planetary Day''' = 27.9 Earth Hours = 1.163 Earth Days '''1 Planetary Year''' = 587.695 Planetary Days = 683.195 Earth Days = 1.871 Earth Years = 22.4 Earth Months b682a8fbd22e41fb410682db45c19b88c2c5efc2 165 164 2014-01-20T20:31:27Z Will Brawner 3370060 wikitext text/x-wiki Most mentions of years or days on this wiki will refer to planetary time, which differs from Earth time. Due to the alternate makeup of this planet's solar system, the units of time familiar to people on Earth no longer apply. However, this conversion chart should make it easier to understand the relationship between this planet's time and Earth's. '''1 Planetary Day''' * = 27.9 Earth Hours * = 1.163 Earth Days '''1 Planetary Year''' * = 587.695 Planetary Days * = 683.195 Earth Days * = 1.871 Earth Years * = 22.4 Earth Months f057749a13dd4876856db89b3dd9e028aca269b2 166 165 2014-01-20T20:32:11Z Will Brawner 3370060 wikitext text/x-wiki Most mentions of years or days on this wiki will refer to planetary time, which differs from Earth time. Due to the alternate makeup of this planet's solar system, the units of time familiar to people on Earth no longer apply. However, this conversion chart should make it easier to understand the relationship between this planet's time and Earth's. '''1 Planetary Day''' : = 27.9 Earth Hours : = 1.163 Earth Days '''1 Planetary Year''' : = 587.695 Planetary Days : = 683.195 Earth Days : = 1.871 Earth Years : = 22.4 Earth Months c21d7091ba2c269579af0f398b1131ddc09eb001 167 166 2014-01-20T20:32:27Z Will Brawner 3370060 wikitext text/x-wiki Most mentions of years or days on this wiki will refer to planetary time, which differs from Earth time. Due to the alternate makeup of this planet's solar system, the units of time familiar to people on Earth no longer apply. However, this conversion chart should make it easier to understand the relationship between this planet's time and Earth's. *'''1 Planetary Day''' : = 27.9 Earth Hours : = 1.163 Earth Days *'''1 Planetary Year''' : = 587.695 Planetary Days : = 683.195 Earth Days : = 1.871 Earth Years : = 22.4 Earth Months 1b6a38a2722a0d9722d362cc8410ee58776b5836 168 167 2014-01-20T20:32:48Z Will Brawner 3370060 wikitext text/x-wiki Most mentions of years or days on this wiki will refer to planetary time, which differs from Earth time. Due to the alternate makeup of this planet's solar system, the units of time familiar to people on Earth no longer apply. However, this list of conversions should make it easier to understand the relationship between this planet's time and Earth's. *'''1 Planetary Day''' : = 27.9 Earth Hours : = 1.163 Earth Days *'''1 Planetary Year''' : = 587.695 Planetary Days : = 683.195 Earth Days : = 1.871 Earth Years : = 22.4 Earth Months 5563856b8c7d194f3fa48d97e4e0e7351e6a5c64 Template:OtherArticles 10 90 170 2014-01-20T22:46:02Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "*[[Planetary Time]]" wikitext text/x-wiki *[[Planetary Time]] ee0716819448ed1d7a851aa8eb50fe98c85a5a22 File:Favicon.ico 6 91 171 2014-01-21T16:33:04Z Manomow 3365071 The Favicon wikitext text/x-wiki The Favicon 9d4dbbe954ce5953867ba5815d11519be0eb5a60 Template:Continent navbox 10 85 178 145 2014-01-21T17:25:12Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | group1=[[Originalia]] | list1=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]][[Originalia#Geology|Geology]][[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group2=[[Omoserica]] | list2=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]][[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]][[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group3=[[Seforma]] | list3=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]][[Seforma#Geology|Geology]][[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4=[[Dateline]] | list4=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]][[Dateline#Geology|Geology]][[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group5=[[Archipelago]] | list5=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]][[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]][[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Island Chain]] | list6=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]][[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]][[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} 916970920ce07b6bfdff450024eaad199cbe800e 179 178 2014-01-21T17:26:31Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | group1=[[Originalia]] | list1=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]] • [[Originalia#Geology|Geology]] • [[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group2=[[Omoserica]] | list2=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group3=[[Seforma]] | list3=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]] • [[Seforma#Geology|Geology]] • [[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4=[[Dateline]] | list4=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]] • [[Dateline#Geology|Geology]] • [[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group5=[[Archipelago]] | list5=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]] • [[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]] • [[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Island Chain]] | list6=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]] • [[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]] • [[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} 8ba557d10af13c3db106fd8bd97c7156e42a429c 191 179 2014-01-21T18:17:19Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | group1=[[Originalia]] | list1=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]] • [[Originalia#Geology|Geology]] • [[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group2=[[Omoserica]] | list2=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group3=[[Seforma]] | list3=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]] • [[Seforma#Geology|Geology]] • [[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4=[[Dateline]] | list4=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]] • [[Dateline#Geology|Geology]] • [[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group5=[[Archipelago]] | list5=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]] • [[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]] • [[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Island Chain]] | list6=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]] • [[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]] • [[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Arctica]] | list6=[[Arctica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Arctica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Arctica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} d15465b63f53278be2512437d3d6da69b5c609ee 196 191 2014-01-21T18:38:15Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | group1=[[Originalia]] | list1=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]] • [[Originalia#Geology|Geology]] • [[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group2=[[Omoserica]] | list2=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group3=[[Seforma]] | list3=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]] • [[Seforma#Geology|Geology]] • [[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4=[[Dateline]] | list4=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]] • [[Dateline#Geology|Geology]] • [[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group5=[[Archipelago]] | list5=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]] • [[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]] • [[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Island Chain]] | list6=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]] • [[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]] • [[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group7=[[Arctica]] | list7=[[Arctica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Arctica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Arctica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} 1bdef2906f977c7bd53b4da77e7ca431f595b18b Originalia 0 43 180 173 2014-01-21T17:34:46Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's six continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey *Woolly mammoths '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 48317eaa3088c9094f3332554f8d1c293278f2ec 192 180 2014-01-21T18:17:56Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's seven continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey *Woolly mammoths '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 06553a740da9db5d68777ea289090bc2590dafe3 File:Omoserica biome.png 6 92 181 2014-01-21T17:52:15Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Omoserica 0 45 182 172 2014-01-21T17:54:06Z Manomow 3365071 /* Climate */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Araucaria araucana <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ede17f811737e94c41766575cb7795a04aeeaeec 184 182 2014-01-21T18:00:30Z Manomow 3365071 /* Geography */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Araucaria araucana <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3c48f47daabe8a42cd91885d86a2d19e647d8793 Template:Legend0 10 93 183 2014-01-21T17:58:17Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:{{{border|none}}}; background-color:{{{1|none}}}; color:{{{1|none}}};">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;{{{2|}..." wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:{{{border|none}}}; background-color:{{{1|none}}}; color:{{{1|none}}};">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;{{{2|}}}</span><noinclude> {{Documentation|content= <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page. --> == Usage == A version of {{tl|Legend}} which does not use block formatting. === See also === * {{tl|Legend}} * {{tl|Legend2}} * {{tl|Legend3}} * {{tl|Leftlegend}} * {{tl|Legend-line}} * {{tl|Legend inline}} <!-- Categories go here: --> [[Category:Legend templates]] }}</noinclude> 97d2879b220c707878a4ff7d2dcbe2cb6451eda7 File:Seforma biome.png 6 94 185 2014-01-21T18:04:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Seforma 0 52 186 174 2014-01-21T18:04:18Z Manomow 3365071 /* Geography */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c79a9caf433278211a60036f854c358aaf515837 187 186 2014-01-21T18:05:15Z Manomow 3365071 /* Geography */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3233ce898e8326d09d7528683587ea0dd55d3666 189 187 2014-01-21T18:13:33Z Manomow 3365071 /* Geography */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ad5c9e4083a11cbc839b6621fca4a70eb6bea1bd Main Page 0 1 188 169 2014-01-21T18:13:15Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Originalia]] * [[Omoserica]] * [[Seforma]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Dateline]] * [[Archipelago]] * [[Island Chain]] 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padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Maplist|Maps | Maps&ensp;}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:Maplist|{{Maplist}}|{{Maplist}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == Would you like to know more about how time is measured in this world? Read up on [[Planetary Time]]. {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ d41acca3a619620dfeb775cbd57a199432311b7d Arctica 0 95 190 2014-01-21T18:16:25Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Cl..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e034a195620bdfc49488914dd939f3eb23db8595 File:Arctica biome.png 6 96 193 2014-01-21T18:18:17Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Archipelago biome.png 6 97 194 2014-01-21T18:35:51Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Archipelago 0 86 195 176 2014-01-21T18:36:42Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:archipelago_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Archipelago''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Cattle *Serows *Reindeer '''Cultivable Flora''' *Rye *Barley '''Other Animals''' *Smilodon *Golden langur *Snow Leopard *Whitetail Deer *Glyptodons *Common Raven *Osprey '''Aquatic Animals''' *Cod *Gray Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} dbac552a7a8d36d4fdae2c8079e70e8a78f2bb48 File:Islandchain biome.png 6 98 197 2014-01-21T18:40:27Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Island Chain 0 84 198 177 2014-01-21T18:41:19Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Okapi *Bornean Orangutan *Leopard *Rhinoceroses *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} dd5a1356f9971c301f5006a34db500ec03652d42 199 198 2014-01-21T18:41:52Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Okapi *Bornean Orangutan *Leopard *Rhinoceroses *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9a0b2b272a82f85871010ae45bb45aacec33881a File:Winds.png 6 99 200 2014-01-21T18:49:41Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 227 200 2014-01-22T03:16:40Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Winds.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Currents.png 6 100 201 2014-01-21T18:50:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:Maplist 10 36 202 157 2014-01-21T18:52:49Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]] [[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]][[File:winds.png|500px|Wind]][[File:currents.png|500px|Currents]] 72caa879cd09ece6b88300a7e6bd86594ef80f00 204 202 2014-01-21T18:54:33Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]] [[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]][[File:winds.png|500px|Wind]][[File:currents.png|500px|Currents]] [[File:currents.png|500px|Plates]] fcf454504596ccbaaaaabb1b6d59479ace19d99c 205 204 2014-01-21T18:54:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]] [[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]][[File:winds.png|500px|Wind]][[File:currents.png|500px|Currents]] [[File:plates.png|500px|Plates]] aaa39ef079e5c5eda4fca388b4789cbeb11f7738 206 205 2014-01-21T18:55:52Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]][[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]][[File:winds.png|500px|Wind]][[File:currents.png|500px|Currents]][[File:plates.png|500px|Plates]] a84d5b969181f2c4778613a87fd57738cfc5a4f8 File:Plates.png 6 101 203 2014-01-21T18:54:20Z Manomow 3365071 Blue = Subduction Zones Red = Rift Boundaries Orange = Transform Faults Purple = Convergent Boundaries wikitext text/x-wiki Blue = Subduction Zones Red = Rift Boundaries Orange = Transform Faults Purple = Convergent Boundaries 6ca4f37b6f1cc077eb90bbecbf96b75275b094c5 Template:OtherArticles 10 90 207 170 2014-01-21T19:01:55Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[Planetary Time]] *[[Solar System]] 89b2681014d0f2729dcda89aea92586d094b577f 209 207 2014-01-21T19:04:39Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[Planetary Time]] *[[Solar System]] *[[Gaia]] b61aa3a09e47a23635f8aba3626151f60043bd1b Solar System 0 102 208 2014-01-21T19:02:28Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with ""Star" - Class F8 Star Lifespan: ~7 billion years. Mass: ~1.16 solar masses. Planets 1. Unnamed -Reminiscent of Mercury. -Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Phobos). 2. Unna..." wikitext text/x-wiki "Star" - Class F8 Star Lifespan: ~7 billion years. Mass: ~1.16 solar masses. Planets 1. Unnamed -Reminiscent of Mercury. -Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Phobos). 2. Unnamed -Reminiscent of Mars. -Warmer than Mars, bone dry: desert planet -Satellites: 1 natural. 3. Unnamed -Terrestrial world. -Rings similar to Saturn. 4. Unnamed / "Gaia" / Home Planet -ATL Earth -Habitable, sentient life. -Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Titan). 5. Unnamed -Large terrestrial world. -Heavily crater marked. -Satellites: 3 natural. (Asteroid Belt) 6. Unnamed -Gas giant, Saturn sized. -Three moons, similar to the Galilean moons. -No visible rings. 1068e4cde35815d85387ccbd90031e3c4d093f46 226 208 2014-01-22T03:07:45Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki "Star" - Class F8 Star Lifespan: ~7 billion years. Mass: ~1.16 solar masses. Planets 1. Unnamed -Reminiscent of Mercury. -Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Phobos). 2. Unnamed -Reminiscent of Mars. -Warmer than Mars, bone dry: desert planet -Satellites: 1 natural. 3. Unnamed -Terrestrial world. -Rings similar to Saturn. 4. Unnamed / "[[Gaia]]" / Home Planet -ATL Earth -Habitable, sentient life. -Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Titan). 5. Unnamed -Large terrestrial world. -Heavily crater marked. -Satellites: 3 natural. (Asteroid Belt) 6. Unnamed -Gas giant, Saturn sized. -Three moons, similar to the Galilean moons. -No visible rings. f7205598e83206858019c734e7efb74a3bdd9dc6 Template:Fmbox 10 103 210 2014-01-21T19:07:38Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<table {{#if:{{{id|}}}|id="{{{id|}}}"}} class="plainlinks fmbox {{#switch:{{{type|}}} | warning = fmbox-warning | editnotice = fmbox-editnotice | system <!-- syste..." wikitext text/x-wiki <table {{#if:{{{id|}}}|id="{{{id|}}}"}} class="plainlinks fmbox {{#switch:{{{type|}}} | warning = fmbox-warning | editnotice = fmbox-editnotice | system <!-- system = default --> | #default = fmbox-system }} {{{class|}}}" style="{{{style|}}}" role="presentation"> <tr> {{#ifeq:{{{image|}}}|none | <!-- No image. --> | <td class="mbox-image"> {{#if:{{{image|}}} | {{{image}}} | [[File:{{#switch:{{{type|}}} | warning = Cmbox deletion.png | editnotice = Imbox notice.png | system <!-- system = default --> | #default = Imbox notice.png }}|40x40px|link=|alt=]] }}</td> }} <td class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}"> {{{text}}} </td> {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} | <td class="mbox-imageright"> {{{imageright}}} </td> }} </tr> </table><!-- Detect and report usage with faulty "type" parameter: -->{{#switch:{{{type|}}} | <!-- No type fed, is also valid input --> | warning | editnotice | system = <!-- Do nothing, valid "type" --> | #default = <div style="text-align: center;">This message box is using an invalid "type={{{type|}}}" parameter and needs fixing.</div>[[Category:Wikipedia message box parameter needs fixing|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- Sort on namespace --> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 731a11c67036265627a773263a81adf0f2bddf6a File:Imbox notice.png 6 104 211 2014-01-21T19:08:09Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Gaia 0 105 212 2014-01-21T19:09:52Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{fmbox | text = Temporary name. Name suggested by Odysseus.}} Geologic History: (Age of the World - 3.22 billion years) A timeline of world history, beginning with the forma..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{fmbox | text = Temporary name. Name suggested by Odysseus.}} Geologic History: (Age of the World - 3.22 billion years) A timeline of world history, beginning with the formation of our home planet. First Eon (3210 mya - 2710 mya) -Formation of the World and its Moon from the accretion disk around the young star. The other planets begin to form around this time, as well. -The oldest known minerals appear, while the oldest known rocks date back to c. 2830 mya. -The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve. -Late Heavy Bombardment period ends c. 2790 mya. -Photosynthesis begins in microscopic primordial life c. 2710 mya. Second Eon (2710 mya - 1980 mya) -Simple single-celled life begins to form. -First known oxygen producing bacteria, the atmosphere later becomes oxygenic. -The first complex single-celled life, protists with nuclei form. The first super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world. Third Eon (1980 mya-500 mya) -The first major super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world, and persists for several hundred million years, before finally breaking up towards the end of the Third Eon. -Multi-cellular eukaryotic life begins to form. -The first "Snowball World" period; ice covers the world for two hundred million years before finally receding following a major period of volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts. -By the end of this eon, life flourishes wordwide in the seas, and life begins to make the jump to land. Fourth Eon (500 mya - present) -Major diversification and expansion of life in the (ATL Unnamed Cambrian Explosion). Numerous fossils, most modern forms of life emerge in the Fourth Eon. -Two major super-continents have formed and divided during this period: The first (Unnamed ATL Pannotia) forms c. 490 mya, before dividing c. 330 mya. The second, (Unnamed ATL Pangaea) forms c. 200 mya, before dividing c. 75 mya. -The second "Snowball World" event; triggers a mass extinction as most life becomes extinct in the face of tremendously colder climates and growing ice caps. Ends c. 320 mya. -Late Fourth Eon extinction event c. 90 mya. Leaves a large crater north of the (Unnamed Southern Archipelago) Current Date: Emergence of Humanity & The Current Glacial Maximum. Fourth Eon, Third Era. (4.3 Eo) efec1ea385ae1fec118f0a3fd66757982b95f3de 213 212 2014-01-21T19:12:05Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fmbox | text = Temporary name. Name suggested by Odysseus.}} Geologic History: (Age of the World - 3.22 billion years) A timeline of world history, beginning with the formation of our home planet. First Eon (3210 mya - 2710 mya) -Formation of the World and its Moon from the accretion disk around the young star. The other planets begin to form around this time, as well. -The oldest known minerals appear, while the oldest known rocks date back to c. 2830 mya. -The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve. -Late Heavy Bombardment period ends c. 2790 mya. -Photosynthesis begins in microscopic primordial life c. 2710 mya. Second Eon (2710 mya - 1980 mya) -Simple single-celled life begins to form. -First known oxygen producing bacteria, the atmosphere later becomes oxygenic. -The first complex single-celled life, protists with nuclei form. The first super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world. Third Eon (1980 mya-500 mya) -The first major super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world, and persists for several hundred million years, before finally breaking up towards the end of the Third Eon. -Multi-cellular eukaryotic life begins to form. -The first "Snowball World" period; ice covers the world for two hundred million years before finally receding following a major period of volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts. -By the end of this eon, life flourishes wordwide in the seas, and life begins to make the jump to land. Fourth Eon (500 mya - present) -Major diversification and expansion of life in the (ATL Unnamed Cambrian Explosion). Numerous fossils, most modern forms of life emerge in the Fourth Eon. -Two major super-continents have formed and divided during this period: The first (Unnamed ATL Pannotia) forms c. 490 mya, before dividing c. 330 mya. The second, (Unnamed ATL Pangaea) forms c. 200 mya, before dividing c. 75 mya. -The second "Snowball World" event; triggers a mass extinction as most life becomes extinct in the face of tremendously colder climates and growing ice caps. Ends c. 320 mya. -Late Fourth Eon extinction event c. 90 mya. Leaves a large crater north of the (Unnamed Southern Archipelago) Current Date: Emergence of Humanity & The Current Glacial Maximum. Fourth Eon, Third Era. (4.3 Eo) Aphelion: 1.445 AU Perihelion: 1.444 AU Semi-major axis of the World: 1.44 AU Orbital Eccentricity: 0.0167 Orbital Period: 587.695 days, 1.60899 years Average Orbital Speed: ? Mass: 0.99 Earths Satellites: 1 d7cb901f1e5f7051cb2371a527e3ee636a8f412f 214 213 2014-01-21T19:13:36Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fmbox | text = Temporary name. Name suggested by Odysseus.}} Geologic History: (Age of the World - 3.22 billion years) A timeline of world history, beginning with the formation of our home planet. First Eon (3210 mya - 2710 mya) -Formation of the World and its Moon from the accretion disk around the young star. The other planets begin to form around this time, as well. -The oldest known minerals appear, while the oldest known rocks date back to c. 2830 mya. -The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve. -Late Heavy Bombardment period ends c. 2790 mya. -Photosynthesis begins in microscopic primordial life c. 2710 mya. Second Eon (2710 mya - 1980 mya) -Simple single-celled life begins to form. -First known oxygen producing bacteria, the atmosphere later becomes oxygenic. -The first complex single-celled life, protists with nuclei form. The first super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world. Third Eon (1980 mya-500 mya) -The first major super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world, and persists for several hundred million years, before finally breaking up towards the end of the Third Eon. -Multi-cellular eukaryotic life begins to form. -The first "Snowball World" period; ice covers the world for two hundred million years before finally receding following a major period of volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts. -By the end of this eon, life flourishes wordwide in the seas, and life begins to make the jump to land. Fourth Eon (500 mya - present) -Major diversification and expansion of life in the (ATL Unnamed Cambrian Explosion). Numerous fossils, most modern forms of life emerge in the Fourth Eon. -Two major super-continents have formed and divided during this period: The first (Unnamed ATL Pannotia) forms c. 490 mya, before dividing c. 330 mya. The second, (Unnamed ATL Pangaea) forms c. 200 mya, before dividing c. 75 mya. -The second "Snowball World" event; triggers a mass extinction as most life becomes extinct in the face of tremendously colder climates and growing ice caps. Ends c. 320 mya. -Late Fourth Eon extinction event c. 90 mya. Leaves a large crater north of the (Unnamed Southern Archipelago) Current Date: Emergence of Humanity & The Current Glacial Maximum. Fourth Eon, Third Era. (4.3 Eo) Aphelion: 1.445 AU Perihelion: 1.444 AU Semi-major axis of the World: 1.44 AU Orbital Eccentricity: 0.0167 Orbital Period: 587.695 days, 1.60899 years Average Orbital Speed: ? Mass: 0.99 Earths Satellites: 1 Rotation: 27.9 hours Age Conversions Gaia Years (Earth-Years) 0-6 (0-11) Childhood 6-9 (11-17) Adolescence 9-20 (17-37) Young Adulthood 20-30 (37-56) Middle Age 30 + (56+) Old Age 2cd6af6255996e37df18d3b91db211d07ea22d3b 217 214 2014-01-22T02:54:33Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fmbox | text = Temporary name. Name suggested by Odysseus.}} {{Infobox planet | width = <!--(Best given in font-proportional units such as 'em')--> | name = Gaia | symbol = <!--([[File:...]])--> | background = | image = [[File:basemap.png|250px|Basemap]] | caption = | pronunciation = | apsis = | discovery_ref = <ref>...</ref> | discoverer = | discovery_site = | discovered = | discovery_method = | mp_name = | named_after = | mp_category = | alt_names = | orbit_ref = <ref>Osculating Orbital Elements</ref> | orbit_diagram = <!-- image link, just like in prose. ex.: [[File:1992 TC orbital diagram.jpg|260px]] --> | epoch = | aphelion = 1.445 AU | perihelion = 1.444 AU | periastron = | apoastron = | periapsis = | apoapsis = | semimajor = 1.44 AU | mean_orbit_radius = | eccentricity = 0.0167 | period = 587.695 days, 1.60899 years | synodic_period = | avg_speed = ? | mean_anomaly = | inclination = | angular_dist = <!--(Angular distance)--> | asc_node = <!--(Longitude of ascending node)--> | long_periastron = <!--(Longitude of periastron)--> | time_periastron = <!--(Time of periastron)--> | arg_peri = <!--(Argument of peri[helion/astron/...])--> | semi-amplitude = | p_orbit_ref = <ref>Proper Orbital Elements</ref> | p_semimajor = | p_eccentricity = | p_inclination = | p_mean_motion = <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)--> | perihelion_rate = <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)--> | node_rate = <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)--> | satellite_of = | satellites = 1 | dimensions = | flattening = | equatorial_radius = | polar_radius = | mean_radius = | circumference = | surface_area = | volume = | mass = 0.99 Earths | density = | surface_grav = <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)--> | escape_velocity = | sidereal_day = | rot_velocity = <!--(Rotational velocity)--> | axial_tilt = | right_asc_north_pole = <!--(North pole right ascension)--> | declination = <!--(North pole declination)--> | pole_ecliptic_lat = <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)--> | pole_ecliptic_lon = <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)--> | albedo = | single_temperature = | temp_name1 = | min_temp_1 = | mean_temp_1 = | max_temp_1 = | temp_name2 = | min_temp_2 = | mean_temp_2 = | max_temp_2 = | spectral_type = | magnitude = <!--(Apparent magnitude)--> | abs_magnitude = <!--(Absolute magnitude)--> | angular_size = | pronounced = {{IPA-en|<!-- IPA string -->|}} | adjectives = | atmosphere_ref = <ref>...</ref> | surface_pressure = | scale_height = | atmosphere_composition = }} Rotation: 27.9 hours ==Chronology== ===Geologic History=== (Age of the World - 3.22 billion years) A timeline of world history, beginning with the formation of our home planet. ====First Eon (3210 mya - 2710 mya)==== -Formation of the World and its Moon from the accretion disk around the young star. The other planets begin to form around this time, as well. -The oldest known minerals appear, while the oldest known rocks date back to c. 2830 mya. -The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve. -Late Heavy Bombardment period ends c. 2790 mya. -Photosynthesis begins in microscopic primordial life c. 2710 mya. ====Second Eon (2710 mya - 1980 mya)==== -Simple single-celled life begins to form. -First known oxygen producing bacteria, the atmosphere later becomes oxygenic. -The first complex single-celled life, protists with nuclei form. The first super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world. ====Third Eon (1980 mya-500 mya)==== -The first major super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world, and persists for several hundred million years, before finally breaking up towards the end of the Third Eon. -Multi-cellular eukaryotic life begins to form. -The first "Snowball World" period; ice covers the world for two hundred million years before finally receding following a major period of volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts. -By the end of this eon, life flourishes wordwide in the seas, and life begins to make the jump to land. ====Fourth Eon (500 mya - present)==== -Major diversification and expansion of life in the (ATL Unnamed Cambrian Explosion). Numerous fossils, most modern forms of life emerge in the Fourth Eon. -Two major super-continents have formed and divided during this period: The first (Unnamed ATL Pannotia) forms c. 490 mya, before dividing c. 330 mya. The second, (Unnamed ATL Pangaea) forms c. 200 mya, before dividing c. 75 mya. -The second "Snowball World" event; triggers a mass extinction as most life becomes extinct in the face of tremendously colder climates and growing ice caps. Ends c. 320 mya. -Late Fourth Eon extinction event c. 90 mya. Leaves a large crater north of the (Unnamed Southern Archipelago) Current Date: Emergence of Humanity & The Current Glacial Maximum. Fourth Eon, Third Era. (4.3 Eo) Age Conversions Gaia Years (Earth-Years) 0-6 (0-11) Childhood 6-9 (11-17) Adolescence 9-20 (17-37) Young Adulthood 20-30 (37-56) Middle Age 30 + (56+) Old Age <references/> abf0f5f2c1728208e1e947f19da3d7840abfcb5d 224 217 2014-01-22T03:04:19Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fmbox | text = Temporary name. Name suggested by Odysseus.}} {{Infobox planet | width = <!--(Best given in font-proportional units such as 'em')--> | name = Gaia | symbol = <!--([[File:...]])--> | background = | image = [[File:basemap.png|250px|Basemap]] | caption = | pronunciation = - | apsis = | discovery_ref = <ref>...</ref> | discoverer = | discovery_site = | discovered = | discovery_method = | mp_name = | named_after = | mp_category = | alt_names = | orbit_ref = <ref>Osculating Orbital Elements</ref> | orbit_diagram = <!-- image link, just like in prose. ex.: [[File:1992 TC orbital diagram.jpg|260px]] --> | epoch = | aphelion = 1.445 AU | perihelion = 1.444 AU | periastron = | apoastron = | periapsis = | apoapsis = | semimajor = 1.44 AU | mean_orbit_radius = | eccentricity = 0.0167 | period = 587.695 days, 1.60899 years | synodic_period = | avg_speed = ? | mean_anomaly = | inclination = | angular_dist = <!--(Angular distance)--> | asc_node = <!--(Longitude of ascending node)--> | long_periastron = <!--(Longitude of periastron)--> | time_periastron = <!--(Time of periastron)--> | arg_peri = <!--(Argument of peri[helion/astron/...])--> | semi-amplitude = | p_orbit_ref = <ref>Proper Orbital Elements</ref> | p_semimajor = | p_eccentricity = | p_inclination = | p_mean_motion = <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)--> | perihelion_rate = <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)--> | node_rate = <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)--> | satellite_of = | satellites = 1 | dimensions = | flattening = | equatorial_radius = | polar_radius = | mean_radius = | circumference = | surface_area = | volume = | mass = 0.99 Earths | density = | surface_grav = <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)--> | escape_velocity = | sidereal_day = | rot_velocity = <!--(Rotational velocity)--> | axial_tilt = | right_asc_north_pole = <!--(North pole right ascension)--> | declination = <!--(North pole declination)--> | pole_ecliptic_lat = <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)--> | pole_ecliptic_lon = <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)--> | albedo = | single_temperature = | temp_name1 = | min_temp_1 = | mean_temp_1 = | max_temp_1 = | temp_name2 = | min_temp_2 = | mean_temp_2 = | max_temp_2 = | spectral_type = | magnitude = <!--(Apparent magnitude)--> | abs_magnitude = <!--(Absolute magnitude)--> | angular_size = | pronounced = {{IPA-en|<!-- IPA string -->|}} | adjectives = | atmosphere_ref = <ref>...</ref> | surface_pressure = | scale_height = | atmosphere_composition = }} Rotation: 27.9 hours ==Chronology== ===Geologic History=== (Age of the World - 3.22 billion years) A timeline of world history, beginning with the formation of our home planet. ====First Eon (3210 mya - 2710 mya)==== -Formation of the World and its Moon from the accretion disk around the young star. The other planets begin to form around this time, as well. -The oldest known minerals appear, while the oldest known rocks date back to c. 2830 mya. -The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve. -Late Heavy Bombardment period ends c. 2790 mya. -Photosynthesis begins in microscopic primordial life c. 2710 mya. ====Second Eon (2710 mya - 1980 mya)==== -Simple single-celled life begins to form. -First known oxygen producing bacteria, the atmosphere later becomes oxygenic. -The first complex single-celled life, protists with nuclei form. The first super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world. ====Third Eon (1980 mya-500 mya)==== -The first major super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world, and persists for several hundred million years, before finally breaking up towards the end of the Third Eon. -Multi-cellular eukaryotic life begins to form. -The first "Snowball World" period; ice covers the world for two hundred million years before finally receding following a major period of volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts. -By the end of this eon, life flourishes wordwide in the seas, and life begins to make the jump to land. ====Fourth Eon (500 mya - present)==== -Major diversification and expansion of life in the (ATL Unnamed Cambrian Explosion). Numerous fossils, most modern forms of life emerge in the Fourth Eon. -Two major super-continents have formed and divided during this period: The first (Unnamed ATL Pannotia) forms c. 490 mya, before dividing c. 330 mya. The second, (Unnamed ATL Pangaea) forms c. 200 mya, before dividing c. 75 mya. -The second "Snowball World" event; triggers a mass extinction as most life becomes extinct in the face of tremendously colder climates and growing ice caps. Ends c. 320 mya. -Late Fourth Eon extinction event c. 90 mya. Leaves a large crater north of the (Unnamed Southern Archipelago) Current Date: Emergence of Humanity & The Current Glacial Maximum. Fourth Eon, Third Era. (4.3 Eo) Age Conversions Gaia Years (Earth-Years) 0-6 (0-11) Childhood 6-9 (11-17) Adolescence 9-20 (17-37) Young Adulthood 20-30 (37-56) Middle Age 30 + (56+) Old Age <references/> 9963535ce683638ec9aa6ae5e390d91bc11b6b59 225 224 2014-01-22T03:05:47Z Manomow 3365071 /* Chronology */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{fmbox | text = Temporary name. Name suggested by Odysseus.}} {{Infobox planet | width = <!--(Best given in font-proportional units such as 'em')--> | name = Gaia | symbol = <!--([[File:...]])--> | background = | image = [[File:basemap.png|250px|Basemap]] | caption = | pronunciation = - | apsis = | discovery_ref = <ref>...</ref> | discoverer = | discovery_site = | discovered = | discovery_method = | mp_name = | named_after = | mp_category = | alt_names = | orbit_ref = <ref>Osculating Orbital Elements</ref> | orbit_diagram = <!-- image link, just like in prose. ex.: [[File:1992 TC orbital diagram.jpg|260px]] --> | epoch = | aphelion = 1.445 AU | perihelion = 1.444 AU | periastron = | apoastron = | periapsis = | apoapsis = | semimajor = 1.44 AU | mean_orbit_radius = | eccentricity = 0.0167 | period = 587.695 days, 1.60899 years | synodic_period = | avg_speed = ? | mean_anomaly = | inclination = | angular_dist = <!--(Angular distance)--> | asc_node = <!--(Longitude of ascending node)--> | long_periastron = <!--(Longitude of periastron)--> | time_periastron = <!--(Time of periastron)--> | arg_peri = <!--(Argument of peri[helion/astron/...])--> | semi-amplitude = | p_orbit_ref = <ref>Proper Orbital Elements</ref> | p_semimajor = | p_eccentricity = | p_inclination = | p_mean_motion = <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)--> | perihelion_rate = <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)--> | node_rate = <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)--> | satellite_of = | satellites = 1 | dimensions = | flattening = | equatorial_radius = | polar_radius = | mean_radius = | circumference = | surface_area = | volume = | mass = 0.99 Earths | density = | surface_grav = <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)--> | escape_velocity = | sidereal_day = | rot_velocity = <!--(Rotational velocity)--> | axial_tilt = | right_asc_north_pole = <!--(North pole right ascension)--> | declination = <!--(North pole declination)--> | pole_ecliptic_lat = <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)--> | pole_ecliptic_lon = <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)--> | albedo = | single_temperature = | temp_name1 = | min_temp_1 = | mean_temp_1 = | max_temp_1 = | temp_name2 = | min_temp_2 = | mean_temp_2 = | max_temp_2 = | spectral_type = | magnitude = <!--(Apparent magnitude)--> | abs_magnitude = <!--(Absolute magnitude)--> | angular_size = | pronounced = {{IPA-en|<!-- IPA string -->|}} | adjectives = | atmosphere_ref = <ref>...</ref> | surface_pressure = | scale_height = | atmosphere_composition = }} Rotation: 27.9 hours ==Chronology== ===Geologic History=== (Age of the World - 3.22 billion years) A timeline of world history, beginning with the formation of our home planet. ====First Eon (3210 mya - 2710 mya)==== *Formation of the World and its Moon from the accretion disk around the young star. The other planets begin to form around this time, as well. *The oldest known minerals appear, while the oldest known rocks date back to c. 2830 mya. *The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve. *Late Heavy Bombardment period ends c. 2790 mya. *Photosynthesis begins in microscopic primordial life c. 2710 mya. ====Second Eon (2710 mya - 1980 mya)==== *Simple single-celled life begins to form. *First known oxygen producing bacteria, the atmosphere later becomes oxygenic. *The first complex single-celled life, protists with nuclei form. The first super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world. ====Third Eon (1980 mya-500 mya)==== *The first major super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world, and persists for several hundred million years, before finally breaking up towards the end of the Third Eon. *Multi-cellular eukaryotic life begins to form. *The first "Snowball World" period; ice covers the world for two hundred million years before finally receding following a major period of volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts. *By the end of this eon, life flourishes wordwide in the seas, and life begins to make the jump to land. ====Fourth Eon (500 mya - present)==== *Major diversification and expansion of life in the (ATL Unnamed Cambrian Explosion). Numerous fossils, most modern forms of life emerge in the Fourth Eon. *Two major super-continents have formed and divided during this period: The first (Unnamed ATL Pannotia) forms c. 490 mya, before dividing c. 330 mya. The second, (Unnamed ATL Pangaea) forms c. 200 mya, before dividing c. 75 mya. *The second "Snowball World" event; triggers a mass extinction as most life becomes extinct in the face of tremendously colder climates and growing ice caps. Ends c. 320 mya. *Late Fourth Eon extinction event c. 90 mya. Leaves a large crater north of the (Unnamed Southern Archipelago) Current Date: Emergence of Humanity & The Current Glacial Maximum. Fourth Eon, Third Era. (4.3 Eo) Age Conversions Gaia Years (Earth-Years) 0-6 (0-11) Childhood 6-9 (11-17) Adolescence 9-20 (17-37) Young Adulthood 20-30 (37-56) Middle Age 30 + (56+) Old Age <references/> 66b0aee2ed5b45a69fd93f266b083fa6cf71dc7b Dateline 0 87 215 175 2014-01-21T19:14:27Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e0a0038e04c6fe6902709d96acd6d5634e43e1dc Template:Infobox planet 10 106 216 2014-01-22T02:34:11Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{ infobox | class = vcard | style = {{if:{{{width|}}}|width: {{{width}}} }} | titleclass = fn org | title = {{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{ infobox | class = vcard | style = {{if:{{{width|}}}|width: {{{width}}} }} | titleclass = fn org | title = 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{{{orbit_diagram|}}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{epoch|}}}|[[Epoch (astronomy)|Epoch]] {{{epoch}}}}} | label23 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}}|apsis|gee|(apsis)=[[Apsis|Apo{{{apsis}}}]]|[[Apsis|Ap{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}]]}} | data23 = {{{aphelion|}}} | label24 = [[Apsis|Peri{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}]] | data24 = {{{perihelion|}}} | label25 = [[Apsis|Peri{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}}]] | data25 = {{{periapsis|}}} | label26 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}}|helion|astron=[[Apsis|Ap{{{apsis}}}]]|[[Apsis|Apo{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}}]]}} | data26 = {{{apoapsis|}}} | label27 = [[Semi-major axis]] | data27 = {{{semimajor|}}} | label28 = [[Radius|Mean orbit radius]] | data28 = {{{mean_orbit_radius|}}} | label29 = [[Orbital eccentricity|Eccentricity]] | data29 = {{{eccentricity|}}} | label30 = [[Orbital period]] | data30 = {{{period|}}} | label31 = [[Orbital period|Synodic period]] | data31 = {{{synodic_period|}}} | label32 = [[Orbital speed|Average orbital speed]] | data32 = {{{avg_speed|}}} | label33 = [[Mean anomaly]] | data33 = {{{mean_anomaly|}}} | label34 = [[Orbital inclination|Inclination]] | data34 = {{{inclination|}}} | label35 = [[Angular distance]] | data35 = {{{angular_dist|}}} | label36 = [[Longitude of the ascending node|Longitude of ascending node]] | data36 = {{{asc_node|}}} | label37 = [[Longitude of the periapsis|Longitude of]] [[Apsis|periastron]] | data37 = {{{long_periastron|}}} | label38 = [[Apsis|Time of periastron]] | data38 = {{{time_periastron|}}} | label39 = [[Argument of periapsis|Argument of peri{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}]] | data39 = {{{arg_peri|}}} | label40 = [[Amplitude|Semi-amplitude]] | data40 = {{{semi-amplitude|}}} | label41 = [[Natural satellite|Satellite of]] | data41 = {{{satellite_of|}}} | label42 = [[Natural satellite|Satellites]] | data42 = {{{satellites|}}} | header50 = {{#if:{{{p_semimajor|}}}{{{p_eccentricity|}}}{{{p_mean_motion|}}}{{{p_inclination|}}}{{{node_rate|}}}{{{perihelion_rate|}}}|[[Proper orbital elements]]{{#if:{{{p_orbit_ref|}}}|{{{p_orbit_ref}}} }} }} | label51 = Proper [[semi-major axis]] | data51 = {{#if:{{{p_semimajor|}}}|{{{p_semimajor}}} [[Astronomical unit|AU]]}} | label52 = Proper [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] | data52 = {{{p_eccentricity|}}} | label53 = Proper [[inclination]] | data53 = {{{p_inclination|}}} | label54 = Proper [[mean motion]] | data54 = {{#if:{{{p_mean_motion|}}}|{{{p_mean_motion}}} [[Degree (angle)|deg]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]}} | label55 = Proper [[orbital period]] | data55 = {{#if:{{{p_mean_motion|}}}|{{#expr:360/{{{p_mean_motion|1}}} round 5}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]<br />({{#expr:365.25*360/{{{p_mean_motion|1}}} round 3}} [[day|d]]) }} | label56 = Precession of [[Apsis|perihelion]] | data56 = {{#if:{{{perihelion_rate|}}}|{{{perihelion_rate}}} [[Arcsecond|arcsec]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] }} | label57 = Precession of the [[Longitude of the ascending node|ascending node]] | data57 = {{#if:{{{node_rate|}}}|{{{node_rate}}} [[Arcsecond|arcsec]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]}} | header60 = {{#if:{{{dimensions|}}}{{{mean_radius|}}}{{{equatorial_radius|}}}{{{polar_radius|}}}{{{flattening|}}}{{{circumference|}}}{{{surface_area|}}}{{{volume|}}}{{{mass|}}}{{{density|}}}{{{surface_grav|}}}{{{escape_velocity|}}}{{{rotation|}}}{{{sidereal_day|}}}{{{rot_velocity|}}}{{{axial_tilt|}}}{{{right_asc_north_pole|}}}{{{declination|}}}{{{pole_ecliptic_lat|}}}{{{pole_ecliptic_lon|}}}{{{albedo|}}}{{{single_temperature|}}}{{{temperatures|}}}{{{spectral_type|}}}{{{magnitude|}}}{{{abs_magnitude|}}}{{{angular_size|}}}|{{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}| [[Standard asteroid physical characteristics|Physical characteristics]]|Physical characteristics}} }} | label61 = Dimensions | data61 = {{{dimensions|}}} | label62 = Mean radius | data62 = {{{mean_radius|}}} | label63 = [[Equator]]ial radius | data63 = {{{equatorial_radius|}}} | label64 = [[Geographical pole|Polar]] radius | data64 = {{{polar_radius|}}} | label65 = [[Flattening]] | data65 = {{{flattening|}}} | label66 = Circumference | data66 = {{{circumference|}}} | label67 = [[Spheroid#Surface area|Surface area]] | data67 = {{{surface_area|}}} | label68 = [[Volume]] | data68 = {{{volume|}}} | label69 = [[Mass]] | data69 = {{{mass|}}} | label70 = Mean [[density]] | data70 = {{{density|}}} | label71 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|[[Standard asteroid physical characteristics#Surface gravity|Equatorial surface gravity]]|[[Surface gravity|Equatorial surface gravity]]}} | data71 = {{{surface_grav|}}} | label72 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|Equatorial [[Escape velocity|escape velocity]]|[[Escape velocity]]}} | data72 = {{{escape_velocity|}}} | label73 = [[Rotation period]] | data73 = {{{rotation|}}} | label74 = [[Rotation period|Sidereal rotation period]] | data74 = {{{sidereal_day|}}} | label75 = Equatorial rotation velocity | data75 = {{{rot_velocity|}}} | label76 = [[Axial tilt]] | data76 = {{{axial_tilt|}}} | label77 = North pole {{nowrap|[[right ascension]]}} | data77 = {{{right_asc_north_pole|}}} | label78 = North pole [[declination]] | data78 = {{{declination|}}} | label79 = Pole [[Ecliptic latitude|ecliptic latitude]] | data79 = {{{pole_ecliptic_lat|}}} | label80 = Pole [[Ecliptic longitude|ecliptic longitude]] | data80 = {{{pole_ecliptic_lon|}}} | label81 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|[[Geometric albedo]]|[[Albedo]]}} | data81 = {{{albedo|}}} | label82 = [[Temperature]] | data82 = {{{single_temperature|}}} | data83 = {{#if:{{{temp_name1|}}}{{{temp_name2|}}}| <table style="width: 100%; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: none; margin: 0; text-align: left; line-height: 1.2em; white-space:nowrap" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">Surface [[temperature|temp.]]</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">min</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">mean</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">max</th> </tr>{{#if:{{{temp_name1|}}}|<tr> <th style="padding-left: 1.0em">{{{temp_name1}}}</th> <td>{{{min_temp_1|}}}</td> <td>{{{mean_temp_1|}}}</td> <td>{{{max_temp_1|}}}</td> </tr>}}{{#if:{{{temp_name2|}}}|<tr> <th style="padding-left: 1.0em">{{{temp_name2}}}</th> <td>{{{min_temp_2|}}}</td> <td>{{{mean_temp_2|}}}</td> <td>{{{max_temp_2|}}}</td> </tr>}} </table>}} | label84 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|[[Asteroid spectral types|Spectral type]]|Spectral type}} | data84 = {{{spectral_type|}}} | label85 = [[Apparent magnitude]] | data85 = {{{magnitude|}}} | label86 = [[Absolute magnitude#Solar System bodies (H)|Absolute magnitude ''(H)'']] | data86 = {{{abs_magnitude|}}} | label87 = [[Angular diameter]] | data87 = {{{angular_size|}}} | header90 = {{#if:{{{atmosphere|}}}{{{scale_height|}}}{{{atmosphere_composition|}}}|Atmosphere{{#if:{{{atmosphere_ref|}}}|{{{atmosphere_ref}}} }} }} | label91 = Surface [[Atmospheric pressure|pressure]] | data91 = {{{surface_pressure|}}} | label92 = [[Scale height]] | data92 = {{{scale_height|}}} | label93 = Composition | data93 = {{{atmosphere_composition|}}} | below = <includeonly>{{#if:{{{note|}}}||{{reflist|group="note"}} }}</includeonly> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9afa15cb1e5ab2a0b6675a7796bd456f4c9ec23c 218 216 2014-01-22T02:57:26Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ infobox | class = vcard | style = {{if:{{{width|}}}|width: {{{width}}} }} | titleclass = fn org | title = {{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}} {{{symbol|}}} | image = {{{image|}}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | headerstyle = {{#if:{{{background|}}}{{{bgcolour|}}}|background-color:{{{background|{{{bgcolour|}}}}}}}} | header1 = {{#if:{{{discoverer|}}}{{{discovery_site|}}}{{{discovered|}}}{{{discovery_method|}}}|Discovery{{#if:{{{discovery_ref|}}}|{{{discovery_ref}}} }}{{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|&nbsp;and designation}} }} | label2 = Discovered by | data2 = {{{discoverer|}}} | label3 = Discovery site | data3 = {{{discovery_site|}}} | label4 = Discovery date | data4 = {{{discovered|}}} | label5 = [[Methods of detecting extrasolar planets|Detection method]] | data5 = {{{discovery_method|}}} | header10 = {{#if:{{{designations|{{{mp_name|}}}{{{named_after|}}}{{{alt_names|}}}{{{mp_category|}}}{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounced|}}}{{{adjective|}}}{{{adjectives|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{exosolar planets|}}}|[[Extrasolar planet#Nomenclature|Designations]]|Designations}} }} | label11 = [[Minor planet designation|MPC designation]] | data11 = {{{mp_name|}}} | label12 = Pronunciation | data12 = {{{pronounce|{{{pronounced|}}}|}}} | label13 = Named after | data13 = {{{named_after|}}} | label14 = [[Provisional designation in astronomy|Alternative names]] | data14 = {{{alt_names|}}} | label15 = Minor planet category | data15 = {{{mp_category|}}} | label16 = [[List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies|Adjective]] | data16 = {{{adjectives|{{{adjective|}}}}}} | header20 = {{#if:{{{orbit_diagram|}}}{{{epoch|}}}{{{aphelion|}}}{{{perihelion|}}}{{{periapsis|}}}{{{apoapsis|}}}{{{semimajor|}}}{{{mean_orbit_radius|}}}{{{eccentricity|}}}{{{period|}}}{{{synodic_period|}}}{{{avg_speed|}}}{{{mean_anomaly|}}}{{{inclination|}}}{{{angular_dist|}}}{{{asc_node|}}}{{{long_periastron|}}}{{{time_periastron|}}}{{{arg_peri|}}}{{{semi-amplitude|}}}{{{satellite_of|}}}{{{satellites|}}}|Orbital characteristics{{#if:{{{orbit_ref|}}}|{{{orbit_ref}}} }} }} | data21 = {{{orbit_diagram|}}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{epoch|}}}|[[Epoch (astronomy)|Epoch]] {{{epoch}}}}} | label23 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}}|apsis|gee|(apsis)=Apsis|Apo{{{apsis}}}|Apsis|Ap{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}}} | data23 = {{{aphelion|}}} | label24 = Peri{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|helion}} | data24 = {{{perihelion|}}} | label25 = Apsis|Peri{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}} | data25 = {{{periapsis|}}} | label26 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}}|helion|astron=[[Apsis|Ap{{{apsis}}}]]|[[Apsis|Apo{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}}]]}} | data26 = {{{apoapsis|}}} | label27 = [[Semi-major axis]] | data27 = {{{semimajor|}}} | label28 = [[Radius|Mean orbit radius]] | data28 = {{{mean_orbit_radius|}}} | label29 = [[Orbital eccentricity|Eccentricity]] | data29 = {{{eccentricity|}}} | label30 = [[Orbital period]] | data30 = {{{period|}}} | label31 = [[Orbital period|Synodic period]] | data31 = {{{synodic_period|}}} | label32 = [[Orbital speed|Average orbital speed]] | data32 = {{{avg_speed|}}} | label33 = [[Mean anomaly]] | data33 = {{{mean_anomaly|}}} | label34 = [[Orbital inclination|Inclination]] | data34 = {{{inclination|}}} | label35 = [[Angular distance]] | data35 = {{{angular_dist|}}} | label36 = [[Longitude of the ascending node|Longitude of ascending node]] | data36 = {{{asc_node|}}} | label37 = [[Longitude of the periapsis|Longitude of]] [[Apsis|periastron]] | data37 = {{{long_periastron|}}} | label38 = [[Apsis|Time of periastron]] | data38 = {{{time_periastron|}}} | label39 = [[Argument of periapsis|Argument of peri{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}]] | data39 = {{{arg_peri|}}} | label40 = [[Amplitude|Semi-amplitude]] | data40 = {{{semi-amplitude|}}} | label41 = [[Natural satellite|Satellite of]] | data41 = {{{satellite_of|}}} | label42 = [[Natural satellite|Satellites]] | data42 = {{{satellites|}}} | header50 = {{#if:{{{p_semimajor|}}}{{{p_eccentricity|}}}{{{p_mean_motion|}}}{{{p_inclination|}}}{{{node_rate|}}}{{{perihelion_rate|}}}|[[Proper orbital elements]]{{#if:{{{p_orbit_ref|}}}|{{{p_orbit_ref}}} }} }} | label51 = Proper [[semi-major axis]] | data51 = {{#if:{{{p_semimajor|}}}|{{{p_semimajor}}} [[Astronomical unit|AU]]}} | label52 = Proper [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] | data52 = {{{p_eccentricity|}}} | label53 = Proper [[inclination]] | data53 = {{{p_inclination|}}} | label54 = Proper [[mean motion]] | data54 = {{#if:{{{p_mean_motion|}}}|{{{p_mean_motion}}} [[Degree (angle)|deg]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]}} | label55 = Proper [[orbital period]] | data55 = {{#if:{{{p_mean_motion|}}}|{{#expr:360/{{{p_mean_motion|1}}} round 5}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]<br />({{#expr:365.25*360/{{{p_mean_motion|1}}} round 3}} [[day|d]]) }} | label56 = Precession of [[Apsis|perihelion]] | data56 = {{#if:{{{perihelion_rate|}}}|{{{perihelion_rate}}} [[Arcsecond|arcsec]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] }} | label57 = Precession of the [[Longitude of the ascending node|ascending node]] | data57 = {{#if:{{{node_rate|}}}|{{{node_rate}}} [[Arcsecond|arcsec]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]}} | header60 = {{#if:{{{dimensions|}}}{{{mean_radius|}}}{{{equatorial_radius|}}}{{{polar_radius|}}}{{{flattening|}}}{{{circumference|}}}{{{surface_area|}}}{{{volume|}}}{{{mass|}}}{{{density|}}}{{{surface_grav|}}}{{{escape_velocity|}}}{{{rotation|}}}{{{sidereal_day|}}}{{{rot_velocity|}}}{{{axial_tilt|}}}{{{right_asc_north_pole|}}}{{{declination|}}}{{{pole_ecliptic_lat|}}}{{{pole_ecliptic_lon|}}}{{{albedo|}}}{{{single_temperature|}}}{{{temperatures|}}}{{{spectral_type|}}}{{{magnitude|}}}{{{abs_magnitude|}}}{{{angular_size|}}}|{{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}| [[Standard asteroid physical characteristics|Physical characteristics]]|Physical characteristics}} }} | label61 = Dimensions | data61 = {{{dimensions|}}} | label62 = Mean radius | data62 = {{{mean_radius|}}} | label63 = [[Equator]]ial radius | data63 = {{{equatorial_radius|}}} | label64 = [[Geographical pole|Polar]] radius | data64 = {{{polar_radius|}}} | label65 = [[Flattening]] | data65 = {{{flattening|}}} | label66 = Circumference | data66 = {{{circumference|}}} | label67 = [[Spheroid#Surface area|Surface area]] | data67 = {{{surface_area|}}} | label68 = [[Volume]] | data68 = {{{volume|}}} | label69 = [[Mass]] | data69 = {{{mass|}}} | label70 = Mean [[density]] | data70 = {{{density|}}} | label71 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|[[Standard asteroid physical characteristics#Surface gravity|Equatorial surface gravity]]|[[Surface gravity|Equatorial surface gravity]]}} | data71 = {{{surface_grav|}}} | label72 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|Equatorial [[Escape velocity|escape velocity]]|[[Escape velocity]]}} | data72 = {{{escape_velocity|}}} | label73 = [[Rotation period]] | data73 = {{{rotation|}}} | label74 = [[Rotation period|Sidereal rotation period]] | data74 = {{{sidereal_day|}}} | label75 = Equatorial rotation velocity | data75 = {{{rot_velocity|}}} | label76 = [[Axial tilt]] | data76 = {{{axial_tilt|}}} | label77 = North pole {{nowrap|[[right ascension]]}} | data77 = {{{right_asc_north_pole|}}} | label78 = North pole [[declination]] | data78 = {{{declination|}}} | label79 = Pole [[Ecliptic latitude|ecliptic latitude]] | data79 = {{{pole_ecliptic_lat|}}} | label80 = Pole [[Ecliptic longitude|ecliptic longitude]] | data80 = {{{pole_ecliptic_lon|}}} | label81 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|[[Geometric albedo]]|[[Albedo]]}} | data81 = {{{albedo|}}} | label82 = [[Temperature]] | data82 = {{{single_temperature|}}} | data83 = {{#if:{{{temp_name1|}}}{{{temp_name2|}}}| <table style="width: 100%; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: none; margin: 0; text-align: left; line-height: 1.2em; white-space:nowrap" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">Surface [[temperature|temp.]]</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">min</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">mean</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">max</th> </tr>{{#if:{{{temp_name1|}}}|<tr> <th style="padding-left: 1.0em">{{{temp_name1}}}</th> <td>{{{min_temp_1|}}}</td> <td>{{{mean_temp_1|}}}</td> <td>{{{max_temp_1|}}}</td> </tr>}}{{#if:{{{temp_name2|}}}|<tr> <th style="padding-left: 1.0em">{{{temp_name2}}}</th> <td>{{{min_temp_2|}}}</td> <td>{{{mean_temp_2|}}}</td> <td>{{{max_temp_2|}}}</td> </tr>}} </table>}} | label84 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|[[Asteroid spectral types|Spectral type]]|Spectral type}} | data84 = {{{spectral_type|}}} | label85 = [[Apparent magnitude]] | data85 = {{{magnitude|}}} | label86 = [[Absolute magnitude#Solar System bodies (H)|Absolute magnitude ''(H)'']] | data86 = {{{abs_magnitude|}}} | label87 = [[Angular diameter]] | data87 = {{{angular_size|}}} | header90 = {{#if:{{{atmosphere|}}}{{{scale_height|}}}{{{atmosphere_composition|}}}|Atmosphere{{#if:{{{atmosphere_ref|}}}|{{{atmosphere_ref}}} }} }} | label91 = Surface [[Atmospheric pressure|pressure]] | data91 = {{{surface_pressure|}}} | label92 = [[Scale height]] | data92 = {{{scale_height|}}} | label93 = Composition | data93 = {{{atmosphere_composition|}}} | below = <includeonly>{{#if:{{{note|}}}||{{reflist|group="note"}} }}</includeonly> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 056c37a1fa9c79a0a1795890cf9f6c098656470d 219 218 2014-01-22T02:59:23Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ infobox | class = vcard | style = {{if:{{{width|}}}|width: {{{width}}} }} | titleclass = fn org | title = {{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}} {{{symbol|}}} | image = {{{image|}}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | headerstyle = {{#if:{{{background|}}}{{{bgcolour|}}}|background-color:{{{background|{{{bgcolour|}}}}}}}} | header1 = {{#if:{{{discoverer|}}}{{{discovery_site|}}}{{{discovered|}}}{{{discovery_method|}}}|Discovery{{#if:{{{discovery_ref|}}}|{{{discovery_ref}}} }}{{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|&nbsp;and designation}} }} | label2 = Discovered by | data2 = {{{discoverer|}}} | label3 = Discovery site | data3 = {{{discovery_site|}}} | label4 = Discovery date | data4 = {{{discovered|}}} | label5 = [[Methods of detecting extrasolar planets|Detection method]] | data5 = {{{discovery_method|}}} | header10 = {{#if:{{{designations|{{{mp_name|}}}{{{named_after|}}}{{{alt_names|}}}{{{mp_category|}}}{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounced|}}}{{{adjective|}}}{{{adjectives|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{exosolar planets|}}}|[[Extrasolar planet#Nomenclature|Designations]]|Designations}} }} | label11 = [[Minor planet designation|MPC designation]] | data11 = {{{mp_name|}}} | label12 = Pronunciation | data12 = {{{pronounce|{{{pronounced|}}}|}}} | label13 = Named after | data13 = {{{named_after|}}} | label14 = [[Provisional designation in astronomy|Alternative names]] | data14 = {{{alt_names|}}} | label15 = Minor planet category | data15 = {{{mp_category|}}} | label16 = [[List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies|Adjective]] | data16 = {{{adjectives|{{{adjective|}}}}}} | header20 = {{#if:{{{orbit_diagram|}}}{{{epoch|}}}{{{aphelion|}}}{{{perihelion|}}}{{{periapsis|}}}{{{apoapsis|}}}{{{semimajor|}}}{{{mean_orbit_radius|}}}{{{eccentricity|}}}{{{period|}}}{{{synodic_period|}}}{{{avg_speed|}}}{{{mean_anomaly|}}}{{{inclination|}}}{{{angular_dist|}}}{{{asc_node|}}}{{{long_periastron|}}}{{{time_periastron|}}}{{{arg_peri|}}}{{{semi-amplitude|}}}{{{satellite_of|}}}{{{satellites|}}}|Orbital characteristics{{#if:{{{orbit_ref|}}}|{{{orbit_ref}}} }} }} | data21 = {{{orbit_diagram|}}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{epoch|}}}|[[Epoch (astronomy)|Epoch]] {{{epoch}}}}} | label23 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}}|apsis|gee|(apsis)=Apsis|Apo{{{apsis}}}|Apsis|Ap{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}}} | data23 = {{{aphelion|}}} | label24 = Peri{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|helion}} | data24 = {{{perihelion|}}} | label25 = Apsis|Peri{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}} | data25 = {{{periapsis|}}} | label26 = {{#switch:{{{apsis}}}|helion|astron=Ap{{{apsis}}}|[Apo{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|apsis}}}} | data26 = {{{apoapsis|}}} | label27 = Semi-major axis | data27 = {{{semimajor|}}} | label28 = Mean orbit radius | data28 = {{{mean_orbit_radius|}}} | label29 = Eccentricity | data29 = {{{eccentricity|}}} | label30 = Orbital period | data30 = {{{period|}}} | label31 = Synodic period | data31 = {{{synodic_period|}}} | label32 = Average orbital speed | data32 = {{{avg_speed|}}} | label33 = [[Mean anomaly]] | data33 = {{{mean_anomaly|}}} | label34 = Inclination | data34 = {{{inclination|}}} | label35 = Angular distance | data35 = {{{angular_dist|}}} | label36 = [[Longitude of the ascending node|Longitude of ascending node]] | data36 = {{{asc_node|}}} | label37 = [[Longitude of the periapsis|Longitude of]] [[Apsis|periastron]] | data37 = {{{long_periastron|}}} | label38 = [[Apsis|Time of periastron]] | data38 = {{{time_periastron|}}} | label39 = [[Argument of periapsis|Argument of peri{{#if:{{{apsis|}}}|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}]] | data39 = {{{arg_peri|}}} | label40 = [[Amplitude|Semi-amplitude]] | data40 = {{{semi-amplitude|}}} | label41 = [[Natural satellite|Satellite of]] | data41 = {{{satellite_of|}}} | label42 = [[Natural satellite|Satellites]] | data42 = {{{satellites|}}} | header50 = {{#if:{{{p_semimajor|}}}{{{p_eccentricity|}}}{{{p_mean_motion|}}}{{{p_inclination|}}}{{{node_rate|}}}{{{perihelion_rate|}}}|[[Proper orbital elements]]{{#if:{{{p_orbit_ref|}}}|{{{p_orbit_ref}}} }} }} | label51 = Proper [[semi-major axis]] | data51 = {{#if:{{{p_semimajor|}}}|{{{p_semimajor}}} [[Astronomical unit|AU]]}} | label52 = Proper [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] | data52 = {{{p_eccentricity|}}} | label53 = Proper [[inclination]] | data53 = {{{p_inclination|}}} | label54 = Proper [[mean motion]] | data54 = {{#if:{{{p_mean_motion|}}}|{{{p_mean_motion}}} [[Degree (angle)|deg]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]}} | label55 = Proper [[orbital period]] | data55 = {{#if:{{{p_mean_motion|}}}|{{#expr:360/{{{p_mean_motion|1}}} round 5}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]<br />({{#expr:365.25*360/{{{p_mean_motion|1}}} round 3}} [[day|d]]) }} | label56 = Precession of [[Apsis|perihelion]] | data56 = {{#if:{{{perihelion_rate|}}}|{{{perihelion_rate}}} [[Arcsecond|arcsec]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] }} | label57 = Precession of the [[Longitude of the ascending node|ascending node]] | data57 = {{#if:{{{node_rate|}}}|{{{node_rate}}} [[Arcsecond|arcsec]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]}} | header60 = {{#if:{{{dimensions|}}}{{{mean_radius|}}}{{{equatorial_radius|}}}{{{polar_radius|}}}{{{flattening|}}}{{{circumference|}}}{{{surface_area|}}}{{{volume|}}}{{{mass|}}}{{{density|}}}{{{surface_grav|}}}{{{escape_velocity|}}}{{{rotation|}}}{{{sidereal_day|}}}{{{rot_velocity|}}}{{{axial_tilt|}}}{{{right_asc_north_pole|}}}{{{declination|}}}{{{pole_ecliptic_lat|}}}{{{pole_ecliptic_lon|}}}{{{albedo|}}}{{{single_temperature|}}}{{{temperatures|}}}{{{spectral_type|}}}{{{magnitude|}}}{{{abs_magnitude|}}}{{{angular_size|}}}|{{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}| [[Standard asteroid physical characteristics|Physical characteristics]]|Physical characteristics}} }} | label61 = Dimensions | data61 = {{{dimensions|}}} | label62 = Mean radius | data62 = {{{mean_radius|}}} | label63 = [[Equator]]ial radius | data63 = {{{equatorial_radius|}}} | label64 = [[Geographical pole|Polar]] radius | data64 = {{{polar_radius|}}} | label65 = [[Flattening]] | data65 = {{{flattening|}}} | label66 = Circumference | data66 = {{{circumference|}}} | label67 = [[Spheroid#Surface area|Surface area]] | data67 = {{{surface_area|}}} | label68 = [[Volume]] | data68 = {{{volume|}}} | label69 = [[Mass]] | data69 = {{{mass|}}} | label70 = Mean [[density]] | data70 = {{{density|}}} | label71 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|[[Standard asteroid physical characteristics#Surface gravity|Equatorial surface gravity]]|[[Surface gravity|Equatorial surface gravity]]}} | data71 = {{{surface_grav|}}} | label72 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|Equatorial [[Escape velocity|escape velocity]]|[[Escape velocity]]}} | data72 = {{{escape_velocity|}}} | label73 = [[Rotation period]] | data73 = {{{rotation|}}} | label74 = [[Rotation period|Sidereal rotation period]] | data74 = {{{sidereal_day|}}} | label75 = Equatorial rotation velocity | data75 = {{{rot_velocity|}}} | label76 = [[Axial tilt]] | data76 = {{{axial_tilt|}}} | label77 = North pole {{nowrap|[[right ascension]]}} | data77 = {{{right_asc_north_pole|}}} | label78 = North pole [[declination]] | data78 = {{{declination|}}} | label79 = Pole [[Ecliptic latitude|ecliptic latitude]] | data79 = {{{pole_ecliptic_lat|}}} | label80 = Pole [[Ecliptic longitude|ecliptic longitude]] | data80 = {{{pole_ecliptic_lon|}}} | label81 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|[[Geometric albedo]]|[[Albedo]]}} | data81 = {{{albedo|}}} | label82 = [[Temperature]] | data82 = {{{single_temperature|}}} | data83 = {{#if:{{{temp_name1|}}}{{{temp_name2|}}}| <table style="width: 100%; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: none; margin: 0; text-align: left; line-height: 1.2em; white-space:nowrap" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">Surface [[temperature|temp.]]</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">min</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">mean</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">max</th> </tr>{{#if:{{{temp_name1|}}}|<tr> <th style="padding-left: 1.0em">{{{temp_name1}}}</th> <td>{{{min_temp_1|}}}</td> <td>{{{mean_temp_1|}}}</td> <td>{{{max_temp_1|}}}</td> </tr>}}{{#if:{{{temp_name2|}}}|<tr> <th style="padding-left: 1.0em">{{{temp_name2}}}</th> <td>{{{min_temp_2|}}}</td> <td>{{{mean_temp_2|}}}</td> <td>{{{max_temp_2|}}}</td> </tr>}} </table>}} | label84 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|[[Asteroid spectral types|Spectral type]]|Spectral type}} | data84 = {{{spectral_type|}}} | label85 = [[Apparent magnitude]] | data85 = {{{magnitude|}}} | label86 = [[Absolute magnitude#Solar System bodies (H)|Absolute magnitude ''(H)'']] | data86 = {{{abs_magnitude|}}} | label87 = [[Angular diameter]] | data87 = {{{angular_size|}}} | header90 = {{#if:{{{atmosphere|}}}{{{scale_height|}}}{{{atmosphere_composition|}}}|Atmosphere{{#if:{{{atmosphere_ref|}}}|{{{atmosphere_ref}}} }} }} | label91 = Surface [[Atmospheric pressure|pressure]] | data91 = {{{surface_pressure|}}} | label92 = [[Scale height]] | data92 = {{{scale_height|}}} | label93 = Composition | data93 = {{{atmosphere_composition|}}} | below = <includeonly>{{#if:{{{note|}}}||{{reflist|group="note"}} }}</includeonly> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> dcede6f76eb6396bbaaffde34c9ca3f4d0a363ed 220 219 2014-01-22T03:00:12Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ infobox | class = vcard | style = {{if:{{{width|}}}|width: {{{width}}} }} | titleclass = fn org | title = {{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}} {{{symbol|}}} | image = {{{image|}}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | headerstyle = {{#if:{{{background|}}}{{{bgcolour|}}}|background-color:{{{background|{{{bgcolour|}}}}}}}} | header1 = {{#if:{{{discoverer|}}}{{{discovery_site|}}}{{{discovered|}}}{{{discovery_method|}}}|Discovery{{#if:{{{discovery_ref|}}}|{{{discovery_ref}}} }}{{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|&nbsp;and designation}} }} | label2 = Discovered by | data2 = {{{discoverer|}}} | label3 = Discovery site | data3 = {{{discovery_site|}}} | label4 = Discovery date | data4 = {{{discovered|}}} | label5 = [[Methods of detecting extrasolar planets|Detection method]] | data5 = {{{discovery_method|}}} | header10 = {{#if:{{{designations|{{{mp_name|}}}{{{named_after|}}}{{{alt_names|}}}{{{mp_category|}}}{{{pronounce|}}}{{{pronounced|}}}{{{adjective|}}}{{{adjectives|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{exosolar planets|}}}|[[Extrasolar planet#Nomenclature|Designations]]|Designations}} }} | label11 = [[Minor planet designation|MPC designation]] | data11 = {{{mp_name|}}} | label12 = Pronunciation | data12 = {{{pronounce|{{{pronounced|}}}|}}} | label13 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Proper [[inclination]] | data53 = {{{p_inclination|}}} | label54 = Proper [[mean motion]] | data54 = {{#if:{{{p_mean_motion|}}}|{{{p_mean_motion}}} [[Degree (angle)|deg]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]}} | label55 = Proper [[orbital period]] | data55 = {{#if:{{{p_mean_motion|}}}|{{#expr:360/{{{p_mean_motion|1}}} round 5}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]<br />({{#expr:365.25*360/{{{p_mean_motion|1}}} round 3}} [[day|d]]) }} | label56 = Precession of [[Apsis|perihelion]] | data56 = {{#if:{{{perihelion_rate|}}}|{{{perihelion_rate}}} [[Arcsecond|arcsec]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] }} | label57 = Precession of the [[Longitude of the ascending node|ascending node]] | data57 = {{#if:{{{node_rate|}}}|{{{node_rate}}} [[Arcsecond|arcsec]]{{\}} [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]}} | header60 = {{#if:{{{dimensions|}}}{{{mean_radius|}}}{{{equatorial_radius|}}}{{{polar_radius|}}}{{{flattening|}}}{{{circumference|}}}{{{surface_area|}}}{{{volume|}}}{{{mass|}}}{{{density|}}}{{{surface_grav|}}}{{{escape_velocity|}}}{{{rotation|}}}{{{sidereal_day|}}}{{{rot_velocity|}}}{{{axial_tilt|}}}{{{right_asc_north_pole|}}}{{{declination|}}}{{{pole_ecliptic_lat|}}}{{{pole_ecliptic_lon|}}}{{{albedo|}}}{{{single_temperature|}}}{{{temperatures|}}}{{{spectral_type|}}}{{{magnitude|}}}{{{abs_magnitude|}}}{{{angular_size|}}}|{{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}| [[Standard asteroid physical characteristics|Physical characteristics]]|Physical characteristics}} }} | label61 = Dimensions | data61 = {{{dimensions|}}} | label62 = Mean radius | data62 = {{{mean_radius|}}} | label63 = [[Equator]]ial radius | data63 = {{{equatorial_radius|}}} | label64 = [[Geographical pole|Polar]] radius | data64 = {{{polar_radius|}}} | label65 = [[Flattening]] | data65 = {{{flattening|}}} | label66 = Circumference | data66 = 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data78 = {{{declination|}}} | label79 = Pole [[Ecliptic latitude|ecliptic latitude]] | data79 = {{{pole_ecliptic_lat|}}} | label80 = Pole [[Ecliptic longitude|ecliptic longitude]] | data80 = {{{pole_ecliptic_lon|}}} | label81 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|[[Geometric albedo]]|[[Albedo]]}} | data81 = {{{albedo|}}} | label82 = [[Temperature]] | data82 = {{{single_temperature|}}} | data83 = {{#if:{{{temp_name1|}}}{{{temp_name2|}}}| <table style="width: 100%; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: none; margin: 0; text-align: left; line-height: 1.2em; white-space:nowrap" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">Surface [[temperature|temp.]]</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">min</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">mean</th> <th style="padding-right: 0.25em; text-align: left">max</th> </tr>{{#if:{{{temp_name1|}}}|<tr> <th style="padding-left: 1.0em">{{{temp_name1}}}</th> <td>{{{min_temp_1|}}}</td> <td>{{{mean_temp_1|}}}</td> <td>{{{max_temp_1|}}}</td> </tr>}}{{#if:{{{temp_name2|}}}|<tr> <th style="padding-left: 1.0em">{{{temp_name2}}}</th> <td>{{{min_temp_2|}}}</td> <td>{{{mean_temp_2|}}}</td> <td>{{{max_temp_2|}}}</td> </tr>}} </table>}} | label84 = {{#if:{{{minorplanet|}}}|[[Asteroid spectral types|Spectral type]]|Spectral type}} | data84 = {{{spectral_type|}}} | label85 = [[Apparent magnitude]] | data85 = {{{magnitude|}}} | label86 = [[Absolute magnitude#Solar System bodies (H)|Absolute magnitude ''(H)'']] | data86 = {{{abs_magnitude|}}} | label87 = [[Angular diameter]] | data87 = {{{angular_size|}}} | header90 = {{#if:{{{atmosphere|}}}{{{scale_height|}}}{{{atmosphere_composition|}}}|Atmosphere{{#if:{{{atmosphere_ref|}}}|{{{atmosphere_ref}}} }} }} | label91 = Surface [[Atmospheric pressure|pressure]] | data91 = {{{surface_pressure|}}} | label92 = [[Scale height]] | data92 = {{{scale_height|}}} | label93 = Composition | data93 = {{{atmosphere_composition|}}} | below = <includeonly>{{#if:{{{note|}}}||{{reflist|group="note"}} }}</includeonly> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 97627980621de62c8ee28d28a1acbfdeb13e2bf4 Template:Reflist 10 107 221 2014-01-22T03:00:50Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<div class="reflist <!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | columns {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | references-column-width | references-column-count references-..." wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="reflist <!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | columns {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | references-column-width | references-column-count references-column-count-{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | references-column-width }} }}" style="<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | {{column-width|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} | {{column-count|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | {{column-width|{{{colwidth}}}}} }} }} list-style-type: <!-- -->{{{liststyle|{{#switch: {{{group|}}} | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group}}} | #default = decimal}}}}};"> {{#tag:references|{{{refs|}}}|group={{{group|}}}}}</div><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 262fc11f5c62a7ad95b8d0d03383b362c2bb43b0 Template:IPA-en 10 108 222 2014-01-22T03:01:38Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=English:&nbsp;|pron=pronounced&nbsp;|UK=UK:&nbsp;|US=US:&nbsp;|local=locally&nbsp;|=|English pronunciation:&#32;}}</..." wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=English:&nbsp;|pron=pronounced&nbsp;|UK=UK:&nbsp;|US=US:&nbsp;|local=locally&nbsp;|=|English pronunciation:&#32;}}</small>{{IPA|[[Help:IPA for English|/{{{1}}}/]]}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude> {{documentation}} 35beddf3ed79d575bfed4555cc9d5efc6e799716 Template:IPA 10 109 223 2014-01-22T03:02:15Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 6967ecf4dff25060f03251da05de74e170312406 File:Currents.png 6 100 228 201 2014-01-22T03:17:56Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Currents.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Plates.png 6 101 229 203 2014-01-22T03:18:31Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Plates.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Blue = Subduction Zones Red = Rift Boundaries Orange = Transform Faults Purple = Convergent Boundaries 6ca4f37b6f1cc077eb90bbecbf96b75275b094c5 File:Mineralmap.png 6 110 230 2014-01-22T16:21:35Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 232 230 2014-01-22T16:26:48Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#22B14C|Uranium}} {{legend|#C3C3C3|Silver}} {{legend|#7043AB|Oil}} {{legend|#ED1C24|Lead and Zinc}} {{legend|#79CEE3|Iron}} {{legend|#880015|Diamond}} {{legend|#7092BE|Bauxite}} {{legend|#2A2A2A|Coal}} {{legend|#FF7F27|Copper}} {{legend|#FFF200|Gold}} 314dee154e27af4d58034764e7aa9c33c54e1cee 244 232 2014-01-22T21:33:31Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Mineralmap.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#22B14C|Uranium}} {{legend|#C3C3C3|Silver}} {{legend|#7043AB|Oil}} {{legend|#ED1C24|Lead and Zinc}} {{legend|#79CEE3|Iron}} {{legend|#880015|Diamond}} {{legend|#7092BE|Bauxite}} {{legend|#2A2A2A|Coal}} {{legend|#FF7F27|Copper}} {{legend|#FFF200|Gold}} 314dee154e27af4d58034764e7aa9c33c54e1cee 245 244 2014-01-22T23:40:39Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#22B14C|Uranium}} {{legend|#C3C3C3|Silver}} {{legend|#7043AB|Oil}} {{legend|#ED1C24|Lead and Zinc}} {{legend|#79CEE3|Iron}} {{legend|#880015|Diamond}} {{legend|#7092BE|Bauxite}} {{legend|#2A2A2A|Coal}} {{legend|#FF7F27|Copper}} {{legend|#FFF200|Gold}} {{legend|#B8BFE2|Marble}} {{legend|#EFE4B0|Sandstone}} {{legend|#B97A57|Granite}} {{legend|#E9413D|Cinnabar}} 26560c7e1acce5b32f9e3f78164b801dc7b6371a 246 245 2014-01-22T23:46:31Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Mineralmap.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#22B14C|Uranium}} {{legend|#C3C3C3|Silver}} {{legend|#7043AB|Oil}} {{legend|#ED1C24|Lead and Zinc}} {{legend|#79CEE3|Iron}} {{legend|#880015|Diamond}} {{legend|#7092BE|Bauxite}} {{legend|#2A2A2A|Coal}} {{legend|#FF7F27|Copper}} {{legend|#FFF200|Gold}} {{legend|#B8BFE2|Marble}} {{legend|#EFE4B0|Sandstone}} {{legend|#B97A57|Granite}} {{legend|#E9413D|Cinnabar}} 26560c7e1acce5b32f9e3f78164b801dc7b6371a 247 246 2014-01-23T00:27:06Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Mineralmap.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#22B14C|Uranium}} {{legend|#C3C3C3|Silver}} {{legend|#7043AB|Oil}} {{legend|#ED1C24|Lead and Zinc}} {{legend|#79CEE3|Iron}} {{legend|#880015|Diamond}} {{legend|#7092BE|Bauxite}} {{legend|#2A2A2A|Coal}} {{legend|#FF7F27|Copper}} {{legend|#FFF200|Gold}} {{legend|#B8BFE2|Marble}} {{legend|#EFE4B0|Sandstone}} {{legend|#B97A57|Granite}} {{legend|#E9413D|Cinnabar}} 26560c7e1acce5b32f9e3f78164b801dc7b6371a Template:Maplist 10 36 231 206 2014-01-22T16:22:07Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]][[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]][[File:winds.png|500px|Wind]][[File:currents.png|500px|Currents]][[File:plates.png|500px|Plates]][[File:mineralmap.png|500px|Minerals]] 5263b8b4761bcd6aa680597e1bb89915187545cf Template:Featured article 10 111 233 2014-01-22T17:47:53Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{TFAIMAGE|basemap.png|Gaia|size=133px}} '''[[Gaia]]''' is the fourth planet from the star. Is habitable, has sentient life, and has one natural satellite." wikitext text/x-wiki {{TFAIMAGE|basemap.png|Gaia|size=133px}} '''[[Gaia]]''' is the fourth planet from the star. Is habitable, has sentient life, and has one natural satellite. cf253ec83e0430f0584a7118b918cb1924b9d24d Template:TFAIMAGE 10 112 234 2014-01-22T17:48:21Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<div style="float: left; margin: 0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0;">[[File:{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}|{{#if:{{{size}}}|{{{size|100px}}}|100px}}]]</div><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD T..." wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float: left; margin: 0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0;">[[File:{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}|{{#if:{{{size}}}|{{{size|100px}}}|100px}}]]</div><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD THIS TEMPLATE'S CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> c4ba9ae55dbd0134538b258ec2e1073df5968f34 Template:Documentation 10 113 235 2014-01-22T17:50:48Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<!-- Automatically add {{template sandbox notice}} when on a /sandbox page. -->{{#ifeq: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | <div style="clear: both;"></div>{{template sandbox notice..." wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Automatically add {{template sandbox notice}} when on a /sandbox page. -->{{#ifeq: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | <div style="clear: both;"></div>{{template sandbox notice|{{{livepage|}}}}} }}<!-- Automatically add {{pp-template}} to protected templates. -->{{template other | {{#ifeq: {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}} | sysop | {{pp-template|docusage=yes}} | {{#if: {{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}} | {{pp-template|docusage=yes}} | <!--Not protected, or only semi-move-protected--> }} }} }}<!-- Start of green doc box. -->{{documentation/start box2 | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | heading = {{{heading|¬}}} <!--Empty but defined means no header--> | heading-style = {{{heading-style|}}} | content = {{{content|}}} <!--Some namespaces must have the /doc, /sandbox and /testcases in talk space--> | docspace = {{documentation/docspace}} | 1 = {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname, if fed--> <!--The namespace is added in /start box2--> | template page = {{documentation/template page}} }}<!-- Start content --><!-- Start load the /doc content: Note: The line breaks between this comment and the next line are necessary so "=== Headings ===" at the start and end of docs are interpreted. --> {{#switch: {{#if:{{{content|}}}|1|0}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|1|0}}{{#ifexist:{{{1|}}}|1|0}}{{#ifexist:{{documentation/docspace}}:{{documentation/template page}}/doc|1|0}} | 1000 | 1001 | 1010 | 1011 | 1100 | 1101 | 1110 | 1111 = {{{content|}}} | 0110 | 0111 = {{ {{{1}}} }} | 0001 | 0011 = {{ {{documentation/docspace}}:{{documentation/template page}}/doc }} | 0000 | 0100 | 0010 | 0101 = }} <!-- End load the /doc content: Note: The line breaks between this comment and the previous line are necessary so "=== Headings ===" at the start and end of docs are interpreted. -->{{documentation/end box2 | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | content = {{{content|}}} | link box = {{{link box|}}} <!--So "link box=off" works--> <!--Some namespaces must have the /doc, /sandbox and /testcases in talk space--> | docspace = {{documentation/docspace}} | 1 = {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname, if fed--> <!--The namespace is added in /end box2--> | template page = {{documentation/template page}} }}<!-- End of green doc box --><noinclude> <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! 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To edit Other Information, please edit "Template:Other information" wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Originalia]] * [[Omoserica]] * [[Seforma]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Dateline]] * [[Archipelago]] * [[Island Chain]] * [[Arctica]] |} <!-- MAIN PAGE BANNER --> {{#if:{{Main Page banner}}| <table id="mp-banner" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr><td class="MainPageBG" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em; background-color:#fffaf5; border:1px solid #f2e0ce; color:#000; font-size:100%;">{{Main Page banner}} </td></tr> </table> }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|From today's featured article|Featured article }}</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|{{Featured article}}|{{Featured article}}}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">PlaceholderBL</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{PlaceholderBL}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" 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font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Maplist|Maps | Maps&ensp;}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:Maplist|{{Maplist}}|{{Maplist}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 1c1e8e225a32e563ca4782a4adf30ba5175c994b 243 241 2014-01-22T19:16:39Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Originalia]] * [[Omoserica]] * [[Seforma]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Dateline]] * [[Archipelago]] * [[Island Chain]] * [[Arctica]] |} <!-- MAIN PAGE BANNER --> {{#if:{{Main Page banner}}| <table id="mp-banner" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr><td class="MainPageBG" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em; background-color:#fffaf5; border:1px solid #f2e0ce; color:#000; font-size:100%;">{{Main Page banner}} </td></tr> </table> }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|From today's featured article|Featured article }}</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|{{Featured article}}|{{Featured article}}}}</div> |- | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; 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0.4em;">PlaceholderRIGHT</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-otd">{{PlaceholderRIGHT}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Maplist|Maps | Maps&ensp;}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:Maplist|{{Maplist}}|{{Maplist}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 81c11896b9b068d4c67197bb845bdd6f480054a0 Template:Other information 10 118 242 2014-01-22T19:14:33Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "Topic Link: http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876" wikitext text/x-wiki Topic Link: http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 9f4bcf2c12575a78b0421e50006f653ca900ca12 Dateline 0 87 248 215 2014-01-23T00:52:10Z Manomow 3365071 /* Climate */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 04d0704ace0c120b6779857fa31fee3857762806 250 248 2014-01-23T01:05:19Z Manomow 3365071 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat '''Other Flora''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beaver '''Other Flora''' *Birch == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} fd3335621df72583e8d27e6922f050081c6f91df 252 250 2014-01-23T01:53:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat '''Other Flora''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beaver '''Other Flora''' *Birch == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} aaf3d5059d2aa3fde756f13681c426474c55f981 253 252 2014-01-23T01:55:38Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat '''Other Flora''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beaver '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Araucaria araucana == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 487596f88919033e686838e365b3bd148915ac90 254 253 2014-01-23T01:57:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat '''Other Flora''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beaver *Cougars '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Araucaria araucana == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b2f8381dd5e305c093f0b854002d3e6929516ed6 258 254 2014-01-23T12:08:24Z 174.88.76.115 0 /* Biodiversity */ Added llama, alpaca, guanaco, vicuña, chilihueque, and huilatherium -The Majesty wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Huilatherium '''Other Flora''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beaver *Cougars '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Araucaria araucana == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e7d9b35975a56f2e55f069f119c6cb4217e53def 262 258 2014-01-23T18:22:02Z Manomow 3365071 /* Climate */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Huilatherium '''Other Flora''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beaver *Cougars '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Araucaria araucana == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8e57cec73e4db15a845e6f00ad9b8f6cb4b5dffc File:Dateline biome.png 6 119 249 2014-01-23T00:52:24Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Omoserica 0 45 251 184 2014-01-23T01:52:16Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a9bbacb63a5172078e45dfd9bd101c8413e87133 256 251 2014-01-23T02:22:20Z 174.88.76.115 0 named Sylvonesia and added the Banded flying Snake -The Majesty wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, note Omoserica proper</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4d09e21c54567e8f1297443d0034dd1f1b1be232 257 256 2014-01-23T02:22:40Z 174.88.76.115 0 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f9d4134d0c835a349fe8f960d58433e95f682ca4 260 257 2014-01-23T18:16:27Z Manomow 3365071 /* Climate */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7824a4a8d7c5e0e748d93c355a718a6a4b921ac4 Originalia 0 43 255 192 2014-01-23T02:18:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's seven continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 5c9a79c624b698a3e4bb170571905a1e1d9ea72c Solar System 0 102 259 226 2014-01-23T17:53:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki "Star" - Class F8 Star Lifespan: ~7 billion years. Mass: ~1.16 solar masses. Planets 1. Unnamed *Reminiscent of Mercury. *Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Phobos). 2. Unnamed *Reminiscent of Mars. *Warmer than Mars, bone dry: desert planet *Satellites: 1 natural. 3. Unnamed *Terrestrial world. *Rings similar to Saturn. 4. Unnamed / "[[Gaia]]" / Home Planet *ATL Earth *Habitable, sentient life. *Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Titan). 5. Unnamed *Large terrestrial world. *Heavily crater marked. *Satellites: 3 natural. (Asteroid Belt) 6. Unnamed *Gas giant, Saturn sized. *Three moons, similar to the Galilean moons. *No visible rings. fe986666d9dd99ead538be7844b08ed89aeffd29 Seforma 0 52 261 189 2014-01-23T18:19:20Z Manomow 3365071 /* Climate */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9a89e1dfa3328943ff40e9eea343599d1cba3b7c Archipelago 0 86 263 195 2014-01-23T18:25:20Z Manomow 3365071 /* Climate */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:archipelago_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Archipelago''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Cattle *Serows *Reindeer '''Cultivable Flora''' *Rye *Barley '''Other Animals''' *Smilodon *Golden langur *Snow Leopard *Whitetail Deer *Glyptodons *Common Raven *Osprey '''Aquatic Animals''' *Cod *Gray Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3e44c38c5e2ec89db58e879c1ae0c5b959fe053b Island Chain 0 84 264 199 2014-01-23T18:28:24Z Manomow 3365071 /* Climate */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Okapi *Bornean Orangutan *Leopard *Rhinoceroses *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 68a0ebf7e4d247de05a72a8533bd004361944892 Arctica 0 95 265 190 2014-01-23T18:30:52Z Manomow 3365071 /* Climate */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a881c314c357a2cf98c728a94fb44672378a7a94 266 265 2014-01-25T22:56:16Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Cultivatable Flora''' '''Other Animals''' '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Flora''' == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 61e58abfadef4ad63b90b40862d3d0775623a6e3 267 266 2014-01-25T23:17:35Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic fox *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e65c7c9baca6aa8389acf4ffe61d404b39dfa7e5 274 267 2014-01-25T23:30:01Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic fox *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 492ba972ba53abbf8be7b2c0a9f842a71a863733 275 274 2014-01-25T23:31:23Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic fox *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 0516a3077894814688c87587070be0df79883dca 276 275 2014-01-25T23:32:07Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic fox *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 17b29c8e2fec343474403281830afe87a99d0e6e 277 276 2014-01-25T23:40:07Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic fox *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island). '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 5b0a2621a75f272fe8efa6858ec9a3bb4b16d892 File:9500aa.png 6 120 270 2014-01-25T23:25:35Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Early History 0 121 271 2014-01-25T23:26:05Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "[[File:9500aa]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of Zaghāj is a city on the west coast of Eastern Originalia. The city of 7000 relies heavily ..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:9500aa]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of Zaghāj is a city on the west coast of Eastern Originalia. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The Œkhii Culture is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. d02150b188b6915666836a7048694cba0d5c0d47 272 271 2014-01-25T23:26:44Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:9500aa.png]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of Zaghāj is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The Œkhii Culture is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. 3d401c2888ad1987a48892c39497db673f042a22 273 272 2014-01-25T23:26:58Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:9500aa.png]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of Zaghāj is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The Œkhii Culture is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. 75e2f15ce48f79f12cb5b796e53a144887c187e6 Arctica 0 95 278 277 2014-01-25T23:41:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic fox *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island). '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1573fcbeeb5ecabc9103f9eea348660f81ddbed9 279 278 2014-01-25T23:42:35Z Manomow 3365071 /* Geography */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic fox *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 05afeb9ae4dbcb848b4820fb81662b92b32c472d 280 279 2014-01-26T00:06:21Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c18130c0db6e7d1e2987101a4ff8b96a347d93a8 281 280 2014-01-26T00:17:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir </ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b774d16a46d26000f18a60e7010c9ec595af85b4 282 281 2014-01-26T00:19:19Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir </ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> <references/> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6ea3435707480109a6018af851315d035c6994e9 283 282 2014-01-26T00:19:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir </ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b774d16a46d26000f18a60e7010c9ec595af85b4 285 283 2014-01-26T00:24:32Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8b762bd8f15dfab6382c8f2809979f251d88a422 286 285 2014-01-26T00:28:17Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the seven continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8d451fb2e57e46955ca3bde79660bab9cc342108 289 286 2014-01-26T00:39:10Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 99193112d26d6a4967cb8926dc1d77549477e270 292 289 2014-01-26T00:42:12Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Stoats *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *High Arctic camels *Harlan's muskox '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 01b4583f358c29d4c982a362e44e8753c72e06e0 297 292 2014-01-26T01:32:56Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *High Arctic camels *Harlan's muskox '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b21bcec32626b97a3eabd76905fe317664acb834 298 297 2014-01-26T01:40:02Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *High Arctic camels *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Tern <ref>breeds in Arctica during the summer and migrates to their Antarctic wintering grounds in the winter.<ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 63f453626b6ab6a6c599737f45bab9df88712494 299 298 2014-01-26T01:41:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *High Arctic camels *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Tern '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} eec5769a1682fafc378409fbbf44a7545156537f 300 299 2014-01-26T01:42:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *High Arctic camels *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c5951ad398af5276afb6e399a00eff98c38d8615 312 300 2014-01-26T05:15:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e2f3b660c92910ee2812e7ff1aceae7895f49c81 313 312 2014-01-26T05:27:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4526a0b27aab31d3a33594b11e778a3ff50053df 314 313 2014-01-26T05:28:17Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Wild Celery *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 49b2e9d3e89350b312467d0fd9ae0044738a9afd 318 314 2014-01-26T16:25:43Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3dd3ba2a3b7d82b97d5d13e19cbae92ab36899bb 319 318 2014-01-26T16:28:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica during their summer mating season<ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e8bb48fd28d394de479586be59472bc164c5f970 320 319 2014-01-26T16:28:55Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica during their summer mating season.<ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a1f97fbf4b198b525f7569a2cba895bf1854fc7c 321 320 2014-01-26T16:30:02Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica during their summer mating season.<ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c90790851a00e461f336587ad3979e537a6d3bb4 322 321 2014-01-26T16:30:35Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Caribou *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> 1781b63fce1f274bf8b18e5803833d54a14f5624 323 322 2014-01-26T16:32:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Short-faced bears *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> 5767786e99f17daf07db01dc20b41628392d2231 324 323 2014-01-26T16:37:50Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> 52740e16d4141da034e0a84c65661e37731de8fe 325 324 2014-01-26T16:40:41Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to island dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> eb5126bc9700978e4b1a74dea5c7cbe61f612d66 Main Page 0 1 284 243 2014-01-26T00:22:57Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; 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Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Originalia]] * [[Omoserica]] * [[Seforma]] * [[Dateline]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Archipelago]] * [[Island Chain]] * [[Arctica]] * [[Antarctic]] |} <!-- MAIN PAGE BANNER --> {{#if:{{Main Page banner}}| <table id="mp-banner" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr><td class="MainPageBG" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em; background-color:#fffaf5; border:1px solid #f2e0ce; color:#000; font-size:100%;">{{Main Page banner}} </td></tr> </table> }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> | 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id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:Maplist|{{Maplist}}|{{Maplist}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 044fe273ba0a735a6289c851a98a5194b2d6cd82 Antarctic 0 122 288 2014-01-26T00:37:49Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Antarctic.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Antarctic''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == ==..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Antarctic.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Antarctic''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:antarctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Antarctic''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2a8f028b324fac234564ea91a04d3bed2536637c 294 288 2014-01-26T00:43:33Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Antarctic |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Antarctic.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Antarctic''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:antarctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Antarctic''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9e23c9ee80f88314aa67aa21f598b644e2b17993 296 294 2014-01-26T00:47:22Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Antarctic |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Antarctic.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Antarctic''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:antarctic_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Antarctic''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3bbede66f6e0c6c3b714a88315a987a6208aba6c Template:Continent navbox 10 85 290 196 2014-01-26T00:40:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | group1=[[Originalia]] | list1=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]] • [[Originalia#Geology|Geology]] • [[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group2=[[Omoserica]] | list2=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group3=[[Seforma]] | list3=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]] • [[Seforma#Geology|Geology]] • [[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4=[[Dateline]] | list4=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]] • [[Dateline#Geology|Geology]] • [[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group5=[[Archipelago]] | list5=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]] • [[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]] • [[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Island Chain]] | list6=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]] • [[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]] • [[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group7=[[Arctica]] | list7=[[Arctica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Arctica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Arctica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group8=[[Antarctic]] | list8=[[Antarctic#Climate|Climate]] • [[Antarctic#Geology|Geology]] • [[Antarctic#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} 92348f1cf596f227ca74511517f005101be7858c Originalia 0 43 291 255 2014-01-26T00:41:00Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 85528b482d3852eb51d576a4522bc9df89c8d53a File:Antarctic.png 6 123 293 2014-01-26T00:43:07Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Antarctic biome.png 6 124 295 2014-01-26T00:46:37Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Serforma languages 9500.png 6 125 301 2014-01-26T02:50:31Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:OtherArticles 10 90 302 269 2014-01-26T02:51:26Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[Planetary Time]]- How time is measure in this world *[[Solar System]] *[[Gaia]] *[[Early History]] *[[Language]] 61f6ac97c32f119ec95f02e40f07d6e73645e259 Language 0 126 303 2014-01-26T02:53:42Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with " == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linke..." wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] 995b056b9cd8ea3444689514ddd2d38a9b46973f 304 303 2014-01-26T03:15:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Proto-Dwaripje''' Consonants: {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | 0.125 kg | $1.25 |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | 0.125 kg | $1.25 |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | 0.125 kg | $1.25 |- ! scope="row"| Trill | 0.125 kg | $1.25 |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | 0.125 kg | $1.25 |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | 0.125 kg | $1.25 |- ! scope="row" colspan="2"| Total | $1.90 |} 44e78b7bb135d68e2dac95b1c3222496ee480965 305 304 2014-01-26T03:27:17Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Proto-Dwaripje''' ''Consonants:'' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} ''Vowels:'' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} 2436614a947331c9b741d2152e3ffd5fa6782f5b 306 305 2014-01-26T03:28:36Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). 916b2be6ed160bd42be24c1c0a9e4aa458a31063 308 306 2014-01-26T03:44:12Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px||Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions.]] '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). eae3c8f6eee3df32999bd80be3ec5aeecd5c1721 309 308 2014-01-26T03:44:31Z Manomow 3365071 /* Proto-Dwaripje */ wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px||Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions.]] dd498850e74299fcd4922de8d62e7e4c4660dd78 310 309 2014-01-26T03:45:09Z Manomow 3365071 /* Proto-Dwaripje */ wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px||Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions.]] Lexicon: [ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech [ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow [ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe [ˈlaː] - man [ˈriː] - woman [ˈgʲaːni] - dog [ˈbʲaːta] - horse [ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat 598d6e0c34bbfd7b6156cd6ffd370dda28bfe99f 311 310 2014-01-26T03:53:34Z Manomow 3365071 /* Proto-Dwaripje */ wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px||Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions.]] Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat bb33ad905642b6e6967e8b84c98c439188910243 316 311 2014-01-26T06:03:13Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat 5811f1f42c6fd82b6dea7d80658f5e971941f94f 317 316 2014-01-26T06:03:41Z Manomow 3365071 /* Proto-Dwaripje */ wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat 61bf8e569a0f779b8fd3a8d6919982e7b13120fd File:Proto-Dwaripje.png 6 127 307 2014-01-26T03:38:19Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png 6 128 315 2014-01-26T06:02:05Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Monophthongs.png 6 129 326 2014-01-26T19:29:10Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Diphthongs.png 6 130 327 2014-01-26T19:29:10Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Dreishawen.png 6 131 328 2014-01-26T19:29:10Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Language 0 126 329 317 2014-01-26T19:32:37Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree 9b91ea057b9322f6982ee3a6ffddeba0487f5a5a 332 329 2014-01-26T21:38:21Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == Phonology & Phonotactics [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] Grammar [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] Lexicon [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] 384157d939f6558f2fb703872f3510b10e41854a 333 332 2014-01-26T21:40:02Z Manomow 3365071 /* Hatlh languages */ wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] 8180f6ed41567b444e8952b92cec531a4d0b5501 377 333 2014-01-29T17:08:38Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup 68f676e3452a55e0a1fa371cd1738762616efbf4 Dateline 0 87 330 262 2014-01-26T21:04:00Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Huilatherium '''Other Flora''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American lions *American cheetahs *Pronghorns *Columbian mammoths *Mastodons *Yukon wild horses *Scott's horses *Teratornis *Short-faced bears *Muskoxen '''Other Flora''' *Birch == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 35ee55d63064993cc50c0b6f3107fe52e6aedb97 351 330 2014-01-27T03:59:09Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Huilatherium '''Other Flora''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars '''Other Flora''' *Birch == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 90cb84b74a2ab95c721ffaf14446c3b6b723200a 369 351 2014-01-29T01:17:11Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Huilatherium <ref>live mainly in the continent's woodland areas.</ref> *Smilodon *Glyptodon *Megatherium <ref>also inhabits woodlands in southern Dateline.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars '''Other Flora''' *Birch == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 05273658fb3fb9cbfa2700109a7a83ddb134e7a0 370 369 2014-01-29T01:17:35Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Huilatherium <ref>live mainly in the continent's woodland areas.</ref> *Smilodon *Glyptodon *Megatherium <ref>also inhabits woodlands in southern Dateline.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars '''Other Flora''' *Birch == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 29801b8446fa686e6ddf3d6805a545173c094158 371 370 2014-01-29T01:46:21Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Huilatherium <ref>live mainly in the continent's woodland areas.</ref> *Smilodon *Glyptodon *Megatherium <ref>also inhabits woodlands in southern Dateline.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lion *American Cheetah *Pronghorn *Shrub-ox *American bison '''Other Flora''' *Birch == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3ed429dc144058d87c2de76b84a241743b714aed File:Halth.png 6 132 331 2014-01-26T21:35:47Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Arctica 0 95 334 325 2014-01-26T22:24:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> 6bf2ce41714da8a3dbed9e6ed7b926e12ca11bd4 335 334 2014-01-26T22:27:24Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast.</ref> *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> 292596336629d0ab1bf45e645f8b0ae6d53e76ff 336 335 2014-01-26T22:28:37Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> 4a0f0e46eb9fe6fdd32a5d939e00326b06252386 338 336 2014-01-26T22:32:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> 1dcfe3b2ac6713ede417e5c0936130791821f475 339 338 2014-01-26T22:34:48Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Black crowberries <references/> 1f8a99c4dc486147e37efca29729d8be16b5953a 340 339 2014-01-26T22:40:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Shrub-oxen *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica <ref>can potentially be cultivated.</ref> *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Empetrum <ref>can potentially be cultivated.</ref> <references/> 49df0eb12048335b1d0edcddec59cb4f4dff9bc0 341 340 2014-01-26T22:41:27Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica <ref>can potentially be cultivated.</ref> *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Empetrum <ref>can potentially be cultivated.</ref> <references/> 25cc4df09702beb112b08174c0b2e01fd6ee44b1 343 341 2014-01-26T22:44:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island)</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators</ref> *Iceland Gulls '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica <ref>can potentially be cultivated</ref> *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Empetrum <ref>can potentially be cultivated</ref> <references/> 16fed71edaf175d88babc422015e41168c977535 344 343 2014-01-26T23:14:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island)</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators</ref> *Iceland Gulls *Kodiak bears '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica <ref>can potentially be cultivated</ref> *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Empetrum <ref>can potentially be cultivated</ref> <references/> fcfd7e2a0c5786a46f7995d9ff5233a995bca6bb 345 344 2014-01-26T23:18:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Cultivable Plants''' * * * * * * * * '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island)</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators</ref> *Iceland Gulls *Kodiak bears '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Norwegian angelica <ref>can potentially be cultivated</ref> *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes</ref> *Scots pines *Larches *Bilberries *Cowberries *Alpine Bearberries *Juniper berries *Empetrum <ref>can potentially be cultivated</ref> <references/> f2e12487fa267939bf389994340797e3fde621bf 346 345 2014-01-26T23:28:48Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island)</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators</ref> *Iceland Gulls *Kodiak bears '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes</ref> *Scots pines *Larches <ref>wood is waterproof and the tree is used in herbal</ref> *Bilberries *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> b9fe334f5a6626048a00df4f5dc2ba59603220d6 347 346 2014-01-26T23:32:12Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island)</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators</ref> *Iceland Gulls *Kodiak bears '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes</ref> *Scots pines *Larches <ref>wood is waterproof and the tree is used in herbal medicines</ref> *Bilberries *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> 7bba687f039ce07e7eec9f891e035fff823e00ca 348 347 2014-01-26T23:39:00Z Pipochubs 3370105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island)</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators</ref> *Iceland Gulls *Kodiak bears '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *Artemisia borealis *White spruces *Black spruces *Norway spruces *Siberian Fir <ref>oil extracted from the leaves can be used for aromatherapy and perfumes</ref> *Scots pines *Larches <ref>wood is waterproof and the tree is used in herbal medicines</ref> *Bilberries *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e7f64298b4f442304b1c9cb3b6f3071422e10ce0 349 348 2014-01-27T01:19:33Z 97.117.219.143 0 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Reindeer *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island)</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators</ref> *Iceland Gulls *Kodiak bears '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruces *Black spruces *Scots pines *Tamarack larches <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects</ref> *Bilberries *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 05fd721ef8bf816e174ac51ef97e03a5f046d5b6 350 349 2014-01-27T03:24:03Z 97.117.219.143 0 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island)</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators</ref> *Iceland Gulls *Kodiak bears '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruces *Black spruces *Scots pines *Tamarack larches <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects</ref> *Bilberries *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} dc55f3c81cc0f7944037de94df3bcb428eb0ed30 353 350 2014-01-27T13:16:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gulls *Kodiak bears '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruces *Black spruces *Scots pines *Tamarack larches <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 019afe22fa77bdc42377d201c3647eb628f92fe0 355 353 2014-01-27T13:54:39Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Winter Wrens *Snowy Owls <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gulls *Kodiak bears '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruces *Black spruces *Scots pines *Tamarack larches <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries <ref>edible and provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 0e532259bc63d7939005cd48a64a8be3fa2b72ff 357 355 2014-01-27T22:53:51Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskox *Arctic wolf *Polar bear *Arctic fox *Lemming *Tundra vole *Wolverine *Arctic hare *Winter Wren *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoth <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits the small island near Arctica and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermine *Arctic ground squirrel *Euceratherium *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Tern <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Goose *Grey wolf *Atlantic Puffin <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gull *Kodiak bear '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal *Killer whale *Greenland shark *Walrus *Beluga whale *Bowhead whale *Narwhal *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seal *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce *Scots pines *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries <ref>edible and provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} eab87434342d10caf6f93867887700c4290088b1 358 357 2014-01-27T23:02:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskox *Arctic wolf *Polar bear *Arctic fox *Lemming *Tundra vole *Wolverine *Arctic hare *Winter Wren *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoth <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the small island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermine *Arctic ground squirrel *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Tern <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolf *Atlantic Puffin <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gull *Kodiak bear <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal *Killer whale *Greenland shark *Walrus <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whale *Bowhead whale *Narwhal *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seal *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce *Scots pines *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries <ref>edible and provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 46f8b8048b2a74c9d5f20938713ef1706ebc977a 359 358 2014-01-27T23:03:29Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskox *Arctic wolf *Polar bear *Arctic fox *Lemming *Tundra vole *Wolverine *Arctic hare *Winter Wren *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoth <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermine *Arctic ground squirrel *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Tern <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolf *Atlantic Puffin <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gull *Kodiak bear <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal *Killer whale *Greenland shark *Walrus <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whale *Bowhead whale *Narwhal *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seal *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce *Scots pines *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries <ref>edible and provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a6e9c1fcb11fa1ef713a55f297226973c1cd817d 360 359 2014-01-28T03:41:11Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskox *Arctic wolf *Polar bear *Arctic fox *Lemming *Tundra vole *Wolverine *Arctic hare *Winter Wren *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoth <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermine *Arctic ground squirrel *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Tern <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolf *Atlantic Puffin <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gull *Kodiak bear <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal *Killer whale *Greenland shark *Walrus <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whale *Bowhead whale *Narwhal *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seal *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>exclusive to Thule.</ref> *Scots pines *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries <ref>edible and provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c50f8e9b601260b9523081afa1f9bd172705e2cd 361 360 2014-01-28T05:26:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskox *Arctic wolf *Polar bear *Arctic fox *Lemming *Tundra vole *Wolverine *Arctic hare *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoth <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermine *Arctic ground squirrel *Harlan's muskox *Arctic Tern <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolf *Atlantic Puffin <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gull *Kodiak bear <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> *Peary Caribou *Barren-ground caribou '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal *Killer whale *Greenland shark *Walrus <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whale *Bowhead whale *Narwhal *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seal *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>exclusive to Thule.</ref> *Scots pines *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries <ref>edible and provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cc1d46dee759a97d63a0bcbcffa51f0821b9d2da Island Chain 0 84 337 264 2014-01-26T22:31:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Okapi *Bornean Orangutan *Leopard *Rhinoceroses *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 27765ed72a46823c70b00ed59b55c5039b53a724 Originalia 0 43 342 291 2014-01-26T22:43:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3e8347d319aa9c59f9a9b49592b6c579955250e4 Omoserica 0 45 352 260 2014-01-27T04:24:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Irish elk *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Eurasian river otters *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 66e50435e153ef7128192b2b7629cd7f7666c34e 354 352 2014-01-27T13:34:23Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Irish elk *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Eurasian river otters *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceross *Cave hyenas *Snow leopards *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Homotherium '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 755fb978745dc3d377f0aa17c97505319e3efef3 356 354 2014-01-27T22:44:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoth *Eurasian cave lion *Cave bear *Cave hyena *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tiger *Wolverine *Tundra wolf *Eurasian brown bear *Woolly rhinoceros *Cave hyena *Amur leopard *Asian black bear *Siberian weasel '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes in the taiga.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6d95499fcb104bec9ce767fea1d699cf0be868c0 363 356 2014-01-28T23:28:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoth *Eurasian cave lion *Cave bear *Cave hyena *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tiger *Wolverine *Tundra wolf *Eurasian brown bear *Woolly rhinoceros *Cave hyena *Amur leopard *Asian black bear *Siberian weasel '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes in the taiga.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c41e69ec6079a5116e3865ee96fdc46581d88ad0 364 363 2014-01-28T23:33:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoth *Eurasian cave lion *Cave bear *Cave hyena *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tiger *Wolverine *Tundra wolf *Eurasian brown bear *Woolly rhinoceros *Cave hyena *Amur leopard *Asian black bear *Siberian weasel '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes in the taiga.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ed74574c47eec24634501a228a7bd1800d19206f 365 364 2014-01-28T23:38:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoth *Eurasian cave lion *Cave bear *Cave hyena *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tiger *Wolverine *Tundra wolf *Eurasian brown bear *Woolly rhinoceros *Cave hyena *Amur leopard *Asian black bear *Siberian weasel '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes in the taiga.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f9e80d18a805ccb57f607d65b1a4f95025c7dbba 366 365 2014-01-28T23:40:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoth *Eurasian cave lion *Cave bear *Cave hyena *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tiger *Wolverine *Tundra wolf *Eurasian brown bear *Woolly rhinoceros *Cave hyena *Amur leopard *Asian black bear *Siberian weasel '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 339da8d3cd8890dcd6cc7b318c43e9509698a11b 367 366 2014-01-29T01:05:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoth *Eurasian cave lion *Cave bear *Cave hyena *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tiger *Wolverine *Tundra wolf *Eurasian brown bear *Woolly rhinoceros *Cave hyena *Amur leopard *Asian black bear *Siberian weasel *Mountain hare *Asian badger *Homotherium *Saiga '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a025d489975254bc7c2b22f288b88793ef246557 368 367 2014-01-29T01:07:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoth *Eurasian cave lion *Cave bear *Cave hyena *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tiger *Wolverine *Tundra wolf *Eurasian brown bear *Woolly rhinoceros *Cave hyena *Amur leopard *Asian black bear *Siberian weasel *Mountain hare *Asian badger *Homotherium *Saiga '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 806a8c131010d98b903e7b29600a8ec3947004b8 Antarctic 0 122 362 296 2014-01-28T05:28:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Antarctic |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Antarctic.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Antarctic''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:antarctic_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Antarctic''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 65a8efbf2f7498199761508680f276ec70ca414f File:Language.png 6 133 372 2014-01-29T16:19:59Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 373 372 2014-01-29T16:32:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages {{legend|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend|#636394|Engos Languages}} 1fa05e31c20c6d0723b6504aa876a2d93f6f6363 374 373 2014-01-29T16:33:07Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend|#636394|Engos Languages}} 131efd120b4e4c81abf526d65c12884e4388cd7b Template:Maplist 10 36 375 231 2014-01-29T16:34:33Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]][[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]][[File:winds.png|500px|Wind]][[File:currents.png|500px|Currents]][[File:plates.png|500px|Plates]][[File:mineralmap.png|500px|Minerals]][[File:languages.png|500px|Languages]] f1d06f4d29bd59fe6301674be3fec323b747283e 376 375 2014-01-29T16:34:45Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]][[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]][[File:winds.png|500px|Wind]][[File:currents.png|500px|Currents]][[File:plates.png|500px|Plates]][[File:mineralmap.png|500px|Minerals]][[File:language.png|500px|Languages]] d0de3a27d8f64f056d272d343e6f04c69796559d Language 0 126 378 377 2014-01-29T17:13:16Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|frame|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup d6ca3fbdd0a3f62a761c9478256412621d549995 392 378 2014-01-30T02:04:48Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|frame|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} ''THIS CHART IS A WORK IN PROGRESS. I STOPPED HALF WAY INPUTTING ALL THESE IMPOSSIBLE TO FIND SYMBOLS. I'LL RESUME LATER.'' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Labial ! scope="col"| Palatalized ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Alveo-palatal ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Stop | p | p<sup>h</sup> | p<sup>j</sup> | p<sup>jh</sup> | t | t<sup>h</sup> | tɕ | tɕ<sup>h</sup> | k | k<sup>h</sup> | k<sup>w</sup> | k<sup>wh</sup> | k͜ɓ | |- | b | b<sup>h</sup> | b<sup>j</sup> | b<sup>jh</sup> | d | d<sup>h</sup> | dʑ | dʑ<sup>h</sup> | g | g<sup>h</sup> | g<sup>w</sup> | | ɠɓ | |- ! scope="row"| Frictative | f | f- | | s | š | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | | | | |} 3eaef5a444e098692e8e79ee7d52a2e732007fcd 394 392 2014-01-30T02:18:30Z Manomow 3365071 /* Kódù Languages */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|frame|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] 12b536c51c56d79d3684964c27c00c15e891fe38 Arctica 0 95 379 361 2014-01-29T20:18:07Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskox *Arctic wolf *Polar bear *Arctic fox *Lemming *Tundra vole *Wolverine *Arctic hare *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoth <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermine *Arctic ground squirrel *Arctic Tern <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolf *Atlantic Puffin <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gull *Kodiak bear <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> *Peary Caribou *Barren-ground caribou '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal *Killer whale *Greenland shark *Walrus <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whale *Bowhead whale *Narwhal *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seal *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>exclusive to Thule.</ref> *Scots pines *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries <ref>edible and provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 15e988e42a0aaf3084285a690c958d504f4f2e4c 380 379 2014-01-29T20:26:07Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskox *Arctic wolf *Polar bear *Arctic fox *Lemming *Tundra vole *Wolverine *Arctic hare *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoth <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermine *Arctic ground squirrel *Arctic Tern <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolf *Atlantic Puffin <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gull *Kodiak bear <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> *Peary Caribou *Barren-ground caribou '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal *Killer whale *Greenland shark *Walrus <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whale *Bowhead whale *Narwhal *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seal *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>exclusively grows in Thule in small numbers.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries <ref>edible and provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d68588cf1e8bbe8ae14840ff54340252ad6e1c26 381 380 2014-01-29T20:29:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskox *Arctic wolf *Polar bear *Arctic fox *Lemming *Tundra vole *Wolverine *Arctic hare *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoth <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermine *Arctic ground squirrel *Arctic Tern <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolf *Atlantic Puffin <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gull *Kodiak bear <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> *Peary Caribou *Barren-ground caribou '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seal *Killer whale *Greenland shark *Walrus <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whale *Bowhead whale *Narwhal *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seal *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries <ref>edible and provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4132902bf3ca7df9ee27f8b25c17b3a71b1a3dbe 388 381 2014-01-29T23:26:38Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Iceland Gulls *Kodiak bears <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> *Peary Caribou *Barren-ground caribou '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries <ref>edible and provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9c9670b40eb4f3a78a7cd75ea2098bd052026576 Dateline 0 87 382 371 2014-01-29T20:30:29Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lion *American Cheetah *Pronghorn *Shrub-ox *American bison '''Other Flora''' *Birch == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1db1979c447f7b904d29601d3626d00f38547a65 383 382 2014-01-29T20:39:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lion *American Cheetah *Pronghorn *Shrub-ox <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge.</ref> *Woolly Mammoth <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe(tundra)to the north.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 44f778310fdc5ae85af7479d0b1215922d44125d 384 383 2014-01-29T20:39:51Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lion *American Cheetah *Pronghorn *Shrub-ox <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge.</ref> *Woolly Mammoth <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c109505c033c7f561b46fdf985e479fc41e7e7b5 385 384 2014-01-29T20:42:39Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3a1b7d35841027cdab361a895aaadcbed62ef349 387 385 2014-01-29T23:19:41Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ce82669f72a5b2926e17366f22f88f680b77c71c 389 387 2014-01-29T23:29:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d9792cf4f84d99a31b63b212dc350b38368bb858 390 389 2014-01-29T23:45:29Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a0157554cb2089afd4b34a843ae996901b7fb8f6 402 390 2014-01-30T03:22:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 78d69375b043e8fef01a0d14d71d1ca08449917c 404 402 2014-01-30T03:33:06Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e5408f35fd482c865c6c46a2f4ad15badec650c6 405 404 2014-01-30T03:34:53Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} bfaa3b5c45c085c11f0f294992b7c8308d117086 407 405 2014-01-30T03:55:30Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 41f3aac1b714ac535ed44a99c2c4a52cb2652505 408 407 2014-01-30T03:58:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves *Giant Beavers *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d1f0134b5bdf3904165d821f376664dcc91222a8 414 408 2014-01-30T22:31:26Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 663133dbd604d6201180271cf4dd0ed83bc00a1c 415 414 2014-01-30T22:43:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Camelops '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 58e692037d7cbf14262c0cb1f658434de929e4d7 416 415 2014-01-31T00:36:16Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Araucaria araucana <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco *Camelops '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d9b24b49117d2b4393060819c6a24377420128c3 417 416 2014-01-31T00:37:33Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco *Camelops '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 57434a44ec3e3ce3c799554122ea9af9d7e9be81 418 417 2014-01-31T00:54:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco *Camelops '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 812b7c83e6a10cf831b7fad3749123ce16eb60ef 420 418 2014-01-31T01:13:29Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Golden toads '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco *Camelops '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a7e26473ceb2dbbf496aa67edf4c45255a36c699 421 420 2014-01-31T03:00:11Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Golden toads '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ff489009ad72ab4a03722deddd36a89a78e5bf41 422 421 2014-01-31T03:00:45Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Golden toads '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Santa Lucia fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a504a5c3530a8f0f4ca5992242501ff33df3ab87 423 422 2014-01-31T03:10:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Golden toads '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 142b4507aaef388733a23054ca7c31299d07827e 424 423 2014-01-31T03:23:30Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Golden toads *Ocelots *Jaguars *Caimans '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpaca *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b0d1231a0c84fa16be5ffbe8a0459807f07e274f Omoserica 0 45 386 368 2014-01-29T21:03:06Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Wheat *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c1cafddf65a60badfc97c01767c486da89af0ebb 400 386 2014-01-30T03:02:12Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c1e0f920698544a3315aff33fff48047187a2624 401 400 2014-01-30T03:04:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2e56e46e8c3c012d1d78c52d6bc8108e96f8ae00 419 401 2014-01-31T00:57:23Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans *Przewalski's horses '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} eaccab31f719b697dcf3cd73e9921b56a19706f6 Originalia 0 43 391 342 2014-01-30T01:10:43Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Giant Penguin *Otter *Cave Lion *Irish elk *Woolly rhinoceros *Smilodon *Saiga *Camelops *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4ea9ecf17a29efdca36b150a4527135ee8f86224 395 391 2014-01-30T02:53:23Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Sabre-toothed salmon *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c5f9e85519ff0c406a43cafcb143ec4458e9d880 396 395 2014-01-30T02:53:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Smilodon *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *American Lion *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 0a3faa6e7b5314a1bfe0d1a5f2f075153c6cc179 397 396 2014-01-30T02:54:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Sabre-toothed cats *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 45f649a5c5cdebb8b2cb71c98001c14b798863e2 398 397 2014-01-30T02:55:55Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Galapagos *Chinstrap Penguins *Mastodon *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c75a49dbdb8001d2acce65c18c27dd8d26792562 399 398 2014-01-30T02:56:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2b67836633d88a5a99267bce1d19d8db408a124e File:Kodu languages.png 6 134 393 2014-01-30T02:18:20Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Archipelago 0 86 403 263 2014-01-30T03:25:19Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:archipelago_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Archipelago''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Cattle *Serows '''Cultivable Flora''' *Rye *Barley '''Other Animals''' *Golden langur *Snow Leopard *Whitetail Deer *Common Raven *Osprey '''Aquatic Animals''' *Cod *Gray Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1829e5d3ec8ceb404f11bd8cb2ad22d5d9f4f676 Island Chain 0 84 406 337 2014-01-30T03:38:48Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Okapi *Bornean Orangutan *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 89317c246576b46cc1badae286e235ccbe1f0f31 File:Language.png 6 133 409 374 2014-01-30T05:02:07Z Marnaol 3370573 Marnaol uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Language.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend|#636394|Engos Languages}} 131efd120b4e4c81abf526d65c12884e4388cd7b 410 409 2014-01-30T05:07:07Z Marnaol 3370573 /* Summary */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend|#ff0000|Kódù Languages}} 98bb64f9f5c1c9cdb2773bef4751ac333f013f33 411 410 2014-01-30T17:21:02Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} 37875b6a81b459b298d6199e82b2b5ceec9ba6c0 412 411 2014-01-30T18:35:22Z Marnaol 3370573 Marnaol uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Language.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} 37875b6a81b459b298d6199e82b2b5ceec9ba6c0 413 412 2014-01-30T18:40:57Z Marnaol 3370573 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend|#ec65f8|New Language 6}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} e1183459261ea86e9308b1f696cfbdc2ccd544f0 Seforma 0 52 425 261 2014-01-31T03:27:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small Mediterranean islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c857a9307222caeb861f857912f1099c018a1c26 426 425 2014-01-31T03:27:40Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 10ce77010271c3bb9588e4f912fa600a7b1222e5 427 426 2014-01-31T03:29:26Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 000fb86437d163a4f205ad605f43f95452dcb85a Omoserica 0 45 428 419 2014-01-31T03:31:05Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans *Przewalski's horses *Steppe mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppe south of the taiga.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 14201ccf28107b3af9709d9e2d884b8e81dedc26 455 428 2014-01-31T23:57:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans *Przewalski's horses *Steppe mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppe south of the taiga.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 36557d2f1a5c9e2bada8076173902b6adcc5d42f 466 455 2014-02-01T04:40:16Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beaver *Mastodon *Giant Panda *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans *Przewalski's horses *European bison '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} dff2a040ae22ac8d482a3e8c7041e01bcc82ecbd 467 466 2014-02-01T04:53:17Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beavers *Mastodons *Giant Pandas *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans *Przewalski's horses *European bison '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a76af83fd1dcb235fc593e0b705ea18a8d261df1 Seforma 0 52 429 427 2014-01-31T03:34:49Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Titanis <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 5381c957caf3a891edfc709bf0c4553a188b467f 430 429 2014-01-31T03:37:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Titanis *Pampas deer <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ae32e2d6fde3311335b1f79ab22d5391a3ee7e97 433 430 2014-01-31T04:47:09Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Pampas deer <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} afdcea935cfb72b05496c7706f8c56193b5cf008 434 433 2014-01-31T04:59:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Pampas deer *Cuvieronius *Glyptodon *Megatherium <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9b81bae73b48100e7ca7cc013789491a3cf5a9ae 441 434 2014-01-31T17:00:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 000fb86437d163a4f205ad605f43f95452dcb85a 442 441 2014-01-31T17:20:31Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b474922ee14c1406c76af52b9bfef122d8af950d 443 442 2014-01-31T17:20:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too.]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f05a3e20012ab1cada0f975fca4e17807e8bb52f 444 443 2014-01-31T17:23:00Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too.]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 12d252594ba25537479094fd287eb5094e458f8e 453 444 2014-01-31T23:46:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too.]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1cabc6c5473b594b535c5a53620fb48ad54999e8 454 453 2014-01-31T23:48:29Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too.]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 03cf8088df36d0aa16b8897ab1e66ee78252964a 461 454 2014-02-01T00:27:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too.]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8a519c62a9f981d387c4a5560da3f7edb4ffb279 462 461 2014-02-01T00:28:31Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>[[Originalia#cite_ref-4 |see note on Eastern Originalia's listing of the Kingfisher, basically applies here too.]]</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 22573a9f3bb8cf264f88e0086a29fcd6c2eccb63 463 462 2014-02-01T00:29:56Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Same as above *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 21f1c01262df074a1d05a5cf7bf88edef99f8316 468 463 2014-02-01T15:46:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1862a145616e995f9c308401d3f282b3b0dedc95 469 468 2014-02-01T15:48:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 146ffd41037d942f1082dddfa68806df84acf258 470 469 2014-02-01T16:05:21Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Cayenne pepper '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7662451a27538bf59d2cca2627915c0cea223a3e 475 470 2014-02-01T17:47:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Cayenne pepper '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 55abf82de032836ce60c90c1e9e24ddf2a741cb7 Dateline 0 87 431 424 2014-01-31T03:51:12Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Golden toads *Ocelots *Jaguars *Caimans '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Teratornis *Passenger Pigeons '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3fdc6b675c88d28cc1b5ea2dcb4e71dce5e12c5c 432 431 2014-01-31T04:01:26Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Golden toads *Ocelots *Jaguars *Caimans '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Teratornis *Passenger Pigeons '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3b99cd2d5a06bb5c513892571294e06bcbe10b4e 435 432 2014-01-31T05:26:21Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Teratornis *Passenger Pigeons '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 14520c673ca287c58fa28a6653d7e2f7be2bac83 436 435 2014-01-31T05:37:27Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths *Pygmy mammoths '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Teratornis *Passenger Pigeons '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9225367156a8c5fa04641650c697214e44d84e50 440 436 2014-01-31T16:31:35Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas but is widespread.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the northern steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Teratornis *Passenger Pigeons '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9bf1e5619894a2a72447552fdac1ec24263016a8 449 440 2014-01-31T19:06:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Teratornis *Passenger Pigeons '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 485684c66c4302193e189f13e8f7794abcb90fb4 450 449 2014-01-31T19:07:37Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Collared peccaries '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Teratornis *Passenger Pigeons '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7d1f91572b050be331f2dec7257e6e8b6c6f6fb0 451 450 2014-01-31T19:55:30Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Collared peccaries '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Teratornis *Passenger Pigeons '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c19672090fb86d20eb9f885219fb729b6bff97ed 452 451 2014-01-31T19:55:33Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Teratornis *Passenger Pigeons '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 06b93629e5793dd0fe26549dd24df12f91eb37ae 465 452 2014-02-01T04:18:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Teratornis '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b1529cad4630ba92fd03200fd48aa8e669d8083e 471 465 2014-02-01T16:12:24Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d92ecfc0744aed8f2540d91009fd59f5c701b0a0 472 471 2014-02-01T16:12:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2bc6812c6f885c3a45e39cd125a491dd8ecbdbd7 Arctica 0 95 437 388 2014-01-31T16:02:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Norwegian angelica *Empetrum *Cowberries '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Kodiak bears <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> *Peary Caribou *Barren-ground Caribou '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill *Iceland Gulls *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> *Bilberries <ref>edible and provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> *Juniper berries <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} aab53357c3812c7209629c1093485c2f44f2531f 477 437 2014-02-01T17:56:16Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Sled dogs<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Wild Celery *Black crowberries *Cowberries *Juniper berries *Bilberries <ref>provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Kodiak bears <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> *Peary Caribou *Barren-ground Caribou '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill *Iceland Gulls *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1571cc25349118dcf3b8ff221868e7457d214c26 Early History 0 121 438 273 2014-01-31T16:15:23Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:9500aa.png]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of Zaghāj is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The Œkhii Culture is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/) == [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since we discussed central Seforma as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. ad107aa264f9a20f40a07dfc0552b2bc9c5bad5b 439 438 2014-01-31T16:23:08Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:9500aa.png]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/) == [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since we discussed central Seforma as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. 2de4bb18d1a083a7089ba95f7ecf94a0119b572e Antarctic 0 122 445 362 2014-01-31T17:30:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Antarctic |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Antarctic.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Antarctic''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:antarctic_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Antarctic''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Antarctic icefish *Antarctic krill *Minke whales *Sei whales *Fin whales *Blue whales *Humpback whales *Giant beaked whales *Killer whales '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6cba561fdb3d476a426e4dd19b3d9fd61b01aeac Island Chain 0 84 446 406 2014-01-31T17:44:47Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Okapi *Bornean Orangutan *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ffa5ddd7bb1c86ac18861424507a3d2857bebba8 447 446 2014-01-31T17:57:37Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 188495a73c3edd3dee801e243e017690e8c218fd 448 447 2014-01-31T18:22:39Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d4d8214a413d04d15320616323d811ef700ee14e 473 448 2014-02-01T17:44:40Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6afc2aa4c0fa8b447bd3a7eab91941e96518b1f6 474 473 2014-02-01T17:45:07Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 23eae18f05146b45e03d524bf77742797027d2b8 476 474 2014-02-01T17:49:43Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b94211d2caf2151bafd9714d03cb76820a5d1c96 Originalia 0 43 456 399 2014-02-01T00:06:47Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Bobcat *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8907fd0eceff006bd566dc9fc03c517b02a7c629 457 456 2014-02-01T00:07:23Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pig *Greylag Goose *Wild goat *Mouflon *Camels *Wildcats *Wild ass '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephants *Vultures *Bats *Hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebra *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e67e090c71485d85c9f4e08b4e4c8a0fc66e1733 458 457 2014-02-01T00:16:33Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pigs *Greylag Goose *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Spotted hyenas *Brown hyenas *Aardwolves *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cc4fa40fa259b9bade4016157ce3ca995c527f86 459 458 2014-02-01T00:19:11Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pigs *Greylag Goose *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Spotted hyenas *Brown hyenas *Striped hyenas *Aardwolves *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c893e80fd3e34325897747bdf274004d628a9347 460 459 2014-02-01T00:20:55Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pigs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Spotted hyenas *Brown hyenas *Striped hyenas *Aardwolves *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} fa76e9482a9de488d097f9c0454ff49d37162c6f 464 460 2014-02-01T04:06:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Bengal Tiger *Indian Rhinoceros *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pigs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Spotted hyenas *Brown hyenas *Striped hyenas *Aardwolves *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 80701216aea3a86aec699589d3204674c04bfb70 Seforma 0 52 478 475 2014-02-01T18:00:51Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Cayenne pepper '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly in the "Mediterranean" part.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d674860b74737137c18cac278ff5897e43d0f224 479 478 2014-02-01T18:01:40Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Cayenne pepper '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7c0d49999e3844ac203dec5dc125c706e1ed0839 480 479 2014-02-01T18:06:31Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Cayenne pepper '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} fce1ed8272017ae8386bf05422bec4ebceec0fec 481 480 2014-02-01T18:07:49Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Cayenne peppers *Avocados '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c49d55b0c98e6382b60a7740a03eff02b8ce59e8 482 481 2014-02-01T18:51:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Cayenne peppers *Avocados *Tomatos '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9e1b4f5970ed7c7ecabc93c8826c31f89b648768 483 482 2014-02-01T19:01:25Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Cayenne peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Adjuma '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3ffb9c9bf2e90207dcd957099cf4b6f75c9e85e4 484 483 2014-02-01T19:03:05Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 5545b3b33fbeaf9347d956a4d1251094640ec5ed 485 484 2014-02-01T19:03:23Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Peppers '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 870da70dfb387a7264340e91a6b9cd586b95a0c1 489 485 2014-02-01T21:04:21Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Peppers '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f3257f6f488ab5668492b8cc6874d19182d928f9 490 489 2014-02-01T21:04:43Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Peppers '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 68d6d6d2c80ccc29186dc2caa8b66324d70be1fb 491 490 2014-02-01T21:08:40Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Peppers '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2e37e2c9a4bf38f8af2039f860d3cfdb48c4046c 493 491 2014-02-01T21:28:12Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Peppers '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cbe8a788260843d5a4218e9d791817422faba5be 499 493 2014-02-01T23:31:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Peppers '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d7e908997f6dada755cb7c9af7bd3d9265415778 509 499 2014-02-02T01:04:25Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Peppers '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1c5b00e36b881c1e427552d91570648ca1349968 510 509 2014-02-02T02:29:41Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Peppers '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1d95785c376b272578a5d29adec640c29cf31788 511 510 2014-02-02T02:30:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 68448a0b4b5d36d909d10f28e606e354e62cdc79 512 511 2014-02-02T02:48:35Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 16aa9f4a82605cb2bd72a68b9efb5e9d057eb133 519 512 2014-02-02T14:29:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c0f4905bd6c74e36184f8778f02e9c598150a954 523 519 2014-02-02T14:38:35Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnut <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 41f3dc6ad642179bb2fc1ebdb1226443af8ec21c 524 523 2014-02-02T14:43:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 82936ee6f1bcf24e8d9f9e31afd75b889d962090 525 524 2014-02-02T14:45:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts *Cocoa beans '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 5b542a95774342ee6a62ab01e9c02e6c7aefd84d Omoserica 0 45 486 467 2014-02-01T20:44:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beavers *Mastodons *Giant Pandas *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans *Przewalski's horses *European bison '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} bc24941336bf5f1393d9c923167c31ede2c67730 Island Chain 0 84 487 476 2014-02-01T20:57:58Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts (from Palm Trees *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2093fd31dd8d2885711a8acf62b80ddac31cdd0d 488 487 2014-02-01T21:01:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a500bec25492e25e37cdff12fb962086fcf6aed9 492 488 2014-02-01T21:21:29Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6cc367790c169ee8fc3fba1980c90eaf9186a48d 496 492 2014-02-01T23:10:37Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a3245c1eee14e27a6fd14842bf17f8814ffb434e 497 496 2014-02-01T23:14:39Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 005afaf1c8984877ab2cefff99eb3d7ede3c8bbe 498 497 2014-02-01T23:20:53Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f1d1fb45e9a374dec342e70e90d63f1f71afab5c 500 498 2014-02-01T23:35:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f3b8995a59b6248eef8ec092ee27fdea9d64a58f 501 500 2014-02-01T23:35:51Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (ie the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 162556fc19369e11c556c519fb918a07b3d175b7 502 501 2014-02-01T23:36:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 35f5bc3a1f6701bbe645a8e2a063d4accfac4379 503 502 2014-02-02T00:09:50Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1ff0e1e5e7593f9647e4275268a4935e83d4509e 504 503 2014-02-02T00:10:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} aff8625b68092cb1908b7283644dcbfbbd0fb55d 505 504 2014-02-02T00:18:26Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 419c9b7a934ed25c30a24b10d67d555b2b151e77 507 505 2014-02-02T00:33:08Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6e01ee36f94acf9dbf6bd0dd55841e3cec9bf5ae 508 507 2014-02-02T00:53:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean Orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a5e00d4a999d7e2819a01219f1414464a64f863c 514 508 2014-02-02T03:24:24Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Dawn Redwood <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3d3af20641d54886f5a40997fdcb441ff4ad5445 515 514 2014-02-02T03:41:40Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 372264317a0def64db3c00a30a5e742215ce4229 516 515 2014-02-02T03:47:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e72930a20b620145d38b60b12f13ccdbf975ee58 520 516 2014-02-02T14:31:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 0ba8f48c12306a3bca4726e079474e32cd194c5c 521 520 2014-02-02T14:34:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 04f35bbb27a92f1bdcde10477c02a7498759e7a3 522 521 2014-02-02T14:35:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7ce5b2a3cbacbee924f524304043db039967a50c 526 522 2014-02-02T14:53:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9d7ff551643ea1b64d4c526a5b90aec91dd9c0b9 527 526 2014-02-02T14:55:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8ff5ae5d34077a8481c67f68f29dc4ad5164d99d Originalia 0 43 494 464 2014-02-01T23:08:43Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pigs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Spotted hyenas *Brown hyenas *Striped hyenas *Aardwolves *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b021ce19df00a85bf2f56713136d17632dc97302 495 494 2014-02-01T23:09:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pigs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4e37a3bc95c56d6f4b5f6d21abc7bfb310135e82 506 495 2014-02-02T00:28:21Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs *Guinea pigs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cea66f9c475019fc245be63b441213fcafab58de 513 506 2014-02-02T03:18:50Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 454f865f4f2a8604f6f31bb772413d33467479e6 517 513 2014-02-02T03:52:05Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6dbf5094c2d401816dd6cf3bc6dbf66a17d59898 518 517 2014-02-02T04:40:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice * Chalicotheriums '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6e95ee89b8429521338983ce490f76256d09dd1f Island Chain 0 84 528 527 2014-02-02T14:59:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} bddf61639252fb9d346705d2ba183989ea643464 531 528 2014-02-02T16:19:19Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephant <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6df324a5135a1fe46ced5a233863399a7adb1518 532 531 2014-02-02T16:19:37Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 976430fe8a199156671bf74f78af190738fe2141 533 532 2014-02-02T16:26:40Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Mongooses '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1b1840cb4484f6c0b1fb32e682d0067b33133156 534 533 2014-02-02T16:27:06Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Mongooses '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b17d1e990737930ad072d82024a6843e3045b602 535 534 2014-02-02T22:00:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Mongooses *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e54cf81dd7f6e46f5ae8675c5f7a95016215d499 536 535 2014-02-02T22:00:59Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Mongooses *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragon *Parrots *Dodo <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 65df1bf1bcd32eceb09df8499cfd05776444f898 562 536 2014-02-05T02:12:01Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Mongooses *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragons *Parrots *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e54be63fcb44d91168a81e2761b62d9e6b248a40 563 562 2014-02-05T02:13:12Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens *Banteng *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragons *Parrots *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e9d0384161aa90af583c08d526f4977592a43a18 565 563 2014-02-05T02:19:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragons *Parrots *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 98e80945a3540eb6125dfa42c39994aab455d0f3 566 565 2014-02-05T02:20:38Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragons *Parrots *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 90b5d86ae477ce4b3f29709167cc3a02564d224c 567 566 2014-02-05T02:21:02Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Plantains *Eddoes *Palm Oil *Cinnamon *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger *Carambola *Candlenuts *Malabar almonds '''Other Animals''' *Okapis *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragons *Parrots *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f1c9bdd293c1826809d27f794fa3260c990f9cf0 Dateline 0 87 529 472 2014-02-02T15:09:45Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *American mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f2f5d3948282fe1f6ac212ea0a648616255749bb 539 529 2014-02-04T00:34:24Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8c2c89157f1bc0e1c6de7ca429e0c3c8215850f7 541 539 2014-02-04T00:35:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1242abbe5373d7313910ad97401dd8e34859d863 545 541 2014-02-04T13:26:27Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Guanaco *Camelops *Horses *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condor *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rat *Vicuña *Chilihueque *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} dbce23a80235cd1eb64da4653785c309c5f21865 573 545 2014-02-05T03:56:49Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llama *Camelops *Horses *Dogs *Alpacas '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Chilihueques *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8133241ba0efb8f7e39b1efb6d8f752e50952e79 574 573 2014-02-05T03:57:03Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Dogs *Alpacas '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Chilihueques *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Guanacos *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9e731a894959411530755050f12865a6b222c370 575 574 2014-02-05T03:58:09Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Dogs *Alpacas '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Chilihueques *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Guanacos '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a146d02ed486718e4b6239b173499e8a5141a6c5 576 575 2014-02-05T03:59:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Dogs *Alpacas *Chilihueques '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Guanacos '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 65b31d43e88078980db23a147bd834d8f18829c8 577 576 2014-02-05T04:30:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Dogs *Alpacas *Chilihueques '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle tree *Joshua tree *Saguaro *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Guanacos *American black bears *Grizzly bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a824baf50ad135828ace9b5748182cbedc7d5c51 Seforma 0 52 530 525 2014-02-02T15:10:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts *Cocoa beans *Pineapples '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8263d2f8d0817409419f5e39c993f895100d5b92 542 530 2014-02-04T00:45:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts *Cocoa beans *Pineapples '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 0d226e88ba75ce5dc3d7e624f7f7d196ee522de1 543 542 2014-02-04T00:46:08Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts *Cocoa beans *Pineapples '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 21f8e7e7f8761445568f6b9707a69ab119ec675e 550 543 2014-02-04T17:35:30Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts *Cocoa beans *Pineapples '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 5bd4e52241c90e724a0280ce207bfa7504a43064 552 550 2014-02-04T17:37:03Z Manomow 3365071 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Avocados *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts *Cocoa beans *Pineapples '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f2572281f40987953cce25bbdb49ee7bc42caf28 Originalia 0 43 537 518 2014-02-02T23:24:38Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice * Chalicotheriums '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f46c5a4233d722af423a229febf459ca28274242 538 537 2014-02-02T23:27:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice * Chalicotheriums '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 547f4f10bd6d9c5b6f34ccab1b691a054493b51e 547 538 2014-02-04T17:25:41Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice * Chalicotheriums '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ad7f6b0f0ce1a5e8a5917eafeaf4e319d983d956 548 547 2014-02-04T17:32:18Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame|'''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''']] The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice * Chalicotheriums '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d33206352cc873b8be4efd43839cd9c61cc2fb39 549 548 2014-02-04T17:32:43Z Manomow 3365071 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice * Chalicotheriums '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 787012bcd0120afc4573a621a676097310751abc 553 549 2014-02-04T17:37:14Z Manomow 3365071 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Red panda *Dholes *Gaur '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice * Chalicotheriums '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 746598d4619aa6b1911b43a84d22bf00cb18e245 564 553 2014-02-05T02:19:02Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dog *Horse *Cattle *Serows *Dall Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews, Hedgehogs, Moles, Rabbits, Bats, Dormice, and Wood Mice * Chalicotheriums '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 922d8e2c619575b4d5d3bd661e502ef106226115 568 564 2014-02-05T02:24:51Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b242330f1f4e674df764a939afa49b5d73a7a700 571 568 2014-02-05T03:26:51Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches *White rhinoceroses *Black rhinoceroses *Hippos '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Wild Boar '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f0d72334898bb54a063dc66aed9c0325a103cd88 Omoserica 0 45 540 486 2014-02-04T00:35:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beavers *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Giant Pandas *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans *Przewalski's horses *European bison '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b85a709919dcff47ecbcf5db346728f2f9b8caee 544 540 2014-02-04T13:25:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whale '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beavers *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Giant Pandas *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans *Przewalski's horses *European bison '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c39bb90195dbc20b45b577cb6fd1169d2dc56f61 570 544 2014-02-05T02:42:08Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whales *Great Auks <ref>only during breeding season on islands along the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beavers *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Giant Pandas *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans *Przewalski's horses *European bison '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 883575f5d210a7a5d8d3fa2ba38261d377ef38a8 572 570 2014-02-05T03:35:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whales *Great Auks <ref>only during breeding season on islands along the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Giant Beavers *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Giant Pandas *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra.</ref> *Common Raven *Woolly mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *Eurasian cave lions *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Elasmotherium *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Wolverines *Tundra wolves *Eurasian brown bears *Woolly rhinoceroses *Cave hyenas *Amur leopards *Asian black bears *Siberian weasels *Mountain hares *Asian badgers *Homotherium *Saiga *Tarpans *Przewalski's horses *European bison '''Other Plants''' *Birch *Downy birch *Dahurian Larch *Siberian elm *Nasczokin's Lime *Mongolian Lime *Siberian Larch *Prince Rupprecht's Larch *Glehn's Spruce *Jezo spruce <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Siberian Spruce *Siberian Fir <ref>essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes.</ref> *Sakhalin fir *Korean Fir <ref>in the northern mountainous regions near the taiga.</ref> *Manchurian Fir *Siberian pine <ref>in the mountainous regions in the taiga.</ref> *Korean pine <ref>grows in moderate altitudes.</ref> *Schrenk's spruce <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *East Himalayan fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range.</ref> *West Himalayan Spruce <ref>grows in abundance in the western mountain range.</ref> *Bhutan Fir <ref>grows in the western mountain range, but in small numbers.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 164ef30846418d901dba3ddcae5920bba5b9681e File:Originalia biome.png 6 135 546 2014-02-04T17:21:13Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:OtherArticles 10 90 551 302 2014-02-04T17:36:13Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[Planetary Time]]- How time is measure in this world *[[Solar System]] *[[Gaia]] *[[Language]] dd540db7448556bd821a83ea6c907a69142a8c6a Template:Continent navbox 10 85 554 290 2014-02-04T17:38:49Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name=Continents | title=Continents | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:worldmap.png|150px|link=|alt=]] | group1=[[Originalia]] | list1=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]] • [[Originalia#Geology|Geology]] • [[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Originalia#History|History]] | group2=[[Omoserica]] | list2=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group3=[[Seforma]] | list3=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]] • [[Seforma#Geology|Geology]] • [[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Seforma#History|History]] | group4=[[Dateline]] | list4=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]] • [[Dateline#Geology|Geology]] • [[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group5=[[Archipelago]] | list5=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]] • [[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]] • [[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Island Chain]] | list6=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]] • [[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]] • [[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group7=[[Arctica]] | list7=[[Arctica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Arctica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Arctica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group8=[[Antarctic]] | list8=[[Antarctic#Climate|Climate]] • [[Antarctic#Geology|Geology]] • [[Antarctic#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} 7b1d3a2b6dbfed282b26593f28f5159516f1e586 559 554 2014-02-04T17:50:44Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Continents of the world |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |title = Continents of the [[Gaia|world]] |bodyclass = hlist |liststyle = border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; |list4style = border-bottom: 0; |list1 = <!-- Continents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |colwidth = 14% |colstyle = text-align:center; |col1 = [[File:Antarctic.png|75px|link=Antarctic]]<br />[[Antarctic]] |col2 = [[File:Archipelago.png|75px|link=Archipelago]]<br />[[Archipelago]] |col3 = [[File:Arctica.png|75px|link=Arctica]]<br />[[Arctica]] |col4 = [[File:Dateline.png|75px|link=Dateline]]<br />[[Dateline]] |col5 = [[File:Islandchain.png|75px|link=Island Chain]]<br />[[Island Chain]] |col6 = [[File:Omoserica.png|75px|link=Omoserica]]<br />[[Omoserica]] |col7 = [[File:Originalia.png|75px|link=Originalia]]<br />[[Originalia]] |col8 = [[File:Seforma.png|75px|link=Seforma]]<br />[[Seforma]] }} | group2=[[Originalia]] | list2=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]] • [[Originalia#Geology|Geology]] • [[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Originalia#History|History]] | group3=[[Omoserica]] | list3=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4=[[Seforma]] | list4=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]] • [[Seforma#Geology|Geology]] • [[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Seforma#History|History]] | group5=[[Dateline]] | list5=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]] • [[Dateline#Geology|Geology]] • [[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Archipelago]] | list6=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]] • [[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]] • [[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group7=[[Island Chain]] | list7=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]] • [[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]] • [[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group8=[[Arctica]] | list8=[[Arctica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Arctica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Arctica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group9=[[Antarctic]] | list9=[[Antarctic#Climate|Climate]] • [[Antarctic#Geology|Geology]] • [[Antarctic#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!---Please add metadata to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of the /doc subpage---> </noinclude> b6695fc69680041e9b6605c30062f2b749d07f40 560 559 2014-02-04T17:51:05Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Continents of the world |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |title = Continents of the [[Gaia|world]] |bodyclass = hlist |liststyle = border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; |list4style = border-bottom: 0; |list1 = <!-- Continents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |colwidth = 14% |colstyle = text-align:center; |col1 = [[File:Antarctic.png|75px|link=Antarctic]]<br />[[Antarctic]] |col2 = [[File:Archipelago.png|75px|link=Archipelago]]<br />[[Archipelago]] |col3 = [[File:Arctica.png|75px|link=Arctica]]<br />[[Arctica]] |col4 = [[File:Dateline.png|75px|link=Dateline]]<br />[[Dateline]] |col5 = [[File:Islandchain.png|75px|link=Island Chain]]<br />[[Island Chain]] |col6 = [[File:Omoserica.png|75px|link=Omoserica]]<br />[[Omoserica]] |col7 = [[File:Originalia.png|75px|link=Originalia]]<br />[[Originalia]] |col8 = [[File:Seforma.png|75px|link=Seforma]]<br />[[Seforma]] }} | group2=[[Originalia]] | list2=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]] • [[Originalia#Geology|Geology]] • [[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Originalia#History|History]] | group3=[[Omoserica]] | list3=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4=[[Seforma]] | list4=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]] • [[Seforma#Geology|Geology]] • [[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Seforma#History|History]] | group5=[[Dateline]] | list5=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]] • [[Dateline#Geology|Geology]] • [[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Archipelago]] | list6=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]] • [[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]] • [[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group7=[[Island Chain]] | list7=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]] • [[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]] • [[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group8=[[Arctica]] | list8=[[Arctica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Arctica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Arctica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group9=[[Antarctic]] | list9=[[Antarctic#Climate|Climate]] • [[Antarctic#Geology|Geology]] • [[Antarctic#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} 692d3f661c2067f2a4e4c8e0f7572b8045bbbc7e Template:Continents of the world 10 136 555 2014-02-04T17:40:40Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Navbox |name = Continents of the world |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |title = [[Continent]]s of the [[Earth|world]] |bodyclass = hlist |lists..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Continents of the world |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |title = [[Continent]]s of the [[Earth|world]] |bodyclass = hlist |liststyle = border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; |list4style = border-bottom: 0; |list1 = <!-- Continents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |colwidth = 14% |colstyle = text-align:center; |col1 = [[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Africa]]<br />[[Africa]] |col2 = [[File:Antarctica (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Antarctica]]<br />[[Antarctica]] |col3 = [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Asia]]<br />[[Asia]] |col4 = [[File:Australia-New Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Australia (continent)]]<br />[[Australia (continent)|Australia]] |col5 = [[File:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg|75px|link=Europe]]<br />[[Europe]] |col6 = [[File:Location North America.svg|75px|link=North America]]<br />[[North America]] |col7 = [[File:South America (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=South America]]<br />[[South America]] }} | list2 = <!-- Supercontinents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |colwidth = 25% |colstyle = text-align:center; |col1 = [[File:Afro-Eurasia (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Afro-Eurasia]]<br />[[Afro-Eurasia]] |col2 = [[File:Americas (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Americas]]<br />[[Americas|America]] |col3 = [[File:Eurasia (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Eurasia]]<br />[[Eurasia]] |col4 = [[File:Oceania, broad (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Oceania]]<br />[[Oceania]] }} | list3 = <!-- Geological supercontinents and Historical continents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |colheaderstyle = background: transparent; |colstyle = text-align:center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; |col1width = 38% |col1header = [[Geology|Geological]] [[supercontinent]]s |col1 = * [[Afro-Eurasia-America]] * [[Gondwana]] * [[Laurasia]] * [[Pangaea]] * [[Pannotia]] * [[Rodinia]] * [[Columbia (supercontinent)|Columbia]] * [[Kenorland]] * [[Nena (supercontinent)|Nena]] * [[Ur (continent)|Ur]] * [[Vaalbara]] |col2width = 62% |col2header = Historical continents |col2 = * [[Arctica]] * [[Asiamerica]] * [[Atlantica]] * [[Avalonia]] * [[Baltica]] * [[Cimmeria (continent)|Cimmeria]] * [[Congo craton]] * [[Euramerica]] * [[Kalahari craton|Kalaharia]] * [[Kazakhstania]] * [[Laurentia]] * [[North China craton|North China]] * [[Siberia (continent)|Siberia]] * [[South China (continent)|South China]] * [[East Antarctic craton|East Antarctica]] * [[Indian subcontinent|India]] }} | list4 = <!----Submerged continents and Possible future supercontinents and Mythical and theorized continents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |bodyclass = hlist |colheaderstyle = background: transparent; |colstyle = text-align:center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; |colwidth = 33% |col1header = [[Submerged continent]]s |col1 = * [[Kerguelen Plateau]] * [[Sundaland]] * [[Zealandia (continent)|Zealandia]] |col2header = Possible future supercontinents |col2 = * [[Pangaea Ultima]] * [[Amasia (continent)|Amasia]] * [[Novopangaea]] |col3header = [[Mythical continents|Mythical and theorised continents]] |col3 = * [[Atlantis]] * [[Kumari Kandam]] * [[Lemuria (continent)|Lemuria]] * [[Meropis]] * [[Mu (lost continent)|Mu]] * [[Terra Australis]] }} |below = ''See also [[Template:Regions of the world|Regions of the world]], [[Continental fragment]]'' * '''{{Icon|Book}} [[Book:Continents|Book]]''' * '''{{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Continents|Category]]''' }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!---Please add metadata to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of the /doc subpage---> </noinclude> 496b56df6887eccdb5ccc90f7d06b7dd27cdc87d 556 555 2014-02-04T17:41:05Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Continents of the world |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |title = [[Continent]]s of the [[Earth|world]] |bodyclass = hlist |liststyle = border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; |list4style = border-bottom: 0; |list1 = <!-- Continents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |colwidth = 14% |colstyle = text-align:center; |col1 = [[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Africa]]<br />[[Africa]] |col2 = [[File:Antarctica (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Antarctica]]<br />[[Antarctica]] |col3 = [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Asia]]<br />[[Asia]] |col4 = [[File:Australia-New Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=Australia (continent)]]<br />[[Australia (continent)|Australia]] |col5 = [[File:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg|75px|link=Europe]]<br />[[Europe]] |col6 = [[File:Location North America.svg|75px|link=North America]]<br />[[North America]] |col7 = [[File:South America (orthographic projection).svg|75px|link=South America]]<br />[[South America]] }} |below = ''See also [[Template:Regions of the world|Regions of the world]], [[Continental fragment]]'' * '''{{Icon|Book}} [[Book:Continents|Book]]''' * '''{{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Continents|Category]]''' }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!---Please add metadata to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of the /doc subpage---> </noinclude> 2dd106a4962016456e7780595a904e28c0420581 557 556 2014-02-04T17:46:32Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Continents of the world |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |title = Continents of the [[Gaia|world]] |bodyclass = hlist |liststyle = border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; |list4style = border-bottom: 0; |list1 = <!-- Continents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |colwidth = 14% |colstyle = text-align:center; |col1 = [[File:Antarctic.png|75px|link=Antarctic]]<br />[[Antarctic]] |col2 = [[File:Archipelago.png|75px|link=Archipelago]]<br />[[Archipelago]] |col3 = [[File:Arctica.png|75px|link=Arctica]]<br />[[Arctica]] |col4 = [[File:Dateline.png|75px|link=Dateline]]<br />[[Dateline]] |col5 = [[File:Islandchain.png|75px|link=Island Chain]]<br />[[Island Chain]] |col6 = [[File:Omoserica.png|75px|link=Omoserica]]<br />[[Omoserica]] |col7 = [[File:Originalia.png|75px|link=Originalia]]<br />[[Originalia]] |col8 = [[File:Seforma.png|75px|link=Seforma]]<br />[[Seforma]] }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!---Please add metadata to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of the /doc subpage---> </noinclude> d68abb7bdd5f86b654902b6e7f7db1ad3777cf34 558 557 2014-02-04T17:49:51Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Continents of the world |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |title = Continents of the [[Gaia|world]] |bodyclass = hlist |liststyle = border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; |list4style = border-bottom: 0; |list1 = <!-- Continents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |colwidth = 14% |colstyle = text-align:center; |col1 = [[File:Antarctic.png|75px|link=Antarctic]]<br />[[Antarctic]] |col2 = [[File:Archipelago.png|75px|link=Archipelago]]<br />[[Archipelago]] |col3 = [[File:Arctica.png|75px|link=Arctica]]<br />[[Arctica]] |col4 = [[File:Dateline.png|75px|link=Dateline]]<br />[[Dateline]] |col5 = [[File:Islandchain.png|75px|link=Island Chain]]<br />[[Island Chain]] |col6 = [[File:Omoserica.png|75px|link=Omoserica]]<br />[[Omoserica]] |col7 = [[File:Originalia.png|75px|link=Originalia]]<br />[[Originalia]] |col8 = [[File:Seforma.png|75px|link=Seforma]]<br />[[Seforma]] }} | group2=[[Originalia]] | list2=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]] • [[Originalia#Geology|Geology]] • [[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Originalia#History|History]] | group3=[[Omoserica]] | list3=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4=[[Seforma]] | list4=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]] • [[Seforma#Geology|Geology]] • [[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Seforma#History|History]] | group5=[[Dateline]] | list5=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]] • [[Dateline#Geology|Geology]] • [[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Archipelago]] | list6=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]] • [[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]] • [[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group7=[[Island Chain]] | list7=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]] • [[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]] • [[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group8=[[Arctica]] | list8=[[Arctica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Arctica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Arctica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group9=[[Antarctic]] | list9=[[Antarctic#Climate|Climate]] • [[Antarctic#Geology|Geology]] • [[Antarctic#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!---Please add metadata to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of the /doc subpage---> </noinclude> b6695fc69680041e9b6605c30062f2b749d07f40 561 558 2014-02-04T18:05:07Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Continents of the world |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |title = Continents of the [[Gaia|world]] |bodyclass = hlist |liststyle = border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; |list4style = border-bottom: 0; |list1 = <!-- Continents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |colwidth = 14% |colstyle = text-align:center; |col1 = [[File:Antarctic.png|85px|link=Antarctic]]<br />[[Antarctic]] |col2 = [[File:Archipelago.png|85px|link=Archipelago]]<br />[[Archipelago]] |col3 = [[File:Arctica.png|85px|link=Arctica]]<br />[[Arctica]] |col4 = [[File:Dateline.png|85px|link=Dateline]]<br />[[Dateline]] |col5 = [[File:Islandchain.png|85px|link=Island Chain]]<br />[[Island Chain]] |col6 = [[File:Omoserica.png|85px|link=Omoserica]]<br />[[Omoserica]] |col7 = [[File:Originalia.png|85px|link=Originalia]]<br />[[Originalia]] |col8 = [[File:Seforma.png|85px|link=Seforma]]<br />[[Seforma]] }} | group2=[[Originalia]] | list2=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]] • [[Originalia#Geology|Geology]] • [[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Originalia#History|History]] | group3=[[Omoserica]] | list3=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4=[[Seforma]] | list4=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]] • [[Seforma#Geology|Geology]] • [[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Seforma#History|History]] | group5=[[Dateline]] | list5=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]] • [[Dateline#Geology|Geology]] • [[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6=[[Archipelago]] | list6=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]] • [[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]] • [[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group7=[[Island Chain]] | list7=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]] • [[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]] • [[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group8=[[Arctica]] | list8=[[Arctica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Arctica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Arctica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group9=[[Antarctic]] | list9=[[Antarctic#Climate|Climate]] • [[Antarctic#Geology|Geology]] • [[Antarctic#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!---Please add metadata to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of the /doc subpage---> </noinclude> 095904762168e7954d534baf66d6c7e5993c3af4 Arctica 0 95 569 477 2014-02-05T02:39:12Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Reindeer<ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being.</ref> *Dogs <ref>have not been domesticated yet but are capable of being from wolves.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Wild Celery *Black crowberries *Cowberries *Juniper berries *Bilberries <ref>provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Kodiak bears <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> *Peary Caribou *Barren-ground Caribou '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill *Iceland Gulls *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Great Auks '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2aa0a7b3df4a826b8afad8224f1a9679dc039841 Dateline 0 87 578 577 2014-02-05T04:31:33Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Dogs *Alpacas *Chilihueques '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Guanacos *American black bears *Grizzly bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 626b7778a52dd0d3dcddba57b5c55ff52b08ef14 583 578 2014-02-06T02:31:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Dogs *Alpacas *Chilihueques '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Osteodontornis '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Guanacos *American black bears *Grizzly bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9c7fc084befe909a55743581eb8daac5213c3f30 584 583 2014-02-06T02:31:55Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Dogs *Alpacas *Chilihueques '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Osteodontornis '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon *Osteodontornis <ref>along the western coastline.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Guanacos *American black bears *Grizzly bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 762799006f68f443ecb6df66f23caef0a2ef4189 585 584 2014-02-06T02:32:21Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Dogs *Alpacas *Chilihueques '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Osteodontornis <ref>along the western coastline.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon *Osteodontornis <ref>along the western coastline.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Guanacos *American black bears *Grizzly bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 02d26b5633e7fdc4e6995d533475fdc65f410c69 599 585 2014-02-08T02:28:45Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Dogs *Alpacas *Chilihueques '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Osteodontornis <ref>along the western coastline.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Alpacas *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon *Osteodontornis <ref>along the western coastline.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern steppe and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *American black bears *Mountain Bluebird *Squirrels *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Guanacos *American black bears *Grizzly bears *Moose '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e6f851bee6436e2c518a8ad86c40b8901db7ca80 600 599 2014-02-08T02:37:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Llamas *Camelops *Horses *Dogs *Alpacas *Chilihueques '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Osteodontornis <ref>along the western coastline.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Camelops *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern grasslands and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *American black bears *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canadian lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *American black bears *Grizzly bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 112752e1b57530480d53dfbfe59df987914af005 601 600 2014-02-08T02:43:19Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Chilihueques *Camelops *Horses *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Osteodontornis <ref>along the western coastline.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Vicuñas *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries *Teratornis *Guanacos '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Camelops *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern grasslands and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *American black bears *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canadian lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *American black bears *Grizzly bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 57a99954e36b28d77fa17ee457ff51779ffdfbe5 602 601 2014-02-08T02:47:30Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Chilihueques *Camelops *Horses *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Teratornis *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Camelops *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern grasslands and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *American black bears *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canadian lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *American black bears *Grizzly bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c6d0ee1a2d30285347b8b57cb4eaa906f8cee02b 615 602 2014-02-08T04:48:31Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Teratornis *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Camelops *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *Dire Wolves <ref>inhabits the northern grasslands and forested mountain areas.</ref> *Giant Beavers<ref>inhabits the northern taiga.</ref> *Cougars *American Lions *American Cheetahs *Pronghorns *Shrub-oxen <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths <ref>inhabits the mammoth steppe (tundra) to the north.</ref> *American bison <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *American black bears *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Mastodons <ref>inhabits the temperate woodland area.</ref> *Canadian lynxes *Bobcats *Elk *Moose *Saiga *Short-faced bears *American black bears *Grizzly bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *American larch *Subalpine Larch *Western larch *Weeping spruce *Sitka spruce *Engelmann spruce *White spruce *Black spruce *Red spruce <ref>wood used in making paper pulp.</ref> *Balsam fir <ref>resin is used to make Canada balsam, which is traditionally used as a cold remedy and glue for glasses.</ref> *Rocky Mountain Fir *Grand Fir <ref>the inner bark can be used to treat colds and fevers.</ref> *White fir *Pacific silver fir *Noble fir *Red Fir *Red pine *Jack pine *Lodgepole pine *Rocky Mountain white pine *Sugar pine *California mountain pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ecfe61ec7a9667669135c2c70f0e33ebdadabba0 621 615 2014-02-08T07:05:30Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Teratornis *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Camelops *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Yukon wild horses *Reindeer *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Mastodons *Moose *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cb2ac732b1a94e5d028e1fcbc9810e8a06324a52 622 621 2014-02-08T07:11:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Teratornis *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Mastodons *Moose *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3662d2e78c2de7a272512fa7dd5ce70edeb10fc8 623 622 2014-02-08T07:14:46Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *California Condors *Teratornis *Bighorn sheep *Gambel's quail *Mule deer *Kangaroo rats *Hagerman horses <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent.</ref> *Columbian mammoths <ref>inhabits the steppes all over the continent with the exception of the dry steppe.</ref> *Collared peccaries '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *American zebras <ref>this species cannot be domesticated.</ref> *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Mastodons *Moose *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d984c1572ba1322d7ba2fd8ab995e62feab73e36 624 623 2014-02-08T07:30:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American zebras <ref>this species cannot be domesticated.</ref> *Bighorn sheep *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *American zebras <ref>this species cannot be domesticated.</ref> *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Mastodons *Moose *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6fba5ca9664956d9785b16359bd8e14564210232 625 624 2014-02-08T07:35:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American zebras <ref>this species cannot be domesticated.</ref> *Bighorn sheep *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *American zebras <ref>this species cannot be domesticated.</ref> *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Mastodons *Moose *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1ec7f07995c4bc75e8f6799df37864ed647d77c2 626 625 2014-02-08T07:40:47Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *American zebras <ref>this species cannot be domesticated.</ref> *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Mastodons *Moose *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 99a1e077b878cb8934c136d2baebda7c64cdf089 627 626 2014-02-08T07:41:16Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Mastodons *Moose *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cf07c8630fc02a1faa51301ceeb28b62a00b74ad Originalia 0 43 579 571 2014-02-05T04:56:03Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolf *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches *White rhinoceroses *Black rhinoceroses *Hippos '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 093c662123f2c4e79e797b7811feb25973c94106 580 579 2014-02-05T04:57:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Cattle *Guinea pigs *Geese *Goats *Sheep *Cats *Donkeys '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches *White rhinoceroses *Black rhinoceroses *Hippos '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4defa9bcaeea640b6966b7a0ab75266aec68677d 603 580 2014-02-08T02:56:47Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>self explanatory.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches *White rhinoceroses *Black rhinoceroses *Hippos '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cfce81edb8899a78b10c55d9624c5fd47b6e1c49 604 603 2014-02-08T03:02:07Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>self explanatory.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *Vultures *Bats *Striped hyenas *Bald Eagle <ref>only during migrations.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Plains Zebras *Grévy's Zebras *Mountain Zebras *Quaggas *Cheetahs *Giraffes *African leopards *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the small island off the northern coast.</ref> *Aurochs *Greylag Geese *Wild goats *Mouflons *African wildcats *African wild asses *Pelorovis *Sivatherium *Lions *African wild dogs *Ostriches *White rhinoceroses *Black rhinoceroses *Hippos '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2b86c473b544b0b06e5377811bd59dc402dd74a3 605 604 2014-02-08T03:09:00Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>self explanatory.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Lions *Mountain zebras *Plains zebra *Quaggas '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3f895c016306528bf9a9da867d52ae6880eb22c3 606 605 2014-02-08T03:12:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Gayal '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Lions *Mountain zebras *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 657dcd45500ad49d554ad33c86be12a1e53fbda7 607 606 2014-02-08T03:24:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Lions *Mountain zebras *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d97fc10579fbe0088e52c4db2eec842301af0eac 608 607 2014-02-08T03:28:11Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *Baboons *Cheetahs *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Lions *Mountain zebras *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 778d0839ec87d16a20e6588c880b9d2d87fa589c 609 608 2014-02-08T03:40:43Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Flax *Dracaena *Wheat *Barley *Olives *Wild rice *Sorghum *Grapes *Black Pepper *Eggplant '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Shark *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ee93ad1d9a8aac9f41cb3faebc85ea4fc05fbeaa 610 609 2014-02-08T03:52:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Shark *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 38f6ed2fa165cfdf7471f166c32ee30aad21424f 611 610 2014-02-08T04:19:53Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Shark *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island of the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ffb79b9f3a0d7af1c1a789a23888ec1d78325856 612 611 2014-02-08T04:27:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Shark *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island of the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ffb6dea48542e4192d4eef1a925b4b5804ff7ebd 613 612 2014-02-08T04:30:00Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Shark *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island of the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 850d65eca8aab593eac618ca19d3bf03b8c79eff 614 613 2014-02-08T04:35:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Shark *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island of the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c879c704c286516cad58770cf0c22ad8e0b2630c 616 614 2014-02-08T04:53:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Shark *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island of the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Horses *Cattle *Sheep *Pigs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Megalania <ref>Megalania exist only in isolated mountainous regions.</ref> *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 28e52e560c302ec457ea80ba0fc965d9fa0a64bf 617 616 2014-02-08T05:34:09Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Shark *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island of the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ae016cb9843fa83678177610e3d9dac73d5e558e 618 617 2014-02-08T06:02:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Shark *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island of the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e8aaa8dd4643129d84ea0d81c0064532cc8db925 619 618 2014-02-08T06:02:37Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Shark *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8c64377d73949bdd802036876ac69c7725b95bef 620 619 2014-02-08T06:38:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Golden langur *Peafowl *Naja naja *Striped Hyena *Asian Black Bear *Saltwater Crocodile *Spotted Deer *Lion-tailed Macaque *Bald Eagle <ref>In the winter.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the winter.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Grévy's Zebra *Mountain Zebra *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Serows *Dholes *Gaurs '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c456b536cb73f987c8d5071f0cf03e2e474bd50e Seforma 0 52 581 552 2014-02-06T00:56:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts *Cocoa beans *Pineapples '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f62743554e693bd71fec10a15c18dac8fd4548f6 594 581 2014-02-06T21:10:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts *Cocoa beans *Pineapples '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e2da06298a9a6f11d2864432ada552daa521ab01 595 594 2014-02-06T21:11:32Z Manomow 3365071 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts *Cocoa beans *Pineapples '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7857e6f1f9bbe723c8512548382031ec2ea8b901 598 595 2014-02-08T02:21:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Harpy Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Secretary Bird *Carolina Parakeet *Common Kingfisher <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Bee Hummingbird *Margays *Jaguars *Ocelots *Caimans *Tapirs *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Indian rhinoceroses *Bengal tigers *Acratocnus <ref>inhabits the islands off the southern coast.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs *Capybaras '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 5436f6425153e262670ff0c9819362e76b41c2fe Archipelago 0 86 582 403 2014-02-06T02:28:40Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:archipelago_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Archipelago''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Rye *Barley '''Other Animals''' *Golden langur *Snow Leopard *Whitetail Deer *Common Raven *Osprey '''Aquatic Animals''' *Cod *Gray Whale *Albatross *Anthropornis '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 89e738ed59c2d9fad29aa367aae190fcb96ed8f5 586 582 2014-02-06T02:43:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:archipelago_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Archipelago''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Rye *Barley '''Other Animals''' *Diprotodon *Procoptodon *Thylacines *Thylacosmilus '''Aquatic Animals''' *Cod *Gray Whale *Albatross *Anthropornis '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ee98e11d3f164f406cb64370933283b9039a6a9d Main Page 0 1 587 287 2014-02-06T17:27:51Z Manomow 3365071 Just making things clear. If you think its unnecessary, you can remove it if you want. wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Originalia]] * [[Omoserica]] * [[Seforma]] * [[Dateline]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Archipelago]] * [[Island Chain]] * [[Arctica]] * [[Antarctic]] |} <!-- MAIN PAGE BANNER --> {{#if:{{Main Page banner}}| <table id="mp-banner" style="width: 100%; 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color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Maplist|Maps | Maps - Click on an image for more information&ensp;}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:Maplist|{{Maplist}}|{{Maplist}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 3e46f9917b6ed1712a18540e03cb1128b6646ce5 Language 0 126 588 394 2014-02-06T20:46:40Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|frame|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == Proto-Araqish: == '''Phonology:''' p t̪ ʈ k q pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ s̪ ʂ h m n̪~ɳ ŋ~ɴ ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ j ʋ iː uː eː oː ɛː ɔː aː ɑː i u e o ɛ ɔ a ɑ '''Phonotactics:''' (C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C) '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional e104dffdff269bac25fd4ecf8fcca0b14a7b684e 589 588 2014-02-06T20:52:19Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|frame|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == Proto-Araqish: == '''Phonology:''' p t̪ ʈ k q pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ s̪ ʂ h m n̪~ɳ ŋ~ɴ ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ j ʋ iː uː eː oː ɛː ɔː aː ɑː i u e o ɛ ɔ a ɑ '''Phonotactics:''' (C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C) '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional 0a800c568d899aa0dca463c65b389a479991c90c 591 589 2014-02-06T20:57:22Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|thumb|600px|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == Proto-Araqish: == '''Phonology:''' p t̪ ʈ k q pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ s̪ ʂ h m n̪~ɳ ŋ~ɴ ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ j ʋ iː uː eː oː ɛː ɔː aː ɑː i u e o ɛ ɔ a ɑ '''Phonotactics:''' (C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C) '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional 2f4fe7804eff7fd2f2cb25e056b67f58ad48819d 592 591 2014-02-06T21:03:50Z Manomow 3365071 /* The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|thumb|600px|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == Proto-Araqish: == '''Phonology:''' p t̪ ʈ k q pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ s̪ ʂ h m n̪~ɳ ŋ~ɴ ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ j ʋ iː uː eː oː ɛː ɔː aː ɑː i u e o ɛ ɔ a ɑ '''Phonotactics:''' (C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C) '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional 354730413c17773091044e4adabfa0cdcf9ec117 File:Language.png 6 133 590 413 2014-02-06T20:52:22Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}} {{legend|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} 00fc6fbea17cfc5ed402f1b5a1acaa453e0db7b1 596 590 2014-02-07T15:48:48Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Language.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}} {{legend|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} 00fc6fbea17cfc5ed402f1b5a1acaa453e0db7b1 597 596 2014-02-07T15:50:04Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Language.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{legend|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}} {{legend|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}} {{legend|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} 00fc6fbea17cfc5ed402f1b5a1acaa453e0db7b1 File:Rivermouth.png 6 137 593 2014-02-06T21:09:28Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Dateline 0 87 628 627 2014-02-08T07:48:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Mastodons *Moose *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f56a15c5af855a37075ba4ee1862417aed169aa6 629 628 2014-02-08T07:49:53Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Smilodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1b27e199de9e6d0c21c10ea653f86e16b23f1d0c 630 629 2014-02-08T07:55:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Barley *Sunflower *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Smilodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3877efe9573a82c5fc61df5c776e5a1a38f9def8 631 630 2014-02-08T16:47:29Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Smilodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d0838740b58b767df5460160c2550e8dcecc836e 638 631 2014-02-08T18:01:38Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Smilodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a87e6c8e22308ad9b823ce72d956b7efab609afa Originalia 0 43 632 620 2014-02-08T17:15:50Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Asian Black Bears *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Serows *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 42b4e2967561412dd9e832c11994f00df5752c77 633 632 2014-02-08T17:20:27Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Asian Black Bears *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b9ad8369187588c19d41db981b535425f328fd10 634 633 2014-02-08T17:44:47Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Asian Black Bears *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Arabian wolves *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d10efbe13e76ad0996b68c8c98a7f344577055c7 635 634 2014-02-08T17:52:07Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Asian Black Bears *Arabian wolves *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Arabian wolves *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f5f3fbc0c7256f84d4fe7b6c9ed0b977e6f60153 636 635 2014-02-08T17:54:06Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberry *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Harbour Seals *Right Whale *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Asian Black Bears *Arabian wolves *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Arabian wolves *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 27e2cd478f921d182acd2ea5ace149de8d00b269 637 636 2014-02-08T17:58:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Asian Black Bears *Arabian wolves *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Arabian wolves *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 530f2cdae8facc597f20058b2788f74f7882d148 639 637 2014-02-08T18:34:47Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Arabian wolves *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 473421f8adcb3a15661763848bfc4c2edec37594 640 639 2014-02-08T18:42:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Arabian wolves *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d08ac3ca32b002fb452cbf2afc2ccf82f6440ae9 641 640 2014-02-08T18:52:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African wild dogs *African elephants *African leopards *Atlas bears *Arabian wolves *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} bf78f4374dece78f79b398fa811ec224ef1625c3 642 641 2014-02-08T19:03:16Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Homotheriums *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 524dde10898fa9e46db0c2929f56b44687079ba7 643 642 2014-02-08T23:30:49Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Black Pepper *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Sorghum *Wheat *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f1d291e6d9a75240033a91bb47d22fe65f88bf1d 652 643 2014-02-09T01:02:23Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Bitter vetches *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Peas *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> *Wild rice '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 20b2cfc726f2f2350eae284595dc5fa2ed29cce2 653 652 2014-02-09T01:05:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Sorghum *Olives *Grapes *Flax *Cotton *Palm Oil '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Peas *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 040b8ff7a90b404814edebed3c2dc4644aa52f0f 654 653 2014-02-09T01:21:24Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Dates *Dracaena *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Peas *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e608b067f2e17eeaade5500def412d886f7123be 655 654 2014-02-09T01:29:03Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 291bc22403139db4948d78f60a0c6a6951a4c83d 663 655 2014-02-09T04:08:17Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheriums *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ded2afb51659d59c833451cf2a5d6856ccf6c23e 666 663 2014-02-09T14:21:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Grapes *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheres *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ea6366e0cae92e26869e4f97751b8151f35de343 667 666 2014-02-09T14:22:26Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagle <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheres *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 5690c3dd721082783e0bf4c1e17642b5230db38a 668 667 2014-02-09T14:44:09Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Asian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheres *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 67ab49a377e00ce5ae2ef1856616a7b25df6f56d 669 668 2014-02-09T14:51:26Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Asian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodile '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheres *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d19327bda736b3db48379455eafc2918513bb1b8 673 669 2014-02-09T16:06:33Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Asian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Serows *Schomburgk's deer *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheres *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 012b48c552668b59cf15a6ade2f554d70b7dae83 674 673 2014-02-11T03:58:47Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Asian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted Deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheres *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 09212cdc6a23fcb8f3a63fd3eb364059627bd553 Omoserica 0 45 644 572 2014-02-08T23:38:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whales '''Other Animals''' '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 20871b068e471a2eecbcb8dd1635df8b8c387ade 645 644 2014-02-08T23:58:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whales '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 94145c5b792a8a5f5ba42dec7fda70ab0bef36de 646 645 2014-02-09T00:04:48Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Reindeer *Yak <ref>in the mountains which resemble the Himalayas.</ref> *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whales '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7b50fc8c98351b766e996d1ed6618ae46b50551d 647 646 2014-02-09T00:11:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Soy *Bamboo *Cranberries *Cloudberries *Bilberries *Cowberries '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whales '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} bbd3c75a81a6de27951413693fbafce7f8d04fc2 648 647 2014-02-09T00:17:49Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Bamboo *Sorghum *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whales '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} acb21f08960e7a911054075d142fc94cdd695c44 649 648 2014-02-09T00:30:48Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Sorghum *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whales '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Plants''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3058a92212250388665745468d70198034c5b64e 650 649 2014-02-09T00:36:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Sorghum *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whales '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 35028b1cb420e06025fff2692e1b4f6d1d18f8ce 651 650 2014-02-09T00:41:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Sorghum *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whales '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ef2b5dc5c8f208cd1af63a6b585665e4d28fef86 Island Chain 0 84 656 567 2014-02-09T03:35:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *African wild rice *Bamboo *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains *Yucca '''Other Animals''' *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Chickens '''Cultivable Flora''' *Coconuts *Bamboo *African Rice *Cassava *Yucca *Eddoes *Cinnamon *Carambola *Nutmeg *Cloves *Ginger '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragons *Parrots *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Red Junglefowl *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c086fddf29d77e54bba0f8da5cc5beb36747a1ab 657 656 2014-02-09T03:40:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *African wild rice *Bamboo *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains *Yucca '''Other Animals''' *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg *Yucca '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragons *Parrots *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 29954d37f39bc18b69b38b0be7485e24cb1810be 658 657 2014-02-09T03:48:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains *Yucca '''Other Animals''' *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg *Yucca '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragons *Parrots *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cdd21853d4806a19821aa133f15a74067bd7f730 659 658 2014-02-09T03:55:25Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg *Yucca '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragons *Parrots *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Flatback Sea Turtle *Albatross *Megamouth sharks *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 21ec232b025bc030539000c279a0acefb5e8feae 660 659 2014-02-09T03:57:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Maleo *Komodo Dragons *Parrots *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Verhoeven's giant tree rats <ref>on the same island as H. floresiensis.</ref> *Borneo elephants *Bay cats '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4d0ce366547e4eb9ac3cfdcf17fa2e966ab798a5 661 660 2014-02-09T04:04:17Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3b75d0bfe586301be6ae1c7c1340cbe7cc83c599 662 661 2014-02-09T04:05:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Bornean orangutans *Javan leopards *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Osprey *Superb Lyrebird *Birds-of-paradise *Javan rhinoceroses *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Bali tigers *Javan tigers *Sun bears *Flores giant rats *Sunda clouded leopards *Tapirs *Red Junglefowl *Sumatran orangutans *Stegodon <ref>has shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants <ref>has also shrunken due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Sunda pangolins *Asian golden cats *Marbled cats *Leopard cats *Flat-headed cats *Fishing cats *Saltwater crocodiles '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs *Coelacanths '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1b18aba23189b04550a80b4c6673ab0b0b6d625c 670 662 2014-02-09T15:18:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs *Coelacanths *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 084c55fa86894aa6282c78e83f15386bffff375d 671 670 2014-02-09T15:20:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Mudskippers *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Dugongs *Coelacanths *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Palm Trees *Chinese Mahogany <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} fc52197f2c6d33c6914514ab83279110db69cbb0 672 671 2014-02-09T15:26:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Coelacanths *Dugongs *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Chinese Mahogany *Palm trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 43a6a841325d85628f5d248aa9a63894a626fedd Archipelago 0 86 664 586 2014-02-09T04:22:08Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:archipelago_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Archipelago''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Rye '''Other Animals''' *Diprotodons *Kangaroos *Koalas *Marsupial lions *Wombats *Zygomaturus '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Anthropornis *Cod *Gray whales '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} bb08f185a5103388ce96d9033c3801ece2cc6953 665 664 2014-02-09T04:35:21Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:archipelago_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Archipelago''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Rye '''Other Animals''' *Diprotodons *Kangaroos *Koalas *Marsupial lions *Tasmanian devils *Thylacines *Wombats *Zygomaturus '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Anthropornis *Cod *Gray whales '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 71d67931718640999fb4dc059337101a819f08c5 Arctica 0 95 675 569 2014-02-11T04:00:39Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Wild Celery *Black crowberries *Cowberries *Juniper berries *Bilberries <ref>provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Muskoxen *Arctic wolves *Polar bears *Arctic foxes *Lemmings *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Arctic hares *Snowy Owl <ref>during breeding, extends into the tundra</ref> *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island near Arctica) and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> *Ermines *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic Terns <ref>migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Snow Geese *Grey wolves *Kodiak bears <ref>inhabits Thule and the extreme southern portion of Arctica.</ref> *Peary Caribou *Barren-ground Caribou '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill *Iceland Gulls *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Great Auks '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d0c1d74af3da3433e5f93f38b650c12e8c5b4b93 Proto-Araqish language 0 138 676 2014-02-11T14:40:04Z Artaxes 3370985 ;) Full description wikitext text/x-wiki ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== ===Consonants=== ===Phonotactics=== ===Accent=== ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 0e69087b399fbf0f2a1d1b4a18e1a0750d0dbb7b 677 676 2014-02-11T16:20:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonology */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; width: 500px;" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-<br />alveolar<br />(Palato-<br />alveolar) ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolo-Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palata-<br />lized velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labia-<br />lized velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Pharyngeal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Epiglottal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(l) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant '''G''' = glide or approximant '''V''' = any short vowel '''Vː''' = any long vowel '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 49579a748722d909a043928354dc9b1d2f314f3d Proto-Araqish language 0 138 678 677 2014-02-11T16:21:54Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonotactics */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; width: 500px;" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-<br />alveolar<br />(Palato-<br />alveolar) ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolo-Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palata-<br />lized velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labia-<br />lized velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Pharyngeal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Epiglottal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(l) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== a3a4352643b958ab31d21e83b0e5424ce39b37ce 679 678 2014-02-11T17:13:13Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; width: 500px;" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 887477db14773f5a2b0bb2c9eed9bba0e31cc769 680 679 2014-02-11T17:23:22Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; width: 500px;" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 1a887485920c1a94285e371cc4325c9b7614b90c 685 680 2014-02-11T19:41:31Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; width: 500px;" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== fe089e71e80e364b48a3aa8031ebd717d433164a 686 685 2014-02-11T19:46:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 2a53892e3616192fcf2fef31d72ffdf28766593f 687 686 2014-02-11T19:47:42Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== f4d65ec9a0768ccb96528554ce74b9073f44ba36 688 687 2014-02-11T20:01:34Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonology */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍh | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== f3af9ef011248402603208cb4fddb787f84e995e 689 688 2014-02-11T22:29:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Noun */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍh | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 9616fe2dbd598a0aa45f5363081dc5a651908ece 713 689 2014-02-13T19:32:08Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍh | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 6fff9a483b34c5de6d962c5b1116ba6c17d3fb68 716 713 2014-02-14T18:44:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Noun */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍh | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 5dea2b0f55f1c965e10ba2e55c2e5e01f30ed492 717 716 2014-02-14T18:45:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Noun */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍh | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 552d084cae04d73c2409a9f7b210ac46b72c9c6e 718 717 2014-02-14T19:34:41Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 193f138e3757ea8b2e8be79e613bac01052ba848 719 718 2014-02-14T20:12:08Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Noun */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 720px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== bbab8d6f68136c693da20f016c3e2970171fea31 720 719 2014-02-14T20:16:54Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 720px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 4ecda73d1f93ed28d9aba2a1fd2b285608abd087 727 720 2014-02-15T13:54:09Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 720px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== a38b6583aeee396bb5e104eed28f29612487dc92 Language 0 126 681 592 2014-02-11T17:29:35Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|thumb|600px|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == Proto-Araqish: == ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. === Grammar === '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional 884883e6ad58ce06348f58d2d9fb8c136fa24d51 682 681 2014-02-11T17:31:10Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|thumb|600px|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == Proto-Araqish == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. === Grammar === '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional ab2b8d615cd06a193b774f239c69858219223e0f 683 682 2014-02-11T17:32:15Z Manomow 3365071 /* Proto-Araqish */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|thumb|600px|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == Proto-Araqish == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional 56b3146d63008546216e5baac424b727cc82b00d 684 683 2014-02-11T19:22:50Z Artaxes 3370985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|thumb|600px|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional 076b2d284a31163c9e0abce721809849ea0869e1 714 684 2014-02-14T00:54:01Z Manomow 3365071 /* Proto-Araqish */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|thumb|600px|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍh | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional ca20784888fbfc767ae18710b062ed060835b916 715 714 2014-02-14T14:11:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonology */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|thumb|600px|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional f16fb42d37615242ae6f831a8d130442b0b3687a Originalia 0 43 690 674 2014-02-12T00:13:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Asian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheres *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6beab410852c439045f980ec05de2212363d6a90 691 690 2014-02-12T00:15:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheres *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e47e0561e1bbb3bfd0973fff1d71dfdbce38cf1c 697 691 2014-02-12T01:47:38Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Axolotls *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Chalicotheres *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2a68734bae003846f9e0fada68dd3864539d5d55 721 697 2014-02-14T21:46:55Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b26943ecd428c75492188ca5bc1770ff1b05cd17 Arctica 0 95 692 675 2014-02-12T00:42:18Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Wild Celery *Black crowberries *Cowberries *Juniper berries *Bilberries <ref>provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>migrates to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southeast) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (in a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island). '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill *Iceland Gulls *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Great Auks '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 839112bfaa02291f8700720f52583938c947a07c 693 692 2014-02-12T00:42:41Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Wild Celery *Black crowberries *Cowberries *Juniper berries *Bilberries <ref>provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>migrates to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southeast) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (in a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill *Iceland Gulls *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Great Auks '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 443086d6fab97658b89f34dc2421ca4b3cf2668b 694 693 2014-02-12T00:46:47Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Wild Celery *Black crowberries *Cowberries *Juniper berries *Bilberries <ref>provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>migrates to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (in a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Ringed seals *Killer whales *Greenland sharks *Walruses <ref>a majority of the walruses spend their summers in Thule.</ref> *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Narwhals *White-beaked dolphins *Greenland cod *Harp seals *Northern krill *Iceland Gulls *Atlantic Puffins <ref>breeds on small islands along the coast that are free of predators.</ref> *Great Auks '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b3145617ca622bd1c7add5e714b75151cf8342b1 705 694 2014-02-13T03:41:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Wild Celery *Black crowberries *Cowberries *Juniper berries *Bilberries <ref>provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>migrates to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Snow geese *Snowy owls <ref>extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (in a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Atlantic Puffins *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland sharks *Harp seals *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seal *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 00b0b7f03d6ee89972b5f7df4c5bef2cabe7ebf7 706 705 2014-02-13T03:46:48Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Wild Celery *Black crowberries *Cowberries *Juniper berries *Bilberries <ref>provides improvement in night vision.</ref> *Alpine Bearberries <ref>can be used to make medicinal tea bags and is potentially effective in folk medicine.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>migrates to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (in a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Atlantic Puffins *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland sharks *Harp seals *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seal *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4535a3f1a8c5bbd0193126e9535e1af9457665b1 707 706 2014-02-13T03:52:59Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Wild celery <ref>archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>migrates to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (in a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Atlantic Puffins *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland sharks *Harp seals *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seal *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Arctic willow *Scots lovage *White spruce *Black spruce <ref>grows in Thule in small numbers but not in Arctica proper.</ref> *Scots pines <ref>can be used to make tar.</ref> *Tamarack larch <ref>wood is tough, durable, flexible in thin strips, and used to make snowshoes and other tough objects.</ref> <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} dcbe10a9887b2945d9a53d94c4db942201e1fcb4 708 707 2014-02-13T03:56:48Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Wild celery <ref>archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>migrates to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (in a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Atlantic Puffins *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland sharks *Harp seals *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seal *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 348e45e58a74a97d9e2f81890145185ebdc7d5f4 709 708 2014-02-13T03:57:35Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Wild celery <ref>archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>migrates to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Atlantic Puffins *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland sharks *Harp seals *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seal *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f8831ee8ce7c215913a5631b4c3a69c2c7cfe970 710 709 2014-02-13T03:57:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Wild celery <ref>archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>migrates to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>a population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Atlantic Puffins *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland sharks *Harp seals *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 94818b6f3a5ea70b5373679973eb1eed291ce1d5 Seforma 0 52 695 598 2014-02-12T01:20:40Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Yams *Wheat *Maize *African Rice *Sugar *Jute *Plantains *Cassava *Cotton *Coffee *Palm Oil *Peppers *Tomatos *Turmeric *Papayas *Vanilla *Brazil nuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bee Hummingbirds *Bengal tigers *Caimans *Capybaras *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Harpy Eagles *Jaguars *Macrauchenias *Margays *Ocelots *Ospreys *Tapirs *Toxodons '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 98f2febcfeaf2409aed3f56b386a37dc0e95ca74 File:Originalia desertification.png 6 139 696 2014-02-12T01:46:49Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 699 696 2014-02-12T02:32:51Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Originalia desertification.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Originalia biome.png 6 135 698 546 2014-02-12T02:25:03Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Originalia biome.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Biomemap.png 6 37 700 66 2014-02-12T02:59:35Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Biomemap.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == '''Forests''' {{legend|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} '''Grasslands''' {{legend|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} '''Harsh Climates''' {{legend|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} 3d34257bedbc2c7466f3d3998d6b4b1a6ead44ba File:Currents.png 6 100 701 228 2014-02-12T03:16:56Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Currents.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Winds.png 6 99 702 227 2014-02-12T03:30:01Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Winds.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Dateline 0 87 703 638 2014-02-12T04:30:06Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American Cheetahs *American Lions *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Smilodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6c39d0ff21612fc00f85c2fabd1f3307a44d814a 704 703 2014-02-12T04:36:27Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Smilodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 189653a3da2664536743f9392292dd7580ed8661 711 704 2014-02-13T04:03:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Bobcats *Canadian lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Smilodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 03c6ce85aedf1675a739d40d030f01cafc2e1ad2 724 711 2014-02-15T02:18:27Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Smilodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} fa6937b800f2999467513c2a7b47b32268f873d7 Antarctic 0 122 712 445 2014-02-13T04:22:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Antarctic |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Antarctic.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Antarctic''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:antarctic_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Antarctic''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Antarctic fur seals *Antarctic krill *Blue whales *Fin whales *Hourglass dolphins *Humpback whales *Leopard seals *Minke whales *Orcas *Sei whales *Southern elephant seals *Southern right whales '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 92394004837bf211fc06e53f45da469abdd6dea6 726 712 2014-02-15T06:08:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Antarctic |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Antarctic.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Antarctic''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:antarctic_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Antarctic''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Other Animals''' '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Antarctic fur seals *Antarctic krill *Blue whales *Colossal squids *Fin whales *Hourglass dolphins *Humpback whales *Leopard seals *Minke whales *Orcas *Sei whales *Southern elephant seals *Southern right whales '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 052a3e84b9c9a05cd28d23850ee6add9cda6e09a Archipelago 0 86 722 665 2014-02-15T01:34:02Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:archipelago_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Archipelago''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Rye '''Other Animals''' *Diprotodons *Kangaroos *Koalas *Marsupial lions *Tasmanian devils *Thylacines *Wallabies *Wombats *Zygomaturus '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Cod *Gray whales '''Other Flora''' *Eucalyptus *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 093b2d0a61539548b9be62f90eea004d3bc9d42c Omoserica 0 45 723 651 2014-02-15T02:17:18Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Sorghum *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Right Whales *Great Auks '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b548ee8a98b8a64278911d3f03ae4ce9ef548942 725 723 2014-02-15T02:37:46Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Sorghum *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4370be98c3c4dab67d345729a3b59a0e60c182c3 Proto-Araqish language 0 138 728 727 2014-02-15T13:55:57Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== c43e290d08f9cbb62cbbeb335b4dc4776a3df0c5 729 728 2014-02-15T15:09:34Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verb */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) see |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) see self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) show |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) show self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== ec3758a5c9c8cacd9659c96ce338787866af8fac 737 729 2014-02-15T22:52:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Voice */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--Just so you know, there's a page that has all the languages so far already on the wiki. I don't really know if we need separate pages for each language yet.--> ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 5f6b6c25683892b29bcfaa580067c0c1f32fd16f 748 737 2014-02-16T03:05:38Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araquish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araquish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== d0ffc50f007b0f7b0c3fafbe1f524ea0f9bf7b7f 762 748 2014-02-16T13:41:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araquish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araquish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 09a13051b576dc1bfa8513ac2514b9a28dcc1c4b 763 762 2014-02-16T15:03:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araquish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araquish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== b4315ae48b05cc961e15be5b210d458da8f5c45a 769 763 2014-02-16T17:42:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araquish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araquish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== =====Non-present subjective persons===== =====Objective persons===== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== dbb40216a11f75145094cb3e76782eebb001027a 773 769 2014-02-16T21:47:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Tense and persons */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araquish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araquish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== =====Objective persons===== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 8496b96e2ff69604196f6e7d51b8f7af72c21e9b 774 773 2014-02-16T21:58:33Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Present subjective persons */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araquish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araquish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== =====Objective persons===== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 75f407e6ae29ed7b76bd75f8afe0852c0086f07b Omoserica 0 45 730 725 2014-02-15T15:31:05Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Sorghum *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 52ba6e5dba1dc1f6cd21b2f6f7e2d76b46be46e9 731 730 2014-02-15T15:47:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b0c7bf652657fe083d205d6f37f4db728a8159bf 732 731 2014-02-15T16:37:27Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Sika deer *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4445cb1b209df0abea51f289711d301c082f4823 733 732 2014-02-15T16:39:41Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotheriums *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Sika deer *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c6666886c6a29dd282806e88da79471782c795fe Dateline 0 87 734 724 2014-02-15T17:00:03Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Smilodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3a5c214386a70fa713799ea06b18871dbc9d928f File:Qhápgoṣ.png 6 140 735 2014-02-15T22:02:40Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 753 735 2014-02-16T05:03:58Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Qhápgoṣ.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Originalia 0 43 736 721 2014-02-15T22:03:37Z Manomow 3365071 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city in the western coast of eastern Originalia numbering 5,000 people. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish. Cattle, dogs, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coast (though some cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art and religious objects. Olives are grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's. The city is developing the wheel, the cart, and sailing. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9a8def2ed93b04f21cc86bceb080a71ad226c11b 751 736 2014-02-16T05:02:22Z Manomow 3365071 /* History */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] Qhápgoṣ is a city in the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art and religious objects. Olives are grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery (the city may soon produce its own). The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's. Sailing will probably be invented here. The wheel is in use here. Hǽynigoṣ, located on the same coast also speaks Araqish and the population numbers 3,000. The people make use of Cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and used to make wine. The wine is stored in jars and is produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct houses, temples, and other structures. The wheel is also in use here. A group of hunter-gatherers are moving northwest towards the coastline in pursuit of animal herds. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4e4ba00055ec3fced2d1064796a6215428b51176 752 751 2014-02-16T05:02:49Z Manomow 3365071 /* History */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city in the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art and religious objects. Olives are grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery (the city may soon produce its own). The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's. Sailing will probably be invented here. The wheel is in use here. '''Hǽynigoṣ''', located on the same coast also speaks Araqish and the population numbers 3,000. The people make use of Cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and used to make wine. The wine is stored in jars and is produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct houses, temples, and other structures. The wheel is also in use here. A group of hunter-gatherers are moving northwest towards the coastline in pursuit of animal herds. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Cotton *Flax *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ffd8c998f13fa717bc248f3ee5987fe698b17370 755 752 2014-02-16T05:48:21Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city in the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art and religious objects. Olives are grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery (the city may soon produce its own). The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's. Sailing will probably be invented here. The wheel is in use here. '''Hǽynigoṣ''', located on the same coast also speaks Araqish and the population numbers 3,000. The people make use of Cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and used to make wine. The wine is stored in jars and is produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct houses, temples, and other structures. The wheel is also in use here. A group of hunter-gatherers are moving northwest towards the coastline in pursuit of animal herds. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f06337c8cfbfabf9140ee2929e2afaf6b1666990 756 755 2014-02-16T05:49:59Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city in the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art and religious objects. Olives are grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery (the city may soon produce its own). The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's. Sailing will probably be invented here. The wheel is in use here. '''Hǽynigoṣ''', located on the same coast also speaks Araqish and the population numbers 3,000. The people make use of Cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and used to make wine. The wine is stored in jars and is produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct houses, temples, and other structures. The wheel is also in use here. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4626baaf3c43b19f3ba1736908994f7a172bda22 757 756 2014-02-16T05:51:33Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city in the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art and religious objects. Olives are grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery (the city may soon produce its own). The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's. Sailing will probably be invented here. The wheel is in use here. '''Hǽynigoṣ''', located on the same coast also speaks Araqish and the population numbers 3,000. The people make use of Cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and used to make wine. The wine is stored in jars and is produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct houses, temples, and other structures. The wheel is also in use here. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3b5e186e34cc0ee05b118b15edacbf5b99d09a91 759 757 2014-02-16T06:52:56Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city in the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''', located on the same coast also speaks Araqish and the population numbers 3,000. The people make use of Cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and used to make wine. The wine is stored in jars and is produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct houses, temples, and other structures. The wheel is also in use here. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4970e625e14d096112bb79af25cf3f61bd07443f 760 759 2014-02-16T07:06:23Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* History */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the western coast of eastern Originalia and speaks Araqish. The population numbers 3,000 inhabitants. The people make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and fermented to make wine. The wine is stored in clay jars and are produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings, "guard houses", and temples. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4614a7272bbb17e293ac42208d499bf242450275 761 760 2014-02-16T07:07:02Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and speaks Araqish. The population numbers 3,000 inhabitants. The people make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and fermented to make wine. The wine is stored in clay jars and are produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings, "guard houses", and temples. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 862cc7ea7c2ca3e3878fe9f120b08229dacd54ed 768 761 2014-02-16T17:06:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and speaks Araqish. The population numbers 3,000 inhabitants. The people make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and fermented to make wine. The wine is stored in clay jars and are produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings, "guard houses", and temples. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c8abdb0fc0106b28f465f895c03257ea53773a58 770 768 2014-02-16T19:19:11Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and speaks Araqish. The population numbers 3,000 inhabitants. The people make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and fermented to make wine. The wine is stored in clay jars and are produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings, "guard houses", and temples. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Eggplant *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Peas *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Bennu Herons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a6484beec285b3c3d8d56f196a1517c65aa67c6d 771 770 2014-02-16T19:27:38Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and speaks Araqish. The population numbers 3,000 inhabitants. The people make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and fermented to make wine. The wine is stored in clay jars and are produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings, "guard houses", and temples. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebra *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Smilodons *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8e0905d50c88968a6546798cc1cbd75ba529cd62 772 771 2014-02-16T19:44:07Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and speaks Araqish. The population numbers 3,000 inhabitants. The people make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and fermented to make wine. The wine is stored in clay jars and are produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings, "guard houses", and temples. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 11e9883f5b4a6f82fa3ad7427033d83988ad1d66 777 772 2014-02-16T23:34:27Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and speaks Araqish. The population numbers 3,000 inhabitants. The people make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and fermented to make wine. The wine is stored in clay jars and are produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings, "guard houses", and temples. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Chickpeas *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} bde055ca12cd8bfe024c7c96217c64444b1f1cf0 778 777 2014-02-16T23:37:35Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and speaks Araqish. The population numbers 3,000 inhabitants. The people make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and fermented to make wine. The wine is stored in clay jars and are produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings, "guard houses", and temples. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} bf715d16d93d9381fb367273c17dc510f163f103 Template:Infobox language 10 141 738 2014-02-16T01:35:20Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}} | abovestyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{family..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}} | abovestyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; 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}}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> }}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | label9 = {{longitem|Early forms}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{protoname|}}}{{{ancestor|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{protoname|{{{ancestor|}}}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}} | {{{ancestor2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor3|}}} | {{{ancestor3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor4|}}} | {{{ancestor4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor5|}}} | {{{ancestor5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> </div> }} | label10 = {{longitem|Standard forms}} | data10 = {{#if:{{{standards|}}}|{{{standards}}} |{{#if:{{{stand1|}}}| <div>{{{stand1|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand2|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand3|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand4|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand5|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand6|}}}</div> }}}} | label11 = Dialects | data11 = {{#if:{{{dialects|}}}|{{{dialects}}} |{{#if:{{{dia1|}}}| <div>{{{dia1|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia2|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia3|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia4|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia5|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia6|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia7|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia8|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia9|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia10|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia11|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia12|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia13|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia14|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia15|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia16|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia17|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia18|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia19|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia20|}}}</div> }}}} | label12 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Writing system]]}}}} | data12 = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{script|}}}}} | latin | [[latin]] | latin alphabet | [[latin alphabet]] | [[latin alphabet|latin]] = [[Latin script|Latin]] | #default = {{{script|}}} }} | label13 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Manually coded language|Signed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">form(s)</span>]]}}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{sign|}}}|{{{sign}}}}} | label14 = Sources | data14 = {{{posteriori|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | header15 = {{#if:{{{nation|}}}{{{minority|}}}{{{agency|}}}|Official status}} | label16 = {{longitem|Official language&nbsp;in}} | data16 = {{{nation|}}} | label17 = {{longitem|Recognised minority language&nbsp;in}} | data17 = {{{minority|}}} | label18 = [[List of language regulators|Regulated&nbsp;by]] | data18 = {{{agency|{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}|black|1}}|1|0}} | ''None'' <!-- | {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|''No official regulation''}} [this ends up claiming that languages have no regulation just cuz no-one bothered to add the regulator --> }}}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | header19 = Language codes | label20 = [[ISO 639-1]] | data20 = {{#if:{{{iso1|}}}|<tt>{{{iso1}}}</tt>}} | label21 = [[ISO 639-2]] | data21 = {{#if:{{{iso2|}}}{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}} |<tt>{{#if:{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}} |[[ISO639-3:{{{iso2b|{{{iso2|–}}}}}}|{{{iso2b}}}]]&nbsp;(B) |{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}} |{{{iso2|sgn}}} |{{ #if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{iso2|art}}} |[[ISO639-3:{{{iso2}}}|{{{iso2}}}]]}}}}}}</tt>{{ #if:{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}} |<br /><tt>[[ISO639-3:{{{iso2t|{{{iso2|–}}}}}}|{{{iso2t}}}]]&nbsp;(T)</tt>}} }} | label22 = [[ISO 639-3]] | data22 = {{#if:{{{iso3|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{iso3|}}}}}|none|{{#if:{{{iso3comment|}}}|{{{iso3comment}}}|''None'' (<code>mis</code>)}}|<tt>[[ISO639-3:{{{iso3}}}|{{{iso3}}}]]</tt> {{#if:{{{lc1|}}}| – [[ISO 639 macrolanguage|inclusive code]]<!--not all are 'macrolanguages': Hittite, for example-->}} {{{iso3comment|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}| |–}}}}{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{lc2|}}}|1|0}}|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<br />Individual codes|{{#if:{{{lc3|}}}|Variously|Either}}}}:{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc1|}}}|{{{ld1|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc2|}}}|{{{ld2|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc3|}}}|{{{ld3|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc4|}}}|{{{ld4|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc5|}}}|{{{ld5|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc6|}}}|{{{ld6|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc7|}}}|{{{ld7|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc8|}}}|{{{ld8|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc9|}}}|{{{ld9|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc10|}}}|{{{ld10|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc11|}}}|{{{ld11|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc12|}}}|{{{ld12|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc13|}}}|{{{ld13|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc14|}}}|{{{ld14|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc15|}}}|{{{ld15|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc16|}}}|{{{ld16|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc17|}}}|{{{ld17|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc18|}}}|{{{ld18|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc19|}}}|{{{ld19|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc20|}}}|{{{ld20|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc21|}}}|{{{ld21|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc22|}}}|{{{ld22|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc23|}}}|{{{ld23|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc24|}}}|{{{ld24|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc25|}}}|{{{ld25|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc26|}}}|{{{ld26|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc27|}}}|{{{ld27|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc28|}}}|{{{ld28|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc29|}}}|{{{ld29|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc30|}}}|{{{ld30|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc31|}}}|{{{ld31|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc32|}}}|{{{ld32|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc33|}}}|{{{ld33|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc34|}}}|{{{ld34|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc35|}}}|{{{ld35|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc36|}}}|{{{ld36|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc37|}}}|{{{ld37|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc38|}}}|{{{ld38|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc39|}}}|{{{ld39|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc40|}}}|{{{ld40|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc41|}}}|{{{ld41|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc42|}}}|{{{ld42|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc43|}}}|{{{ld43|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc44|}}}|{{{ld44|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc45|}}}|{{{ld45|}}} }} |{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<br />Individual code:}}{{Infobox language/codelist|code={{{lc1}}}|2={{{ld1|}}} }} }} }} | label23 = [[ISO 639-6]] | data23 = {{#if:{{{iso6|}}}|<tt>{{{iso6}}}</tt>}} | label24 = {{longitem|Linguist list}} | data24 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist|}}} |2={{{lingname|}}}}} | label25 = &nbsp; | data25 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist2|}}}|2={{{lingname2|}}}}} | label26 = &nbsp; | data26 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist3|}}}|2={{{lingname3|}}}}} | label27 = &nbsp; | data27 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist4|}}}|2={{{lingname4|}}}}} | label28 = &nbsp; | data28 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist5|}}}|2={{{lingname5|}}}}} | label29 = &nbsp; | data29 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist6|}}}|2={{{lingname6|}}}}} | label30 = [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|AIATSIS]]{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{AIATSIS|{{{aiatsis|}}}|{{{aiatsisname|{{{name}}}}}}|{{{aiatsis2|}}}}}|name="AIATSIS"}}}} | data30 = {{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<tt>[http://austlang.aiatsis.gov.au/main.php?code={{{aiatsis}}} {{{aiatsis}}}]</tt>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis2|}}}|, <tt>[http://austlang.aiatsis.gov.au/main.php?code={{{aiatsis2}}} {{{aiatsis2}}}]</tt>{{#if:{{{aiatsis2name|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsis2name}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis3|}}}|, <tt>[http://austlang.aiatsis.gov.au/main.php?code={{{aiatsis3}}} {{{aiatsis3}}}]</tt>{{#if:{{{aiatsis3name|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsis3name}}}}} }} | label31 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages|Guthrie code]]}}}} | data31 = {{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<tt>{{{guthrie}}}</tt><ref name="Guthrie">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. [http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf New Updated Guthrie List Online]</ref>}} | label32 = [[Linguasphere Observatory|Linguasphere]] | data32 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<tt>{{{lingua}}}</tt>}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{map|}}} | [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}} }} | data34 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}} | [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}} }} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | belowclass = noprint selfref | belowstyle = background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3; | below = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{notice|{{{notice2|}}}}}}}}|ipa |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Technical note|rendering support]], you may see [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. }} }}<includeonly><!-- Adding tracking categories: -->{{#if:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{creator|}}}||[[Category:Languages without family color codes]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}{{{era|}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}||<!-- no main input for data7 -->{{main other|[[Category:Language articles without speaker estimate]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{iso3|}}}}}|none|{{main other|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}|[[Category:Conlangs without ISO 639-3 code]]|}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{#iferror: {{#expr: {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}} }} |<!-- -->{{#switch: {{lc:{{{date}}}}} | na = [[Category:Language articles with NA population dates]] | no date = [[Category:Language articles with 'no date' set]] | #default = [[Category:Language articles with invalid population dates]]<!-- -->}}|<!-- no error -->}}|<!-- no date -->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|<!-- -->{{#switch: {{lc:{{{isoexception}}}}} | dialect = [[Category:Dialects of languages with ISO codes]] | historical = [[Category:Historical forms of languages with ISO codes]] | protolanguage = [[Category:Protolanguages without ISO codes]] | talkpage = |}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{created|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code]]}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{isoexception|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Language articles without language codes]]}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|{{#if:{{{lc2|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Languages which need ISO 639-3 comment]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e17|[[Category:Nonexistent E17 links]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e16|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 16]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e15|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 15]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e14|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 14]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{isoexception|}}}|dialect|[[Category:Dialects with Linguist List code]]|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguist List code]]}}}}{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code]]}}{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code]]}}{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Guthrie code]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--okay-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{isoexception|}}}|dialect|[[Category:Dialects with Linguist List code]]|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguist List code]]}}}}{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code]]}}{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code]]}}{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Guthrie code]]}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{map|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{lc:{{{map|}}}|5}}}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{map2|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|5}}|File:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|5}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{image|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|5}}|File:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|5}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{caption|}}}{{{map_caption|}}}{{{rank|}}}{{{country|}}}{{{regions|}}}{{{status|}}}{{{SIL|}}}{{{sil|}}}{{{silname|}}}{{{child1|}}}{{{child2|}}}{{{children|}}}{{{iso5|}}}{{{year|}}}|[[Category:Language articles with unsupported infobox fields]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso2|}}}{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}}|{{main other|[[Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code]]}}|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso1|}}}|{{main other|[[Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code]]}}|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers|}}}|?|<!--ok-->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers|}}}|none|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Language articles without reference field]]}}}}}}}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 6c09b988663975eb74e2aa45ccc723e5f6a6ff28 741 738 2014-02-16T02:53:22Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}} | abovestyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | aboveclass = above | headerstyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}}}}; background-color: {{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}}}}}; | subheaderstyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | subheader1 = {{{altname|}}} | subheader2 = {{{nativename|}}} | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |[[File:{{{image}}}|{{px|{{{imagesize|}}}|200px}}{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]] }} | caption = {{{imagecaption|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | label1 = Pronunciation | data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''to be added''}}}}} | label2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} | Created&nbsp;by | Native&nbsp;to }} | data2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{creator|–}}} |{{{states|{{{state|}}}}}} }} | label3 = Date | data3 = {{{created|}}} | label4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Setting and usage |{{#if:{{{region|}}}|Region}} }} | data4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{setting|}}} |{{{region|}}} }} | label5 = [[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]] | data5 = {{#if:{{{latd|}}} | <small style="white-space: nowrap">{{coord|{{{latd}}}|{{{latm}}}|{{{latNS}}}|{{{longd}}}|{{{longm}}}|{{{longEW}}}|type:landmark|display=inline}}</small> }} | label6 = Ethnicity | data6 = {{{ethnicity|}}} | label7 = {{#if:{{{extinct|}}} |[[Extinct language|Extinct]] |{{#if:{{{era|}}} |Era |{{#if:{{{creator|}}} |Users |{{longitem|Native {{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}|speakers|speakers}}}} }} }} }} | data7 =<!-- -->{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{extinct}}}|?|(date missing)|{{{extinct}}}}}<!-- extinct input used -->|{{#if:{{{era|}}}|{{{era}}}<!-- era input used -->|<!-- no era, check for sign/spoken -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|silver|1}}<!-- check for signers/silver -->|<!-- SIGN language (silver) -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|?|(no estimate available) |{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|none|''None'' |{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} &nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}}) |{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} &nbsp;(''date missing'')[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}} }} }} }} }}<!--(end if:date, ifeq:date=na, if:signers. end of SIGN) -->|<!-- SPOKEN language (not silver) -->{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{speakers|–}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{date}}}|no date|unknown (undated figure of {{{speakers}}})|<!-- The following changes the display depending on the age of the data. Limit set to 25 years, as a population can double in that time. -->{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{#iferror:{{#expr: {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}} }}||{{#ifexpr:(({{CURRENTYEAR}} - {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}}) < 25)<!-- -->|<!-- regular-->{{{speakers|–}}} &nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}})<!-- -->|<!-- old (25+) --> unknown ({{{speakers}}} cited {{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}})[[category:Language articles with old speaker data]]}}}}<!--(end ifexpr:25+, iferror:) -->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|?|(no estimate available) |{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|none|''None'' |<!-- no date input -->{{{speakers|–}}} &nbsp;(''date missing'')[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}} }} }}<!--(end if:date, before the 25+ expr check) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=no date) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=na) -->|<!--(no speakers number to be shown)-->}}}}<!--(end if:speakers (in 2nd param of silver-check), if:silver. end of SPOKEN) -->}} }}<!--(end if:era, if:extinct. No open #if:s left) If there is a ref, and there is any input for this row (data7), then we add the reference: -->{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}{{{era|}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}{{{date|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|sign_language}}|{{Infobox language/ref|{{{ref}}}|iso3={{{iso3|}}}|name={{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|lc1={{{lc1|}}}|ld1={{{ld1}}}|lc2={{{lc2|}}}|ld2={{{ld2}}}|lc3={{{lc3|}}}|ld3={{{ld3}}}|lc4={{{lc4|}}}|ld4={{{ld4}}}|lc5={{{lc5|}}}|ld5={{{ld5}}}|lc6={{{lc6|}}}|ld6={{{ld6}}}|lc7={{{lc7|}}}|ld7={{{ld7}}}}}}}}}<!-- Add speakers2 after the ref: -->{{#if:{{{speakers2|}}}|<br/>{{{speakers2|}}} }} | label8 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Purpose |{{allow wrap|{{longitem|Language family}}}} }} | data8 = {{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{family}}}}}|na||<div style="text-align:left;">{{{family|{{{fam1|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}} |''Unknown''<includeonly>[[Category:Languages without classification]]</includeonly> |{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}} |[[constructed language]] |{{Infobox language/genetic|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}} }} }}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> {{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|isolate||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Isolate||{{#if:{{{fam2|}}} | {{{fam2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam3|}}} | {{{fam3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam4|}}} | {{{fam4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam5|}}} | {{{fam5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam6|}}} | {{{fam6}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam7|}}} | {{{fam7}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam8|}}} | {{{fam8}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam9|}}} | {{{fam9}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam10|}}} | {{{fam10}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam11|}}} | {{{fam11}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam12|}}} | {{{fam12}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam13|}}} | {{{fam13}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam14|}}} | {{{fam14}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam15|}}} | {{{fam15}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> }}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | label9 = {{longitem|Early forms}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{protoname|}}}{{{ancestor|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{protoname|{{{ancestor|}}}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}} | {{{ancestor2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor3|}}} | {{{ancestor3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor4|}}} | {{{ancestor4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor5|}}} | {{{ancestor5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> </div> }} | label10 = {{longitem|Standard forms}} | data10 = {{#if:{{{standards|}}}|{{{standards}}} |{{#if:{{{stand1|}}}| <div>{{{stand1|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand2|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand3|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand4|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand5|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand6|}}}</div> }}}} | label11 = Dialects | data11 = {{#if:{{{dialects|}}}|{{{dialects}}} |{{#if:{{{dia1|}}}| <div>{{{dia1|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia2|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia3|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia4|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia5|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia6|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia7|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia8|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia9|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia10|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia11|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia12|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia13|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia14|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia15|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia16|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia17|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia18|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia19|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia20|}}}</div> }}}} | label12 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Writing system]]}}}} | data12 = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{script|}}}}} | latin | [[latin]] | latin alphabet | [[latin alphabet]] | [[latin alphabet|latin]] = [[Latin script|Latin]] | #default = {{{script|}}} }} | label13 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Manually coded language|Signed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">form(s)</span>]]}}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{sign|}}}|{{{sign}}}}} | label14 = Sources | data14 = {{{posteriori|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | header15 = {{#if:{{{nation|}}}{{{minority|}}}{{{agency|}}}|Official status}} | label16 = {{longitem|Official language&nbsp;in}} | data16 = {{{nation|}}} | label17 = {{longitem|Recognised minority language&nbsp;in}} | data17 = {{{minority|}}} | label18 = [[List of language regulators|Regulated&nbsp;by]] | data18 = {{{agency|{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}|black|1}}|1|0}} | ''None'' <!-- | {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|''No official regulation''}} [this ends up claiming that languages have no regulation just cuz no-one bothered to add the regulator --> }}}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | header19 = Language codes | label20 = [[ISO 639-1]] | data20 = {{#if:{{{iso1|}}}|<tt>{{{iso1}}}</tt>}} | label21 = [[ISO 639-2]] | data21 = {{#if:{{{iso2|}}}{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}} |<tt>{{#if:{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}} |[[ISO639-3:{{{iso2b|{{{iso2|–}}}}}}|{{{iso2b}}}]]&nbsp;(B) |{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}} |{{{iso2|sgn}}} |{{ #if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{iso2|art}}} |[[ISO639-3:{{{iso2}}}|{{{iso2}}}]]}}}}}}</tt>{{ #if:{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}} |<br /><tt>[[ISO639-3:{{{iso2t|{{{iso2|–}}}}}}|{{{iso2t}}}]]&nbsp;(T)</tt>}} }} | label22 = [[ISO 639-3]] | data22 = {{#if:{{{iso3|}}} |{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{iso3|}}}}}|none|{{#if:{{{iso3comment|}}}|{{{iso3comment}}}|''None'' (<code>mis</code>)}}|<tt>[[ISO639-3:{{{iso3}}}|{{{iso3}}}]]</tt> {{#if:{{{lc1|}}}| – [[ISO 639 macrolanguage|inclusive code]]<!--not all are 'macrolanguages': Hittite, for example-->}} {{{iso3comment|}}}}}|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}| |–}}}}{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{lc2|}}}|1|0}}|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<br />Individual codes|{{#if:{{{lc3|}}}|Variously|Either}}}}:{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc1|}}}|{{{ld1|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc2|}}}|{{{ld2|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc3|}}}|{{{ld3|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc4|}}}|{{{ld4|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc5|}}}|{{{ld5|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc6|}}}|{{{ld6|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc7|}}}|{{{ld7|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc8|}}}|{{{ld8|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc9|}}}|{{{ld9|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc10|}}}|{{{ld10|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc11|}}}|{{{ld11|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc12|}}}|{{{ld12|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc13|}}}|{{{ld13|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc14|}}}|{{{ld14|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc15|}}}|{{{ld15|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc16|}}}|{{{ld16|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc17|}}}|{{{ld17|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc18|}}}|{{{ld18|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc19|}}}|{{{ld19|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc20|}}}|{{{ld20|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc21|}}}|{{{ld21|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc22|}}}|{{{ld22|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc23|}}}|{{{ld23|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc24|}}}|{{{ld24|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc25|}}}|{{{ld25|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc26|}}}|{{{ld26|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc27|}}}|{{{ld27|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc28|}}}|{{{ld28|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc29|}}}|{{{ld29|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc30|}}}|{{{ld30|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc31|}}}|{{{ld31|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc32|}}}|{{{ld32|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc33|}}}|{{{ld33|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc34|}}}|{{{ld34|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc35|}}}|{{{ld35|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc36|}}}|{{{ld36|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc37|}}}|{{{ld37|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc38|}}}|{{{ld38|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc39|}}}|{{{ld39|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc40|}}}|{{{ld40|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc41|}}}|{{{ld41|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc42|}}}|{{{ld42|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc43|}}}|{{{ld43|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc44|}}}|{{{ld44|}}}}}{{Infobox language/codelist |{{{lc45|}}}|{{{ld45|}}} }} |{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<br />Individual code:}}{{Infobox language/codelist|code={{{lc1}}}|2={{{ld1|}}} }} }} }} | label23 = [[ISO 639-6]] | data23 = {{#if:{{{iso6|}}}|<tt>{{{iso6}}}</tt>}} | label24 = {{longitem|Linguist list}} | data24 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist|}}} |2={{{lingname|}}}}} | label25 = &nbsp; | data25 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist2|}}}|2={{{lingname2|}}}}} | label26 = &nbsp; | data26 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist3|}}}|2={{{lingname3|}}}}} | label27 = &nbsp; | data27 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist4|}}}|2={{{lingname4|}}}}} | label28 = &nbsp; | data28 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist5|}}}|2={{{lingname5|}}}}} | label29 = &nbsp; | data29 = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist6|}}}|2={{{lingname6|}}}}} | label30 = [[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|AIATSIS]]{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{AIATSIS|{{{aiatsis|}}}|{{{aiatsisname|{{{name}}}}}}|{{{aiatsis2|}}}}}|name="AIATSIS"}}}} | data30 = {{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<tt>[http://austlang.aiatsis.gov.au/main.php?code={{{aiatsis}}} {{{aiatsis}}}]</tt>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis2|}}}|, <tt>[http://austlang.aiatsis.gov.au/main.php?code={{{aiatsis2}}} {{{aiatsis2}}}]</tt>{{#if:{{{aiatsis2name|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsis2name}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis3|}}}|, <tt>[http://austlang.aiatsis.gov.au/main.php?code={{{aiatsis3}}} {{{aiatsis3}}}]</tt>{{#if:{{{aiatsis3name|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsis3name}}}}} }} | label31 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages|Guthrie code]]}}}} | data31 = {{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<tt>{{{guthrie}}}</tt><ref name="Guthrie">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. [http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf New Updated Guthrie List Online]</ref>}} | label32 = [[Linguasphere Observatory|Linguasphere]] | data32 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<tt>{{{lingua}}}</tt>}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{map|}}} | [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}} }} | data34 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}} | [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}} }} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | belowclass = noprint selfref | belowstyle = background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3; | below = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{notice|{{{notice2|}}}}}}}}|ipa |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Technical note|rendering support]], you may see [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. }} }}<includeonly><!-- Adding tracking categories: -->{{#if:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{creator|}}}||[[Category:Languages without family color codes]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}{{{era|}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}||<!-- no main input for data7 -->{{main other|[[Category:Language articles without speaker estimate]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{iso3|}}}}}|none|{{main other|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}|[[Category:Conlangs without ISO 639-3 code]]|}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{#iferror: {{#expr: {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}} }} |<!-- -->{{#switch: {{lc:{{{date}}}}} | na = [[Category:Language articles with NA population dates]] | no date = [[Category:Language articles with 'no date' set]] | #default = [[Category:Language articles with invalid population dates]]<!-- -->}}|<!-- no error -->}}|<!-- no date -->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|<!-- -->{{#switch: {{lc:{{{isoexception}}}}} | dialect = [[Category:Dialects of languages with ISO codes]] | historical = [[Category:Historical forms of languages with ISO codes]] | protolanguage = [[Category:Protolanguages without ISO codes]] | talkpage = |}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{created|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code]]}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{isoexception|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Language articles without language codes]]}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|{{#if:{{{lc2|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Languages which need ISO 639-3 comment]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e17|[[Category:Nonexistent E17 links]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e16|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 16]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e15|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 15]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e14|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 14]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{isoexception|}}}|dialect|[[Category:Dialects with Linguist List code]]|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguist List code]]}}}}{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code]]}}{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code]]}}{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Guthrie code]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--okay-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{isoexception|}}}|dialect|[[Category:Dialects with Linguist List code]]|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguist List code]]}}}}{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code]]}}{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code]]}}{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Guthrie code]]}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{map|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{lc:{{{map|}}}|5}}}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{map2|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|5}}|File:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|5}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{image|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|5}}|File:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|5}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{caption|}}}{{{map_caption|}}}{{{rank|}}}{{{country|}}}{{{regions|}}}{{{status|}}}{{{SIL|}}}{{{sil|}}}{{{silname|}}}{{{child1|}}}{{{child2|}}}{{{children|}}}{{{iso5|}}}{{{year|}}}|[[Category:Language articles with unsupported infobox fields]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso2|}}}{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}}|{{main other|[[Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code]]}}|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso1|}}}|{{main other|[[Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code]]}}|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers|}}}|?|<!--ok-->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers|}}}|none|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Language articles without reference field]]}}}}}}}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> b37e8df0978ee0d1888666bedb4198bf75c597bb 746 741 2014-02-16T03:03:21Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}} | abovestyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | aboveclass = above | headerstyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}}}}; background-color: {{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}}}}}; | subheaderstyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | subheader1 = {{{altname|}}} | subheader2 = {{{nativename|}}} | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |[[File:{{{image}}}|{{px|{{{imagesize|}}}|200px}}{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]] }} | caption = {{{imagecaption|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | label1 = Pronunciation | data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''to be added''}}}}} | label2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} | Created&nbsp;by | Native&nbsp;to }} | data2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{creator|–}}} |{{{states|{{{state|}}}}}} }} | label3 = Date | data3 = {{{created|}}} | label4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Setting and usage |{{#if:{{{region|}}}|Region}} }} | data4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{setting|}}} |{{{region|}}} }} | label5 = [[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]] | data5 = {{#if:{{{latd|}}} | <small style="white-space: nowrap">{{coord|{{{latd}}}|{{{latm}}}|{{{latNS}}}|{{{longd}}}|{{{longm}}}|{{{longEW}}}|type:landmark|display=inline}}</small> }} | label6 = Ethnicity | data6 = {{{ethnicity|}}} | label7 = {{#if:{{{extinct|}}} |[[Extinct language|Extinct]] |{{#if:{{{era|}}} |Era |{{#if:{{{creator|}}} |Users |{{longitem|Native {{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}|speakers|speakers}}}} }} }} }} | data7 =<!-- -->{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{extinct}}}|?|(date missing)|{{{extinct}}}}}<!-- extinct input used -->|{{#if:{{{era|}}}|{{{era}}}<!-- era input used -->|<!-- no era, check for sign/spoken -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|silver|1}}<!-- check for signers/silver -->|<!-- SIGN language (silver) -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|?|(no estimate available) |{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|none|''None'' |{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} &nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}}) |{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} &nbsp;(''date missing'')[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}} }} }} }} }}<!--(end if:date, ifeq:date=na, if:signers. end of SIGN) -->|<!-- SPOKEN language (not silver) -->{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{speakers|–}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{date}}}|no date|unknown (undated figure of {{{speakers}}})|<!-- The following changes the display depending on the age of the data. Limit set to 25 years, as a population can double in that time. -->{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{#iferror:{{#expr: {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}} }}||{{#ifexpr:(({{CURRENTYEAR}} - {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}}) < 25)<!-- -->|<!-- regular-->{{{speakers|–}}} &nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}})<!-- -->|<!-- old (25+) --> unknown ({{{speakers}}} cited {{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}})[[category:Language articles with old speaker data]]}}}}<!--(end ifexpr:25+, iferror:) -->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|?|(no estimate available) |{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|none|''None'' |<!-- no date input -->{{{speakers|–}}} &nbsp;(''date missing'')[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}} }} }}<!--(end if:date, before the 25+ expr check) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=no date) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=na) -->|<!--(no speakers number to be shown)-->}}}}<!--(end if:speakers (in 2nd param of silver-check), if:silver. end of SPOKEN) -->}} }}<!--(end if:era, if:extinct. No open #if:s left) If there is a ref, and there is any input for this row (data7), then we add the reference: -->{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}{{{era|}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}{{{date|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|sign_language}}|{{Infobox language/ref|{{{ref}}}|iso3={{{iso3|}}}|name={{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|lc1={{{lc1|}}}|ld1={{{ld1}}}|lc2={{{lc2|}}}|ld2={{{ld2}}}|lc3={{{lc3|}}}|ld3={{{ld3}}}|lc4={{{lc4|}}}|ld4={{{ld4}}}|lc5={{{lc5|}}}|ld5={{{ld5}}}|lc6={{{lc6|}}}|ld6={{{ld6}}}|lc7={{{lc7|}}}|ld7={{{ld7}}}}}}}}}<!-- Add speakers2 after the ref: -->{{#if:{{{speakers2|}}}|<br/>{{{speakers2|}}} }} | label8 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Purpose |{{allow wrap|{{longitem|Language family}}}} }} | data8 = {{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{family}}}}}|na||<div style="text-align:left;">{{{family|{{{fam1|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}} |''Unknown''<includeonly>[[Category:Languages without classification]]</includeonly> |{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}} |[[constructed language]] |{{Infobox language/genetic|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}} }} }}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> {{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|isolate||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Isolate||{{#if:{{{fam2|}}} | {{{fam2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam3|}}} | {{{fam3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam4|}}} | {{{fam4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam5|}}} | {{{fam5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam6|}}} | {{{fam6}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam7|}}} | {{{fam7}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam8|}}} | {{{fam8}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam9|}}} | {{{fam9}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam10|}}} | {{{fam10}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam11|}}} | {{{fam11}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam12|}}} | {{{fam12}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam13|}}} | {{{fam13}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam14|}}} | {{{fam14}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam15|}}} | {{{fam15}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> }}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | label9 = {{longitem|Early forms}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{protoname|}}}{{{ancestor|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{protoname|{{{ancestor|}}}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}} | {{{ancestor2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor3|}}} | {{{ancestor3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor4|}}} | {{{ancestor4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor5|}}} | {{{ancestor5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> </div> }} | label10 = {{longitem|Standard forms}} | data10 = {{#if:{{{standards|}}}|{{{standards}}} |{{#if:{{{stand1|}}}| <div>{{{stand1|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand2|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand3|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand4|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand5|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand6|}}}</div> }}}} | label11 = Dialects | data11 = {{#if:{{{dialects|}}}|{{{dialects}}} |{{#if:{{{dia1|}}}| <div>{{{dia1|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia2|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia3|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia4|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia5|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia6|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia7|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia8|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia9|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia10|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia11|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia12|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia13|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia14|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia15|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia16|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia17|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia18|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia19|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia20|}}}</div> }}}} | label12 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Writing system]]}}}} | data12 = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{script|}}}}} | latin | [[latin]] | latin alphabet | [[latin alphabet]] | [[latin alphabet|latin]] = [[Latin script|Latin]] | #default = {{{script|}}} }} | label13 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Manually coded language|Signed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">form(s)</span>]]}}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{sign|}}}|{{{sign}}}}} | label14 = Sources | data14 = {{{posteriori|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | header15 = {{#if:{{{nation|}}}{{{minority|}}}{{{agency|}}}|Official status}} | label16 = {{longitem|Official language&nbsp;in}} | data16 = {{{nation|}}} | label17 = {{longitem|Recognised minority language&nbsp;in}} | data17 = {{{minority|}}} | label18 = [[List of language regulators|Regulated&nbsp;by]] | data18 = {{{agency|{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}|black|1}}|1|0}} | ''None'' <!-- | {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|''No official regulation''}} [this ends up claiming that languages have no regulation just cuz no-one bothered to add the regulator --> }}}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{map|}}} | [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}} }} | data34 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}} | [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}} }} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | belowclass = noprint selfref | belowstyle = background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3; | below = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{notice|{{{notice2|}}}}}}}}|ipa |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Technical note|rendering support]], you may see [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. }} }}<includeonly><!-- Adding tracking categories: -->{{#if:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{creator|}}}||[[Category:Languages without family color codes]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}{{{era|}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}||<!-- no main input for data7 -->{{main other|[[Category:Language articles without speaker estimate]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{iso3|}}}}}|none|{{main other|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}|[[Category:Conlangs without ISO 639-3 code]]|}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{#iferror: {{#expr: {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}} }} |<!-- -->{{#switch: {{lc:{{{date}}}}} | na = [[Category:Language articles with NA population dates]] | no date = [[Category:Language articles with 'no date' set]] | #default = [[Category:Language articles with invalid population dates]]<!-- -->}}|<!-- no error -->}}|<!-- no date -->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|<!-- -->{{#switch: {{lc:{{{isoexception}}}}} | dialect = [[Category:Dialects of languages with ISO codes]] | historical = [[Category:Historical forms of languages with ISO codes]] | protolanguage = [[Category:Protolanguages without ISO codes]] | talkpage = |}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{created|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code]]}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{isoexception|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Language articles without language codes]]}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|{{#if:{{{lc2|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Languages which need ISO 639-3 comment]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e17|[[Category:Nonexistent E17 links]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e16|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 16]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e15|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 15]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e14|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 14]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{isoexception|}}}|dialect|[[Category:Dialects with Linguist List code]]|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguist List code]]}}}}{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code]]}}{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code]]}}{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Guthrie code]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--okay-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{isoexception|}}}|dialect|[[Category:Dialects with Linguist List code]]|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguist List code]]}}}}{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code]]}}{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code]]}}{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Guthrie code]]}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{map|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{lc:{{{map|}}}|5}}}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{map2|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|5}}|File:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|5}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{image|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|5}}|File:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|5}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{caption|}}}{{{map_caption|}}}{{{rank|}}}{{{country|}}}{{{regions|}}}{{{status|}}}{{{SIL|}}}{{{sil|}}}{{{silname|}}}{{{child1|}}}{{{child2|}}}{{{children|}}}{{{iso5|}}}{{{year|}}}|[[Category:Language articles with unsupported infobox fields]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso2|}}}{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}}|{{main other|[[Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code]]}}|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso1|}}}|{{main other|[[Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code]]}}|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers|}}}|?|<!--ok-->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers|}}}|none|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Language articles without reference field]]}}}}}}}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> d37018c317ae82f3de4354fc4766fdf7f02eafb4 Template:Allow wrap 10 142 739 2014-02-16T02:50:03Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<span class="wrap">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>{{documentation}}<!--interwikis/categories go inside doc--></noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="wrap">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>{{documentation}}<!--interwikis/categories go inside doc--></noinclude> 9eafc2a308a7a32a24ef83a853e0e2c65effb57b Template:Longitem 10 143 740 2014-02-16T02:50:42Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;{{{style|}}}">{{{1}}}</div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;{{{style|}}}">{{{1}}}</div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> e7aa9d7e3180cf7aa329e326e42f083f8e926779 Template:Infobox language/genetic 10 144 742 2014-02-16T02:55:59Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{ #switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | originalian | originalian= [[Originalia|Originalian]] | afro-asiatic | afroasiatic = [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] | niger-congo | niger..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{ #switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | originalian | originalian= [[Originalia|Originalian]] | afro-asiatic | afroasiatic = [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] | niger-congo | niger–congo = [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] | nilo-saharan = [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]? | khoisan = (specify language family under 'fam1')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | indo-european = [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] | caucasian = (specify language family under 'fam1')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | altaic = [[Altaic languages|Altaic]]? | uralic = [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] | dravidian = [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian = (specify language family under 'fam1')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | austronesian = [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] | austro-asiatic | austroasiatic = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] | sino-tibetan = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] | 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[[language isolate]] | sign | sign language = [[sign language]] | conlang | constructed language = [[constructed language]] | unclassified = [[Unclassified language|unclassified]] | = <includeonly>[[Category:Languages without family color codes]]</includeonly> | #default = {{{1}}}<includeonly>[[Category:Languages without family color codes]]</includeonly> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 4c2b1d2a0fea74ff772c45fc65d055fc02167b5c Template:Main other 10 145 743 2014-02-16T02:57:15Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | ..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}} | main | other }} }} | main = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> c8e5526da7586aff37928206e183ceef44ed7829 Template:Infobox language/linguistlist 10 146 744 2014-02-16T02:59:42Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{#if:{{{1|}}} |<tt>[http://multitree.linguistlist.org/codes/{{{1|}}} {{{1|}}}]</tt> {{{2|{{{lingname|}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{1|}}} |<tt>[http://multitree.linguistlist.org/codes/{{{1|}}} {{{1|}}}]</tt> {{{2|{{{lingname|}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> a76444c2ae17e162de896fa9cf7e7045493a9a94 Template:Px 10 148 747 2014-02-16T03:04:56Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{1|}}} |{{{1}}}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#iferror:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:{{{1}}}>0}}||px}} |{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{2|}}} |{{{2}}}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{1|}}} |{{{1}}}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#iferror:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:{{{1}}}>0}}||px}} |{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{2|}}} |{{{2}}}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#iferror:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:{{{2}}}>0}}||px}} |{{{3|}}}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#iferror:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:{{{3|}}}>0}}||px}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 983a1499109a8ab5046d034fda9837a3d1a7c95a File:ProtoAraquish.png 6 149 749 2014-02-16T03:19:55Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:Infobox language/family-color 10 150 750 2014-02-16T03:23:26Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | originalian | originalian | originalian= <nowiki>#ec65f8</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | al..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | originalian | originalian | originalian= <nowiki>#ec65f8</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 4c181d833ed0d6f3b06fd34742444c2a7e31a8f1 Seforma 0 52 754 695 2014-02-16T05:37:49Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *African rice *Alligator peppers *Avocados *Bananas <ref>acuminata and balbisiana varieties.</ref> *Black peppers *Brazil nuts *Cassava *Coffee *Cotton *Grains of Paradise *Jute *Maize *Njangsa *Palm oil *Papayas *Plantains *Sugarcane *Sorghum *Tomatoes *Turmeric *Vanilla *Wheat *Yams '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bee Hummingbirds *Bengal tigers *Caimans *Capybaras *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Harpy Eagles *Jaguars *Macrauchenias *Margays *Ocelots *Ospreys *Tapirs *Toxodons '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f1511054ff7d2e6fe676783dcb0f666ffa03cc58 775 754 2014-02-16T23:04:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *African rice *Alligator peppers *Avocados *Bananas <ref>acuminata and balbisiana varieties.</ref> *Black peppers *Brazil nuts *Cassava *Coconuts *Coffee *Cotton *Grains of Paradise *Jute *Maize *Njangsa *Palm oil *Papayas *Plantains *Sugarcane *Sorghum *Tomatoes *Turmeric *Vanilla *Wheat *Yams '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bee Hummingbirds *Bengal tigers *Caimans *Capybaras *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Harpy Eagles *Jaguars *Macrauchenias *Margays *Ocelots *Ospreys *Tapirs *Toxodons '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 59f559168ed24a2963bc492fc331d434f74c369e 776 775 2014-02-16T23:08:09Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Plants''' *African rice *Alligator peppers *Avocados *Bananas <ref>acuminata and balbisiana varieties.</ref> *Black peppers *Brazil nuts *Cassava *Chickpeas *Coconuts *Coffee *Cotton *Grains of Paradise *Jute *Maize *Njangsa *Palm oil *Papayas *Plantains *Sugarcane *Sorghum *Tomatoes *Turmeric *Vanilla *Wheat *Yams '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bee Hummingbirds *Bengal tigers *Caimans *Capybaras *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Harpy Eagles *Jaguars *Macrauchenias *Margays *Ocelots *Ospreys *Tapirs *Toxodons '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b6f0931bef74ec04362320358af284c2d7b17620 Archipelago 0 86 758 722 2014-02-16T06:23:08Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:archipelago_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Archipelago''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Rye '''Other Animals''' *Diprotodons *Kangaroos *Koalas *Marsupial lions *Platypuses *Tasmanian devils *Thylacines *Wallabies *Wombats *Zygomaturus '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Cod *Gray whales '''Other Flora''' *Eucalyptus *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8f571b4b9f2e93a7832fb5e69dc72733e8e0b86c Island Chain 0 84 764 672 2014-02-16T16:43:29Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Coelacanths *Dugongs *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Chinese Mahogany *Palm trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 18fd50ff8cc62011980fabad0f96260915f3a49d 765 764 2014-02-16T16:44:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Coelacanths *Dugongs *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Chinese Mahogany *Palm trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asiatic rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8a8d374d988196a2081bccf62f24a877991a6bb6 766 765 2014-02-16T16:52:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Durians *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Coelacanths *Dugongs *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Chinese Mahogany *Palm trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asiatic rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} aa5b056623c9b792e689ef9122c27777691abfa5 767 766 2014-02-16T16:58:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Cupuaçus *Durians *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Coelacanths *Dugongs *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Chinese Mahogany *Palm trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asiatic rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 941a35ecac6883afb3fb2701ad28d919141a2e76 Originalia 0 43 779 778 2014-02-16T23:39:53Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and speaks Araqish. The population numbers 3,000 inhabitants. The people make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and fermented to make wine. The wine is stored in clay jars and are produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings, "guard houses", and temples. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f58ba6c431d44da275491ed32c00b5d3bd93dd7e Arctica 0 95 780 710 2014-02-17T04:42:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Wild celery <ref>archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Atlantic Puffins *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland sharks *Harp seals *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3f6a2018dd200fde430fe842987c0c7cd3282eb9 781 780 2014-02-17T04:42:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Atlantic Puffins *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland sharks *Harp seals *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 19783b6b7a7a79f8b7a8d27b3596adec053e8b48 782 781 2014-02-17T04:52:39Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Atlantic Puffins *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland sharks *Harp seals *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} acb7a4c39451be257259a27898fa18cefda881d1 783 782 2014-02-17T04:57:17Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer <ref>Barren-ground caribou and Peary caribou.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Atlantic Puffins *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland sharks *Harp seals *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6d5b95d15f6844b48239bc18140a90aa7f4d72ea 784 783 2014-02-17T05:08:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer <ref>Barren-ground caribou and Peary caribou.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Arctic chars *Atlantic cod *Atlantic Puffins *Atlantic salmon *Atlantic wolffish *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland halibuts *Greenland sharks *Halibuts *Harbor seals *Harp seals *Humpback whales *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Rose fish *Trouts *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d10ad74e142e0fdf0b53d8d39f1be1ed69606426 785 784 2014-02-17T05:12:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer <ref>Barren-ground caribou and Peary caribou.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Bog cotton *Dandelions *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Reindeer lichen <ref>Used to make Akvavit, glass decorations, and medicinal remedies.</ref> *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A population of 500-1,000 Woolly mammoths inhabits Thule (the island to the southwest) and have shrunken due to insular dwarfism (a situation similar to the mammoths which once inhabited Wrangel Island and Saint Paul Island).</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Arctic chars *Atlantic cod *Atlantic Puffins *Atlantic salmon *Atlantic wolffish *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland halibuts *Greenland sharks *Halibuts *Harbor seals *Harp seals *Humpback whales *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Rose fish *Trouts *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 463d4d6259afc4175434393ad65ea33bb63bcd4d Dateline 0 87 786 734 2014-02-17T05:25:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2b5128ebf4b2fe5f40035b7361a11c97df38e8b0 787 786 2014-02-17T05:47:19Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e9dfefc18a9b0fa53c2ceb3e81ae42656fe62cd6 793 787 2014-02-17T06:53:17Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Argentavis *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} be70c79b7196d7dbbd4259080a26880f83a34777 Island Chain 0 84 788 767 2014-02-17T05:59:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>Domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>Acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Cupuaçus *Durians *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Dodos *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Moa-Nalos *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Coelacanths *Dugongs *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Chinese Mahogany *Palm trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asiatic rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Dodos <ref>on a few islands in that group of islands a bit to the west of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 844243b75c8235a49002e08e5bca8482f07d687e 789 788 2014-02-17T05:59:56Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>Domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>Acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Cupuaçus *Durians *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Dodos *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Moa-Nalos *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Coelacanths *Dugongs *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Chinese Mahogany *Palm trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asiatic rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 5be825ffc6ecc34431201ff1043ed4ad39254e98 790 789 2014-02-17T06:11:56Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>Domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>Acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Cupuaçus *Durians *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Dodos <ref>On a small number of islands located in the island group southwest of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Moa-Nalos <ref>Also located on a small number of islands in the island group southwest of the main chain. *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Coelacanths *Dugongs *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Chinese Mahogany *Palm trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asiatic rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} de78c33e8b587eafdb8880e4ad9ef83df580d90b 791 790 2014-02-17T06:12:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>Domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>Acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Cupuaçus *Durians *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Dodos <ref>On a small number of islands located in the island group southwest of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Moa-Nalos <ref>Also located on a small number of islands in the island group southwest of the main chain.</ref> *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Coelacanths *Dugongs *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Chinese Mahogany *Palm trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asiatic rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 57dea1de99a1b957150fe5201ec9d604ae6d9a87 792 791 2014-02-17T06:12:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Island Chain */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Island Chain |bodystyle = |image = [[File:islandchain.png|250px]] |area = --- }} The '''Island Chain''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:islandchain_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of the Island Chain''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Northern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>Domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asian rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>Acuminata variety.</ref> *Candlenuts *Carambola *Cassava *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Cupuaçus *Durians *Eddoes *Ginger *Malabar almonds *Nutmeg *Palm Oil *Plantains '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants *Bali tigers *Bornean orangutans *Dodos <ref>On a small number of islands located in the island group southwest of the main chain.</ref> *Flores giant rats *Javan leopards *Javan rhinoceroses *Javan tigers *Moa-Nalos <ref>Also located on a small number of islands within the island group southwest of the main chain.</ref> *Ospreys *Parrots <ref>Most of the world's "true parrot" species are found in these islands, as well as many of the cockatoo species found throughout the world. All Strigopoidea are found here.</ref> *Stegodons *Sumatran orangutans *Sumatran rhinoceroses *Sumatran tigers *Sun bears *Sunda clouded leopards *Sunda pangolins *Superb Lyrebirds *Tapirs '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Coelacanths *Dugongs *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Cedar *Chinese Mahogany *Palm trees <references/> ==== Southern Island Chain ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Red Junglefowl <ref>domesticated into Chickens.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Asiatic rice *Bamboo *Bananas <ref>acuminata variety.</ref> *Carambola *Cassava *Cinnamon *Cloves *Cocoa *Coconuts *Eddoes *Ginger *Nutmeg '''Other Animals''' *Borneo elephants *Flores giant rats *Homo floresiensis <ref>H. floresiensis are semi-sentient hominids native to an island in the central part of the Grand Eastern Chainform (i.e the northern part of the South Chain image above). They form a handful of small extended-family hunter-gatherer groups on this island (they haven't developed technology to traverse bodies of water).</ref> *Komodo Dragons *Maleo *Parrots *Stegodon '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Coelacanths *Flatback sea turtles *Gobiinidae *Megamouth sharks *Mudskippers *Saltwater crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sumatran pine <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 148c4079312ec66e917c1287feded958060a6549 Proto-Araqish language 0 138 794 774 2014-02-17T12:01:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Tense and persons */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araquish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araquish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== 0db3e08d571029edbf1c71dd9248c3619e099b97 795 794 2014-02-17T14:18:14Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Objective persons */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araquish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araquish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== d57c5986091c1667bfea70f3feb550737cea5b1e 796 795 2014-02-17T16:09:17Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araquish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araquish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Languages | title = [[Languages]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:|80px|link=|alt=]] | imageleft = [[File:|80px]] | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araquish Language]] }} a64f77168c2f6a4573f85a3fcf9e5033b9d65f8b 797 796 2014-02-17T16:29:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish Language]] }} af9f9d9f8d2c62edf634f3065165ebfebc0d4c4d 798 797 2014-02-17T16:30:12Z Manomow 3365071 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ===Adjective=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 97758aff2a60f99496ed3bf6f130bdefebb88a6b 799 798 2014-02-17T17:16:38Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Adjective */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affixe.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 6e9a7d760df3e2dc89a30bd5d6c8fc09a7198bfc 801 799 2014-02-17T17:45:11Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affixe.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} e68efa267dad0fec41b225bc1df170a2c5e47a63 Language 0 126 800 715 2014-02-17T17:18:46Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:language.png|thumb|600px|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 3b920753d2b9edae60582843509d2adeddf74b6d 810 800 2014-02-17T18:03:09Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} [[File:language.png|thumb|600px|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 03b6654b3adef3243dcaf6342b0b61f74a05e07f 813 810 2014-02-17T18:35:39Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} [[File:language.png|thumb|600px|'''Languages''': <br /> {{legend0|#9EDDFF|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#00C060|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FF4E00|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#494949|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#7674B6|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#E76AC8|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#8400C9|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#A52A2A|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#83A7C5|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#B8B8B8|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#636394|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#FF0000|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#ec65f8|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#fffc00|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#a6c147|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#ce6f79|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#5400ff|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#702000|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#D8C73B|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#2FD863|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#99CC9D|New Language 9}} {{legend0|#FFFFFF|Empty Language}} ]] == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} e109793a12c163e95c054eaa6cad5e0f87c9e7ba 820 813 2014-02-17T21:32:08Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Portal:Language/Intro|}} {{Portal:Language/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="text-align:center; padding:0.5em; background: transparent;">{{purge|'''Show new selections'''}}</div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{Random portal component|max=7|seed=13|header=''Selected language''|subpage=Selected language}} {{Random portal component|max=5|seed=17|header=''Selected picture''|subpage=Selected picture}} {{Random portal component|max=5|seed=19|header=''Selected topic''|subpage=Selected topic}} {{Random portal component|max=10|seed=23|header=''Did you know''|subpage=DYK}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{Language/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{Language/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Categories''|Portal:Language/Categories|}} {{Portal:Language/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {| width="42%" align="right" ! style="background: #E3CF57; color: white;|Find a language |- | style="text-align:center" | Enter an [[ISO 639]] code to find the corresponding language article |- |<inputbox> type=search width=10 default=ISO 639: buttonlabel=Go searchbuttonlabel=Search break=no </inputbox> |} {{portal|Linguistics|Writing|Constructed languages}} <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{portals}} </div> == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} <span style="float:right;"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Language&action=purge Purge server cache]''</small></span> [[Category:Culture portals|Languages]] [[Category:Language]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:WikiProject Languages]] {{Link FL|no}} 7a7d02dd6e3c1b0df10e1ab36a944f7199625a6f 821 820 2014-02-17T21:39:40Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Portal:Language/Intro|}} {{Portal:Language/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="text-align:center; padding:0.5em; background: transparent;">{{purge|'''Show new selections'''}}</div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{Random portal component|max=7|seed=13|header=''Selected language''|subpage=Selected language}} {{Random portal component|max=5|seed=17|header=''Selected picture''|subpage=Selected picture}} {{Random portal component|max=5|seed=19|header=''Selected topic''|subpage=Selected topic}} {{Random portal component|max=10|seed=23|header=''Did you know''|subpage=DYK}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{portal|Linguistics|Writing|Constructed languages}} <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{portals}} </div> == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} <span style="float:right;"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Language&action=purge Purge server cache]''</small></span> [[Category:Culture portals|Languages]] [[Category:Language]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:WikiProject Languages]] {{Link FL|no}} c24a57b47a1d428a8651463a282d98575763760f 824 821 2014-02-17T21:43:23Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notice | header= I'm currently in the process of redoing this page, it might look a mess for a while. }} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; 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width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{portal|Linguistics|Writing|Constructed languages}} <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{portals}} </div> == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} <span style="float:right;"><small>''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Portal:Language&action=purge Purge server cache]''</small></span> [[Category:Culture portals|Languages]] [[Category:Language]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:WikiProject Languages]] {{Link FL|no}} 14b6db73aa847acc15e6935fab8c8c403cc40e7d 827 824 2014-02-17T22:00:56Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notice | header= I'm currently in the process of redoing this page, it might look a mess for a while. }} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected article''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Selected picture''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Selected topic''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Did you know''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 0fac1dd172f28482881c944c5431f7632a47fe98 830 827 2014-02-17T22:06:00Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notice | header= I'm currently in the process of redoing this page, it might look a mess for a while. }} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Selected picture''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Selected topic''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|''Did you know''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 254f7f8af268261f9577b6cb6b394391a5980285 Language/Articles 0 151 802 2014-02-17T17:51:52Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of Africa:''' [[Arabic language|Arabic]], Komering langu..." wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of Africa:''' [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Komering language|Komering]], [[Chadic language|Chadic]], [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]], [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]], [[Maasai language|Maasai]], [[Setswana language|Setswana]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Turkana language|Turkana]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]], '''[[African languages|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of the Americas:''' [[Aleut language|Aleut]], [[Carib language|Carib]], [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]], [[Inuktitut]], [[Iroquois language|Iroquois]], [[Kootenai language|Kootenai]], [[Mayan language|Mayan]], [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]], [[Navajo language|Navajo]], [[Quechuan language|Quechuan]], [[Salish language|Salish]], [[American Sign Language]], '''[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of Asia:''' [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language| Tamil]], [[Tanchangya language| Tanchangya]], [[Telugu language| Telugu]], [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]], '''[[Asian languages|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of Austronesia:''' [[Austric languages|Austric]], [[Fijian language|Fijian]], [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Maori language|Maori]], [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]], [[Samoan language|Samoan]], [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Tongan language|Tongan]], [[Auslan]], '''[[Austronesian languages|more...]]''' </small> <small>'''Languages of Europe:''' [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]] ([[Wikipedia:Books/English language|book]]), [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Latin]], [[Leonese language|Leonese]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], '''[[European languages|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Constructed languages:''' [[Esperanto]], [[Ido]], [[Volapük]], '''[[Constructed languages|more...]]'''</small> ---- <center>'''Language types'''</center> <small>[[Agglutinative language]], [[Analytic language]], [[Constructed language]], [[Creole language|Creole]], [[Context-free language]], [[Extinct language]], [[Dialect]], [[Fusional language]], [[Inflectional language]], [[International language]], [[Isolating language]], [[Language isolate]], [[National language]], [[Natural language]], [[Pidgin]], [[Pluricentric language]], [[Polysynthetic language]], [[Proto-language]], [[Sign language]], [[Spoken language]], [[Synthetic language]], [[Variety (linguistics)]]</small> ---- <center>'''[[Linguistics]]''' ([[Outline of linguistics|Outline]], [[Portal:Linguistics|Portal]], [[Wikipedia:Books/Linguistics|Book]])</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_ksig.png|right|40px]] <small> [[Applied linguistics]], [[Cognitive linguistics]], [[Accent (dialect)]], [[Computational linguistics]], [[Descriptive linguistics]], [[Eurolinguistics]], [[Generative linguistics]], [[Historical linguistics]], [[Lexicology]], [[Lexical semantics]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphology]], [[Onomasiology]], [[Phonetics]], [[Phonology]], [[Pragmatics]], [[Prescription and description|Prescription]], [[Prototype (linguistics)|Prototype semantics]], [[Psycholinguistics]], [[Semantics]], [[Stylistics (linguistics)|Stylistics]], [[Sociolinguistics]], [[Syntax]]</small> <small>'''See also:''' [[List of linguists]]</small> ---- <center>'''[[Writing system]]s'''</center> [[Image:AlphabetsScriptsWorld.png|right|150px]] <small>'''[[Alphabet]]s:''' [[Arabic alphabet]], [[Cyrillic alphabet]], [[Hebrew alphabet]], [[Latin alphabet]], '''[[List of alphabets|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Other writing systems:''' [[Abjad]], [[Abugida]], [[Braille]], [[Hieroglyphics]], [[Logogram]], [[Syllabary]], [[SignWriting]], '''[[List of writing systems|more..]]'''</small> <small>'''See also:''' [[History of the alphabet]], Script a986a3bdc09637ef0232ba00f48a089eb281e124 Template:LanguageArticles 10 152 803 2014-02-17T17:52:59Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of Africa:''' [[Arabic language|Arabic]], Komering langu..." wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of Africa:''' [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Komering language|Komering]], [[Chadic language|Chadic]], [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]], [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]], [[Maasai language|Maasai]], [[Setswana language|Setswana]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Turkana language|Turkana]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]], '''[[African languages|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of the Americas:''' [[Aleut language|Aleut]], [[Carib language|Carib]], [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]], [[Inuktitut]], [[Iroquois language|Iroquois]], [[Kootenai language|Kootenai]], [[Mayan language|Mayan]], [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]], [[Navajo language|Navajo]], [[Quechuan language|Quechuan]], [[Salish language|Salish]], [[American Sign Language]], '''[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of Asia:''' [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language| Tamil]], [[Tanchangya language| Tanchangya]], [[Telugu language| Telugu]], [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]], '''[[Asian languages|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of Austronesia:''' [[Austric languages|Austric]], [[Fijian language|Fijian]], [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Maori language|Maori]], [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]], [[Samoan language|Samoan]], [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Tongan language|Tongan]], [[Auslan]], '''[[Austronesian languages|more...]]''' </small> <small>'''Languages of Europe:''' [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]] ([[Wikipedia:Books/English language|book]]), [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Latin]], [[Leonese language|Leonese]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], '''[[European languages|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Constructed languages:''' [[Esperanto]], [[Ido]], [[Volapük]], '''[[Constructed languages|more...]]'''</small> ---- <center>'''Language types'''</center> <small>[[Agglutinative language]], [[Analytic language]], [[Constructed language]], [[Creole language|Creole]], [[Context-free language]], [[Extinct language]], [[Dialect]], [[Fusional language]], [[Inflectional language]], [[International language]], [[Isolating language]], [[Language isolate]], [[National language]], [[Natural language]], [[Pidgin]], [[Pluricentric language]], [[Polysynthetic language]], [[Proto-language]], [[Sign language]], [[Spoken language]], [[Synthetic language]], [[Variety (linguistics)]]</small> ---- <center>'''[[Linguistics]]''' ([[Outline of linguistics|Outline]], [[Portal:Linguistics|Portal]], [[Wikipedia:Books/Linguistics|Book]])</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_ksig.png|right|40px]] <small> [[Applied linguistics]], [[Cognitive linguistics]], [[Accent (dialect)]], [[Computational linguistics]], [[Descriptive linguistics]], [[Eurolinguistics]], [[Generative linguistics]], [[Historical linguistics]], [[Lexicology]], [[Lexical semantics]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphology]], [[Onomasiology]], [[Phonetics]], [[Phonology]], [[Pragmatics]], [[Prescription and description|Prescription]], [[Prototype (linguistics)|Prototype semantics]], [[Psycholinguistics]], [[Semantics]], [[Stylistics (linguistics)|Stylistics]], [[Sociolinguistics]], [[Syntax]]</small> <small>'''See also:''' [[List of linguists]]</small> ---- <center>'''[[Writing system]]s'''</center> [[Image:AlphabetsScriptsWorld.png|right|150px]] <small>'''[[Alphabet]]s:''' [[Arabic alphabet]], [[Cyrillic alphabet]], [[Hebrew alphabet]], [[Latin alphabet]], '''[[List of alphabets|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Other writing systems:''' [[Abjad]], [[Abugida]], [[Braille]], [[Hieroglyphics]], [[Logogram]], [[Syllabary]], [[SignWriting]], '''[[List of writing systems|more..]]'''</small> <small>'''See also:''' [[History of the alphabet]], Script a986a3bdc09637ef0232ba00f48a089eb281e124 811 803 2014-02-17T18:05:34Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of Antarctic:''' [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Komering language|Komering]], [[Chadic language|Chadic]], [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]], [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]], [[Maasai language|Maasai]], [[Setswana language|Setswana]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Turkana language|Turkana]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]], '''[[African languages|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' [[Aleut language|Aleut]], [[Carib language|Carib]], [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]], [[Inuktitut]], [[Iroquois language|Iroquois]], [[Kootenai language|Kootenai]], [[Mayan language|Mayan]], [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]], [[Navajo language|Navajo]], [[Quechuan language|Quechuan]], [[Salish language|Salish]], [[American Sign Language]], '''[[Indigenous languages of the Americas|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of Arctica:''' [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language| Tamil]], [[Tanchangya language| Tanchangya]], [[Telugu language| Telugu]], [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]], '''[[Asian languages|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Austric languages|Austric]], [[Fijian language|Fijian]], [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Maori language|Maori]], [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]], [[Samoan language|Samoan]], [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Tongan language|Tongan]], [[Auslan]], '''[[Austronesian languages|more...]]''' </small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]] ([[Wikipedia:Books/English language|book]]), [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Latin]], [[Leonese language|Leonese]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], '''[[European languages|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]] ([[Wikipedia:Books/English language|book]]), [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Latin]], [[Leonese language|Leonese]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], '''[[European languages|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]] ([[Wikipedia:Books/English language|book]]), [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Latin]], [[Leonese language|Leonese]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], '''[[European languages|more...]]'''</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]] ([[Wikipedia:Books/English language|book]]), [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Latin]], [[Leonese language|Leonese]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], '''[[European languages|more...]]'''</small> 84156279d4c75fbf2e49bd2d39750f44be0ea5d5 812 811 2014-02-17T18:30:09Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' '''</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' Dwaripje</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' Dwaripje, Dreishawen, New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' Dwaripje, New Language 3, [[Proto-Araqish language| Araqish]], New Language 5, Tinvok, Hatlth, New Language 4</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' Kódù, Blaiti, Ziai, Tifɯ, Kiapni, Khenmussu, Efeip, Engos</small> 5561249a35d24ee3554043f86f039c1963bed8fc 814 812 2014-02-17T18:36:20Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' Dwaripje</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' Dwaripje, Dreishawen, New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' Dwaripje, New Language 3, [[Proto-Araqish language| Araqish]], New Language 5, Tinvok, Hatlth, New Language 4</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' Kódù, Blaiti, Ziai, Tifɯ, Kiapni, Khenmussu, Efeip, Engos, New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> fc7758edbdf2914ed16c2b1d271ffe89513d55af Template:Box-header 10 153 804 2014-02-17T17:55:16Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<div style="clear: both; <!-- -->border: {{{border-type|solid}}} {{{titleborder|{{{border|#ababab}}}}}}; <!-- -->border-width: {{{border-top|{{{border-width|..." wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="clear: both; <!-- -->border: {{{border-type|solid}}} {{{titleborder|{{{border|#ababab}}}}}}; <!-- -->border-width: {{{border-top|{{{border-width|1}}}}}}px {{{border-width|1}}}px 0; <!-- -->background: {{{titlebackground|#bcbcbc}}};<!-- --> color: {{{titleforeground|#000}}}; <!-- -->padding: {{{padding|.1em}}};<!-- -->padding-top: {{{padding-top|.1em}}};<!-- -->padding-left: {{{padding-left|.1em}}};<!-- -->padding-right: {{{padding-right|.1em}}};<!-- -->padding-bottom: {{{padding-bottom|.1em}}};<!-- -->text-align: {{{title-align|center}}};<!-- -->font-family: {{{font-family|sans-serif}}};<!-- -->font-size:{{{titlefont-size|100%}}};<!-- -->margin-bottom: 0px;<!-- -->">{{#if: {{{EDITLINK|}}} || <div class="plainlinks" <!-- -->style="float:right;<!-- -->margin-bottom:.1em;<!-- 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'''Do not remove protection from this page unless you are authorized by the Wikimedia Foundation to do so.''' |create=Please see the {{#if:{{{xfd|}}}|'''[[{{{xfd}}}|deletion discussion]]''' or the}} [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=delete&page={{FULLPAGENAMEE}}}} deletion log] for details of why this page was deleted. If you would like to create a page at this title, you must first [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] for it to be unprotected, or contact the administrator who deleted the page for the deleted material to be restored. If unsuccessful, you can use [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]. }}}}} }} }}|<includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates]]</includeonly>}}<!--End if small--><includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}{{lc:{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}}|templateeditorundefined|{{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|Template|Module=|[[Category:Wikipedia template-protected pages other than templates and modules]]}}}}{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{categories|no}}}}}|no||{{{categories|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 10d14a339d53f925c6e79eb0f7ffc24c6c82ea2b Language/box-footer 0 156 807 2014-02-17T18:00:03Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{box-footer | {{{1}}} }}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{box-footer | {{{1}}} }} 3fb4e1503c0613904071ab89de14ace43c7be9dd Language/box-header 0 157 808 2014-02-17T18:00:26Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Portal:Box-header | title={{{1}}} |editpage={{{2}}} |border=#aaaaaa <!-- This is the color of the borders around Box Sections --> |titleforeground=white <!--..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portal:Box-header | title={{{1}}} |editpage={{{2}}} |border=#aaaaaa <!-- This is the color of the borders around Box Sections --> |titleforeground=white <!-- This is the color of the Box Section Title Bar text--> |titlebackground=#E3CF57 <!-- This is the color of the Box Section Title Bar --> |background=#f9f9ff <!-- This is the color of the Box Section background --> |foreground=black}} <!-- This is the color of the Box Section text --> 9437c690d393d3d5b9085c64d4ebe238be207656 809 808 2014-02-17T18:00:38Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Box-header | title={{{1}}} |editpage={{{2}}} |border=#aaaaaa <!-- This is the color of the borders around Box Sections --> |titleforeground=white <!-- This is the color of the Box Section Title Bar text--> |titlebackground=#E3CF57 <!-- This is the color of the Box Section Title Bar --> |background=#f9f9ff <!-- This is the color of the Box Section background --> |foreground=black}} <!-- This is the color of the Box Section text --> a2a79859701b051ff4d8956751df8df5ee2ab250 File:Nuvola apps edu languages.png 6 158 815 2014-02-17T18:37:35Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Language2.png 6 160 817 2014-02-17T19:17:50Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:Notice 10 161 822 2014-02-17T21:42:07Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{| class="{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|{{#ifeq:{{{small|}}}|yes|small|standard}}-talk}} messagebox" | {{#if:{{{header|}}}|rowspan="2"}} align="center" style="width:35px..." wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}|{{#ifeq:{{{small|}}}|yes|small|standard}}-talk}} messagebox" | {{#if:{{{header|}}}|rowspan="2"}} align="center" style="width:35px;"|[[Image:{{{image|Info {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}||non-}}talk.png}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{small|}}}|yes|25px|35px}}|Notice]] {{#if:{{{header|}}}| <!-- -->! Notice: {{{header}}} }} |align="left"| |} 4d0248e98b4713e5dfded87c89aeed6a860e7e03 File:Info non-talk.png 6 162 823 2014-02-17T21:43:11Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:LanguageIntro 10 163 825 2014-02-17T21:45:44Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<div style="float:right;margin-left:1em"> [[Image:Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png|300px]] </div> A '''[[language]]''' is a system of [[symbol]]s, generally known ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em"> [[Image:Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png|300px]] </div> A '''[[language]]''' is a system of [[symbol]]s, generally known as [[word]]s, and the [[Rules of language|grammatical and other rule]]s by which they are manipulated. The word ''language'' is also used to refer to the whole phenomenon of language, and in this sense language is one of several forms of human [[communication]]. The scientific study of language and languages, including their historical development, characteristics, and use in society, is the field of '''[[linguistics]]'''. Human language is a natural phenomenon, and [[language acquisition|language learning]] is instinctive in childhood. In using language, people use patterns of [[oral language|sound]] or [[sign language|gesture]] to convey the words and rules of language, or they represent these patterns in codes such as [[written language|writing]]. There are thousands of languages, historically related to each other in many [[language families]], and they share a number of [[language universal|common properties]]. Besides using naturally acquired language, people have consciously [[constructed language|crafted languages]] such as [[Esperanto]] and [[Klingon language|Klingon]]. <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;">'''[[Language|More about language...]]'''</div > 478ab4ddbbc23a4c32ee86aea9cd444e56bcfb75 Template:Purge 10 164 826 2014-02-17T21:53:44Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink">[{{fullurl:{{{page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}|action=purge}}#{{#if:{{{anchor|}}}|{{urlencode:{{{anchor|}}}|WIKI}}}} <span title="Purge this..." wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink">[{{fullurl:{{{page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}|action=purge}}#{{#if:{{{anchor|}}}|{{urlencode:{{{anchor|}}}|WIKI}}}} <span title="Purge this page">{{{1|Purge}}}</span>]</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 843d5b5ae01fd0c3aa6df74f1913fface0feb1d1 Template:Language/Layout 10 165 828 2014-02-17T22:04:28Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{#if:{{{image}}}|<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em">[[Image:{{{image}}}|120px|{{{caption}}}]] </div>}}{{{text}}} {| class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="pa..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{image}}}|<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em">[[Image:{{{image}}}|120px|{{{caption}}}]] </div>}}{{{text}}} {| class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent" |- |<div style="text-align:left;">'''[[Portal:Language/Selected language|...Archive]]'''</div>|| <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"> '''[[{{{link}}}|More...]]''' </div > |}<noinclude> == Layout template == <pre> {{Portal:Language/Selected language/Layout |image= |caption= |text= |link= }} </pre> </noinclude> bf145ec77a7165899bcd95fcbf581a51c2803fea Template:SelectedLanguage 10 166 829 2014-02-17T22:05:41Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Language/Layout |image=Paisos catalans.svg |caption=Araqish-speaking regions |text='''[[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]]''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|t|əl|æ|n}}; Endonym|..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Language/Layout |image=Paisos catalans.svg |caption=Araqish-speaking regions |text='''[[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]]''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|t|əl|æ|n}}; [[Endonym|autonym]]: ''català'' {{IPA-ca|kətəˈɫa|}} or {{IPA-ca|kataˈɫa|}}) is a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] named for its origins in [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]], in what is nowadays northeastern [[Spain]] and adjoining parts of [[France]]. It is the national and only official language of [[Andorra]], and a co-official language of the Spanish [[autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities]] of [[Catalonia]], the [[Balearic Islands]], and the [[Valencian Community]] (where it is also known as [[Valencian language|'''Valencian''']]). It also has semi-official status in the city of [[Alghero]] on the [[Italy|Italian]] island of [[Sardinia]]. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of [[Aragon]] ([[La Franja]]) and [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]] ([[Carche]]), and in the historic French region of [[Roussillon]]/[[Northern Catalonia]], roughly equivalent to the [[Departments of France|department]] of [[Pyrénées-Orientales]]. Catalan evolved from [[Vulgar Latin|common Latin]] around the eastern [[Pyrenees]] in the 9th century. During the [[Low Middle Ages]] it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the [[Crown of Aragon]], and was widely used all over the [[Mediterranean]]. The union of Aragon with the other territories of [[Spain]] in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded [[Northern Catalonia]] to [[France]], and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a [[Renaixença|Catalan literary revival]], which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (1931–39). However, the [[Francoist Spain|Francoist dictatorship]] (1939–75) banned the language again. |link=Catalan language }} 5e404519eb62c73f30fb1796f53836b504f5abe8 831 829 2014-02-17T22:10:16Z Manomow 3365071 Replaced content with "{{Language/Layout |image=ProtoAraquish.png |caption=Araqish-speaking regions |text='''[[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]]''' is a language in East Originalia. }}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Language/Layout |image=ProtoAraquish.png |caption=Araqish-speaking regions |text='''[[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]]''' is a language in East Originalia. }} 83558d81f4ce833a1dc4cccee2b341e896c2e7ab Template:Language/Layout 10 165 832 828 2014-02-17T22:12:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{image}}}|<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em">[[Image:{{{image}}}|120px|{{{caption}}}]] </div>}}{{{text}}} |}<noinclude> == Layout template == <pre> {{Portal:Language/Selected language/Layout |image= |caption= |text= |link= }} </pre> </noinclude> 8580c837ae77cc6febe321c97f3eaf8e3503fa0e 833 832 2014-02-17T22:12:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{image}}}|<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em">[[Image:{{{image}}}|120px|{{{caption}}}]] </div>}}{{{text}}} == Layout template == <pre> {{Portal:Language/Selected language/Layout |image= |caption= |text= |link= }} </pre> </noinclude> 44b4009d63d8018a9564410a59dd221459989f19 834 833 2014-02-17T22:13:12Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{image}}}|<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em">[[Image:{{{image}}}|120px|{{{caption}}}]] </div>}}{{{text}}} <noinclude> == Layout template == <pre> {{Portal:Language/Selected language/Layout |image= |caption= |text= |link= }} </pre> </noinclude> 969729932bfbc6ad1acb9f62136fb7c095eb1db6 Language 0 126 835 830 2014-02-17T22:25:35Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notice | header= I'm currently in the process of redoing this page, it might look a mess for a while. }} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} ae8c7535f49cc93dd5885a24abcb6cf41434377b 842 835 2014-02-17T22:54:51Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notice | header= I'm currently in the process of redoing this page, it might look a mess for a while. }} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#FFFF00|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish}} {{legend0|#DAA520|Hatlth}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok}} {{legend0|#EEF037|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 70d7cd9e27046a47670051cea446fee3bc75c12e 845 842 2014-02-17T23:14:04Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notice | header= I'm currently in the process of redoing this page, it might look a mess for a while. }} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#EEF037|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} f80599a9dcb12d5a073b083759b77131729fb0d0 846 845 2014-02-17T23:14:37Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notice | header= I'm currently in the process of redoing this page, it might look a mess for a while. }} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#EEF037|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} dad7bf556126d6cd26b54e3e0161e6011b732bf0 847 846 2014-02-17T23:15:43Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notice | header= I'm currently in the process of redoing this page, it might look a mess for a while. }} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#EEF037|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional 10ae578ac98f17d20cddd234ca864202150bed9d 850 847 2014-02-17T23:17:41Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#EEF037|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] == === Phonology === '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} '''Araqistic notation''' Vowels {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} Consonants {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. '''Accent:''' First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. === Grammar === '''Morphology:''' Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications. '''Nouns:''' Definiteness {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} *split-active alignment *eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive *no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity *no gender/class *three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual '''Noun phrase:''' Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case '''Verbs:''' *pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation *present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings *progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational) *active, medial and causative voices (infixed) *four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative *non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles *verbal negation by negative copular verb *secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative) '''Verb phrase:''' [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb '''Pronouns:''' *three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural *proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there') '''Syntax:''' *SOV *head-final *postpositional f9650340a55a591428f3047f8341af33e7174cbc 854 850 2014-02-18T01:23:34Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlth Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#EEF037|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] 3908c715af98b5110f80e99f56ab0bc1c4e22583 862 854 2014-02-18T01:38:32Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#EEF037|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee 24e3e255f704a2facc7a0f4799cb15ca956dfaec 879 862 2014-02-18T17:45:51Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#EEF037|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee b0badf2dedd4f538c8ef9e78cf13a5268037c3c5 880 879 2014-02-18T17:46:06Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}} {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#EEF037|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee cb25943a62b774caf75b9e54777939f523dd2848 881 880 2014-02-18T17:46:27Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#EEF037|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj == Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee d2756d4cdb1893e630328ef8af06039200579cd5 MediaWiki:Common.css 8 80 836 129 2014-02-17T22:30:26Z Manomow 3365071 css text/css /* Default styling for HTML elements */ dfn { font-style: inherit; /* Reset default styling for <dfn> */ } sup, sub { line-height: 1em; /* Reduce line-height for <sup> and <sub> */ } /* Main page fixes */ #interwiki-completelist { font-weight: bold; } body.page-Main_Page #ca-delete { display: none !important; } body.page-Main_Page #mp-topbanner { clear: both; } /* Edit window toolbar */ #toolbar { height: 22px; margin-bottom: 6px; } /* Highlight data points in the info action if specified in the URL */ body.action-info :target { background: #DEF; 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} .messagebox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; margin: 4px auto; } /* For old WikiProject banners inside banner shells. */ .mbox-inside .standard-talk, .messagebox.nested-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width: 100%; margin: 2px 0; padding: 2px; } .messagebox.small { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; /* @noflip */ float: right; clear: both; /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; } .messagebox.small-talk { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; /* @noflip */ float: right; clear: both; /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; background: #F8EABA; } /* Cell sizes for ambox/tmbox/imbox/cmbox/ombox/fmbox/dmbox message boxes */ th.mbox-text, td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 0.25em 0.9em; /* 0.9em left/right */ width: 100%; /* Make all mboxes the same width regardless of text length */ } td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em; /* 0.9em left, 0px right */ text-align: center; } td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0.9em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.9em right */ text-align: center; } td.mbox-empty-cell { /* An empty narrow cell */ border: none; padding: 0px; width: 1px; } /* Article message box styles */ table.ambox { margin: 0px 10%; /* 10% = Will not overlap with other elements */ border: 1px solid #aaa; /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; /* Default "notice" blue */ background: #fbfbfb; } table.ambox + table.ambox { /* Single border between stacked boxes. */ margin-top: -1px; } .ambox th.mbox-text, .ambox td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */ padding: 0.25em 0.5em; /* 0.5em left/right */ } .ambox td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */ /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0 2px 0.5em; /* 0.5em left, 0px right */ } .ambox td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */ /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0.5em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.5em right */ } table.ambox-notice { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; /* Blue */ } table.ambox-speedy { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.ambox-delete { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.ambox-content { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.ambox-style { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.ambox-move { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.ambox-protection { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Image message box styles */ table.imbox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Default "notice" blue */ background: #fbfbfb; } .imbox .mbox-text .imbox { /* For imboxes inside imbox-text cells. */ margin: 0 -0.5em; /* 0.9 - 0.5 = 0.4em left/right. */ display: block; /* Fix for webkit to force 100% width. */ } .mbox-inside .imbox { /* For imboxes inside other templates. */ margin: 4px; } table.imbox-notice { border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Blue */ } table.imbox-speedy { border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.imbox-delete { border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.imbox-content { border: 3px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.imbox-style { border: 3px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.imbox-move { border: 3px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.imbox-protection { border: 3px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } table.imbox-license { border: 3px solid #88a; /* Dark gray */ background: #f7f8ff; /* Light gray */ } table.imbox-featured { border: 3px solid #cba135; /* Brown-gold */ } /* Category message box styles */ table.cmbox { margin: 3px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #DFE8FF; /* Default "notice" blue */ } table.cmbox-notice { background: #D8E8FF; /* Blue */ } table.cmbox-speedy { margin-top: 4px; margin-bottom: 4px; border: 4px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #FFDBDB; /* Pink */ } table.cmbox-delete { background: #FFDBDB; /* Red */ } table.cmbox-content { background: #FFE7CE; /* Orange */ } table.cmbox-style { background: #FFF9DB; /* Yellow */ } table.cmbox-move { background: #E4D8FF; /* Purple */ } table.cmbox-protection { background: #EFEFE1; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Other pages message box styles */ table.ombox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Default "notice" gray */ background: #f9f9f9; } table.ombox-notice { border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Gray */ } table.ombox-speedy { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.ombox-delete { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.ombox-content { border: 1px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.ombox-style { border: 1px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.ombox-move { border: 1px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.ombox-protection { border: 2px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Talk page message box styles */ table.tmbox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Default "notice" gray-brown */ background: #f8eaba; } .mediawiki .mbox-inside .tmbox { /* For tmboxes inside other templates. The "mediawiki" class ensures that */ margin: 2px 0; /* this declaration overrides other styles (including mbox-small above) */ width: 100%; /* For Safari and Opera */ } .mbox-inside .tmbox.mbox-small { /* "small" tmboxes should not be small when */ line-height: 1.5em; /* also "nested", so reset styles that are */ font-size: 100%; /* set in "mbox-small" above. */ } table.tmbox-speedy { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.tmbox-delete { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.tmbox-content { border: 2px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.tmbox-style { border: 2px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.tmbox-move { border: 2px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.tmbox-protection, table.tmbox-notice { border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Gray-brown */ } /* Disambig and set index box styles */ table.dmbox { clear: both; margin: 0.9em 1em; border-top: 1px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; } /* Footer and header message box styles */ table.fmbox { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; /* Default "system" gray */ } table.fmbox-system { background: #f9f9f9; } table.fmbox-warning { border: 1px solid #bb7070; /* Dark pink */ background: #ffdbdb; /* Pink */ } table.fmbox-editnotice { background: transparent; } /* Div based "warning" style fmbox messages. */ div.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt, div.mw-lag-warn-high, div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning, div#mw-protect-cascadeon { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #bb7070; background: #ffdbdb; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; } /* Div based "system" style fmbox messages. Used in [[MediaWiki:Readonly lag]]. */ div.mw-lag-warn-normal, div.fmbox-system { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; } /* These mbox-small classes must be placed after all other ambox/tmbox/ombox etc classes. "body.mediawiki" is so they override "table.ambox + table.ambox" above. */ body.mediawiki table.mbox-small { /* For the "small=yes" option. */ /* @noflip */ clear: right; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 238px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; } body.mediawiki table.mbox-small-left { /* For the "small=left" option. */ /* @noflip */ margin: 4px 1em 4px 0; width: 238px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; } /* Style for compact ambox */ /* Hide the images */ .compact-ambox table .mbox-image, .compact-ambox table .mbox-imageright, .compact-ambox table .mbox-empty-cell { display: none; } /* Remove borders, backgrounds, padding, etc. */ .compact-ambox table.ambox { border: none; border-collapse: collapse; background: transparent; margin: 0 0 0 1.6em !important; padding: 0 !important; width: auto; display: block; } body.mediawiki .compact-ambox table.mbox-small-left { font-size: 100%; width: auto; margin: 0; } /* Style the text cell as a list item and remove its padding */ .compact-ambox table .mbox-text { padding: 0 !important; margin: 0 !important; } .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span { display: list-item; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url(//bits.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/bullet.gif); } .skin-vector .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span { list-style-type: circle; list-style-image: url(//bits.wikimedia.org/skins/vector/images/bullet-icon.png) } /* Allow for hiding text in compact form */ .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact { display: none; } /* Remove default styles for [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]. */ div.noarticletext { border: none; background: transparent; padding: 0; } /* Hide (formatting) elements from screen, but not from screenreaders */ .visualhide { position: absolute; left: -10000px; top: auto; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; } /* Bold save button */ #wpSave { font-weight: bold; } /* class hiddenStructure is defunct. See [[Wikipedia:hiddenStructure]] */ .hiddenStructure { display: inline !important; color: #f00; background-color: #0f0; } /* suppress missing interwiki image links where #ifexist cannot be used due to high number of requests see .hidden-redlink on [[m:MediaWiki:Common.css]] */ .check-icon a.new { display: none; speak: none; } /* Removes underlines from certain links */ .nounderlines a, .IPA a:link, .IPA a:visited { text-decoration: none !important; } /* Standard Navigationsleisten, aka box hiding thingy from .de. Documentation at [[Wikipedia:NavFrame]]. */ div.NavFrame { margin: 0; padding: 4px; border: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; } div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame { border-top-style: none; border-top-style: hidden; } div.NavPic { background-color: #fff; margin: 0; padding: 2px; /* @noflip */ float: left; } div.NavFrame div.NavHead { height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #ccf; position: relative; } div.NavFrame p, div.NavFrame div.NavContent, div.NavFrame div.NavContent p { font-size: 100%; } div.NavEnd { margin: 0; padding: 0; line-height: 1px; clear: both; } a.NavToggle { position: absolute; top: 0; /* @noflip */ right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 90%; } /* Hatnotes and disambiguation notices */ .rellink, .dablink { font-style: italic; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } .rellink i, .dablink i { font-style: normal; } /* Allow transcluded pages to display in lists rather than a table. Compatible in Firefox; incompatible in IE6. */ .listify td { display: list-item; } .listify tr { display: block; } .listify table { display: block; } /* Geographical coordinates defaults. See [[Template:Coord/link]] for how these are used. The classes "geo", "longitude", and "latitude" are used by the [[Geo microformat]]. */ .geo-default, .geo-dms, .geo-dec { display: inline; } .geo-nondefault, .geo-multi-punct { display: none; } .longitude, .latitude { white-space: nowrap; } /* When <div class="nonumtoc"> is used on the table of contents, the ToC will display without numbers */ .nonumtoc .tocnumber { display: none; } .nonumtoc #toc ul, .nonumtoc .toc ul { line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: .3em 0 0; padding: 0; } .nonumtoc #toc ul ul, .nonumtoc .toc ul ul { /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 0 2em; } /* Allow limiting of which header levels are shown in a TOC; <div class="toclimit-3">, for instance, will limit to showing ==headings== and ===headings=== but no further (as long as there are no =headings= on the page, which there shouldn't be according to the MoS). */ .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul, .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul, .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul, .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul, .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul, .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul { display: none; } /* Styling for Template:Quote */ blockquote.templatequote { margin-top: 0; } blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite { line-height: 1em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 0; } blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite cite { font-size: 85%; } /* User block messages */ div.user-block { padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #A9A9A9; background-color: #FFEFD5; } /* Prevent line breaks in silly places: 1) Where desired 2) Links when we don't want them to 3) Bold "links" to the page itself 4) Ref tags with group names <ref group="Note"> --> "[Note 1]" */ .nowrap, .nowraplinks a, .nowraplinks .selflink, sup.reference a { white-space: nowrap; } /* But allow wrapping where desired: */ .wrap, .wraplinks a { white-space: normal; } /* For template documentation */ .template-documentation { clear: both; margin: 1em 0 0 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #ecfcf4; padding: 1em; } /* Inline divs in ImageMaps (code borrowed from de.wiki) */ .imagemap-inline div { display: inline; } /* Increase the height of the image upload box */ #wpUploadDescription { height: 13em; } /* Minimum thumb width */ .thumbinner { min-width: 100px; } /* Makes the background of a framed image white instead of gray. Only visible with transparent images. */ div.thumb .thumbimage { background-color: #fff; } /* The backgrounds for galleries. */ div#content .gallerybox div.thumb { /* Light gray padding */ background-color: #F9F9F9; } /* Put a chequered background behind images, only visible if they have transparency. '.filehistory a img' and '#file img:hover' are handled by MediaWiki core (as of 1.19) */ .gallerybox .thumb img { background: #fff url(//bits.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/Checker-16x16.png) repeat; } /* But not on articles, user pages, portals or with opt-out. */ .ns-0 .gallerybox .thumb img, .ns-2 .gallerybox .thumb img, .ns-100 .gallerybox .thumb img, .nochecker .gallerybox .thumb img { background: #fff; } /* Prevent floating boxes from overlapping any category listings, file histories, edit previews, and edit [Show changes] views. */ #mw-subcategories, #mw-pages, #mw-category-media, #filehistory, #wikiPreview, #wikiDiff { clear: both; } body.rtl #mw-articlefeedbackv5, body.rtl #mw-articlefeedback { display: block; /* Override inline block mode */ margin-bottom: 1em; /* @noflip */ clear: right; /* Clear any info boxes that stick out */ /* @noflip */ float: right; /* Prevents margin collapsing */ } /* Selectively hide headers in WikiProject banners */ .wpb .wpb-header { display: none; } .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: block; } /* for IE */ .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: table-row; } /* for real browsers */ .wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */ /* Styling for Abuse Filter tags */ .mw-tag-markers { font-family:sans-serif; font-style:italic; font-size:90%; } /* Hide stuff meant for accounts with special permissions. Made visible again in [[MediaWiki:Group-sysop.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-accountcreator.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-templateeditor.css]] and [[Mediawiki:Group-autoconfirmed.css]]. */ .sysop-show, .accountcreator-show, .templateeditor-show, .autoconfirmed-show { display: none; } /** * Hide the redlink generated by {{Editnotice}}, * this overrides the ".sysop-show { display: none; }" above that applies * to the same link as well. */ .ve-init-mw-viewPageTarget-toolbar-editNotices-notice .editnotice-redlink { display: none !important; } /* Remove bullets when there are multiple edit page warnings */ ul.permissions-errors > li { list-style: none none; } ul.permissions-errors { margin: 0; } /* No linewrap on the labels of the login/signup page */ body.page-Special_UserLogin .mw-label label, body.page-Special_UserLogin_signup .mw-label label { white-space: nowrap; } /* Pie chart test: Transparent borders */ .transborder { border: solid transparent; } * html .transborder { /* IE6 */ border: solid #000001; filter: chroma(color=#000001); } /* Styling for updated markers on watchlist, history and recent/related changes. Bullets are handled in skin-specific stylesheets. */ .updatedmarker { background-color: transparent; color: #006400; } li.mw-changeslist-line-watched .mw-title, table.mw-changeslist-line-watched .mw-title, table.mw-enhanced-watch .mw-enhanced-rctime { font-weight: normal; } /* Adjust font for inline HTML generated formulae */ span.texhtml { font-family: "Times New Roman", "Nimbus Roman No9 L", Times, serif; font-size: 118%; white-space: nowrap; } span.texhtml span.texhtml { font-size: 100%; } /* Fix so <syntaxhighlight> tags and .css and .js pages get normal text size. [[Bugzilla:26204]]. See also [[Wikipedia:Typography#The monospace 'bug']] */ div.mw-geshi div, div.mw-geshi div pre, span.mw-geshi, pre.source-css, pre.source-javascript, pre.source-lua { font-family: monospace, Courier !important; } /* Fix styling of transcluded prefindex tables */ table#mw-prefixindex-list-table, table#mw-prefixindex-nav-table { width: 98%; } /* For portals, added 2011-12-07 -bv On wide screens, show these as two columns On narrow and mobile screens, let them collapse into a single column */ .portal-column-left { float: left; width: 50%; } .portal-column-right { float: right; width: 49%; } .portal-column-left-wide { float: left; width: 60%; } .portal-column-right-narrow { float: right; width: 39%; } .portal-column-left-extra-wide { float: left; width: 70%; } .portal-column-right-extra-narrow { float: right; width: 29%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 800px) { /* Decouple the columns on narrow screens */ .portal-column-left, .portal-column-right, .portal-column-left-wide, .portal-column-right-narrow, .portal-column-left-extra-wide, .portal-column-right-extra-narrow { float: inherit; width: inherit; } } /* For announcements */ #bodyContent .letterhead { background-image:url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Tan-page-corner.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; padding: 2em; background-color: #faf9f2; } /* Tree style lists */ .treeview ul { padding: 0; margin: 0; } .treeview li { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; zoom: 1; /* BE KIND TO IE6 */; } .treeview li li { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png") no-repeat 0 -2981px; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 20px; text-indent: 0.3em; } .treeview li li.lastline { background-position: 0 -5971px } .treeview li.emptyline > ul { /* @noflip */ margin-left: -1px; } .treeview li.emptyline > ul > li:first-child { background-position: 0 9px } /* hidden sortkey for tablesorter */ td .sortkey, th .sortkey { display: none; speak: none; } /* Make it possible to hide checkboxes in <inputbox> */ .inputbox-hidecheckboxes form .inputbox-element { display: none !important; } /* Hide charinsert base for those not using the gadget */ #editpage-specialchars { display: none; } /* work-around for [[bugzilla:23965]] (Kaltura advertisement) */ .k-player .k-attribution { visibility: hidden; } /* [[MediaZilla:35337]] */ @media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx), (min-resolution: 144dpi) { #p-logo a { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg/204px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg.png") !important; background-size: 136px auto; } } @media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx), (min-resolution: 192dpi) { #p-logo a { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg/270px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg.png") !important; background-size: 135px auto; } } 11c2cbe9d246e48e64c86c7c7c9a5b2b64d03277 Template:Browsebar 10 167 837 2014-02-17T22:31:08Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<div id="browsebar" class="hlist" style="margin: -3px auto 0.2em; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"><!--The following should link to sections of Portal:Portals --> * Portal..." wikitext text/x-wiki <div id="browsebar" class="hlist" style="margin: -3px auto 0.2em; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"><!--The following should link to sections of Portal:Portals --> * Portals: Culture * Geography * Health * History * [[Language]] * Natural Sciences * People * Philosophy * Religion * Society * Technology </div><noinclude> {{documentation}} {{purgepage}} </noinclude> 31a5053a3f96b33b42c6d91a617e571a4c51efe6 838 837 2014-02-17T22:31:20Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <div id="browsebar" class="hlist" style="margin: -3px auto 0.2em; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"><!--The following should link to sections of Portal:Portals --> * '''Portals''': Culture * Geography * Health * History * [[Language]] * Natural Sciences * People * Philosophy * Religion * Society * Technology </div><noinclude> {{documentation}} {{purgepage}} </noinclude> 458d94762554038dd2985cc397cf3d6633c3fe05 Proto-Araqish language 0 138 839 801 2014-02-17T22:45:44Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Adjective */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 1c36a2ecbaddc91d1d7c871d04a57fa71f1ede64 844 839 2014-02-17T23:13:31Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 0dd1928952624f422b070fdf7eda270091cc7566 851 844 2014-02-17T23:24:28Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#FFA500|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 24c303b6598ae3d4a2ec85e2dbc99448fbcba845 852 851 2014-02-17T23:28:03Z Manomow 3365071 Undo revision 851 by [[Special:Contributions/Manomow|Manomow]] ([[User talk:Manomow|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 0dd1928952624f422b070fdf7eda270091cc7566 864 852 2014-02-18T15:09:09Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Originalian |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | òrmáthu |- ! 21. | òrmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth òrmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth òrmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | daxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} c1c7b5079f2d6d7eae87f3ec0db4a11631054c33 865 864 2014-02-18T15:36:02Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | òrmáthu |- ! 21. | òrmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth òrmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth òrmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | daxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 334d66b6427d1eff22f1e862ead8475f1c71b0b7 877 865 2014-02-18T17:37:18Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | òrmáthu |- ! 21. | òrmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth òrmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth òrmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | daxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 675px;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | daxák | | | | |- ! 3. | taryúk | | | | |- ! 4. | ambuqik | | | | |- ! 5. | khadruk | | | | |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | | | | |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | | | | |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | | | | |- ! 9. | davsuk | | | | |- ! 10. | máthuk | | | | |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | | | | |- ! 20. | òrmáthuk | | | | |- ! 21. | òrmathuk òruk-vo | | | | |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | | | | |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | | | | |- ! 120. | mamêthuk òrmáthuk-vo | | | | |- ! 121. | mamêthuk òrmathuk-vo òruk-vo | | | | |- ! 200. | daxá mamêthuk | | | | |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | | | | |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | | | | |} ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 2b59d1a86d14fcb2f82c928a339d9b0c31db4945 File:Language2.png 6 160 840 817 2014-02-17T22:47:30Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Language2.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 841 840 2014-02-17T22:49:48Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Language2.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 843 841 2014-02-17T23:05:30Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Language2.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:LanguageIntro 10 163 848 825 2014-02-17T23:17:07Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em"> [[File:Language2.png|300px]] </div> A '''language''' is a system of [[symbol]]s, generally known as words, and the grammatical and other rules by which they are manipulated. The word ''language'' is also used to refer to the whole phenomenon of language, and in this sense language is one of several forms of human communication. The scientific study of language and languages, including their historical development, characteristics, and use in society, is the field of '''linguistics'''. 578c6db59a7528069d2764f6303adb3c1db5161b 849 848 2014-02-17T23:17:21Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em"> [[File:Language2.png|300px]] </div> A '''language''' is a system of symbols, generally known as words, and the grammatical and other rules by which they are manipulated. The word ''language'' is also used to refer to the whole phenomenon of language, and in this sense language is one of several forms of human communication. The scientific study of language and languages, including their historical development, characteristics, and use in society, is the field of '''linguistics'''. 1d44c061ca9d9e761590535e370fcf8913834423 Template:Infobox language/family-color 10 150 853 750 2014-02-17T23:28:44Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | originalian | originalian | originalian= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 4c927fbe427b9af45c58ae4426f3ce600fd75c23 871 853 2014-02-18T15:41:19Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> bb974d7159d17ab82fdf707fc7cdb83bbf959c46 872 871 2014-02-18T15:42:43Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> bd4d4ed8e860c47f8632ab99ab7572f7b5077531 874 872 2014-02-18T15:44:48Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9323c309ab8ffad329cf6d301a494c630d5be330 Template:LanguageArticles 10 152 855 814 2014-02-18T01:26:58Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' Dwaripje</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], Dreishawen, New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], New Language 3, [[Proto-Araqish language| Araqish]], New Language 5, Tinvok, Hatlth, New Language 4</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' Kódù, Blaiti, Ziai, Tifɯ, Kiapni, Khenmussu, Efeip, Engos, New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> fa60b820c5eba6cfb82bac1be5a3a15dc16dfa62 858 855 2014-02-18T01:29:45Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], New Language 3, [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], New Language 5, Tinvok, Hatlth, New Language 4</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' Kódù, Blaiti, Ziai, Tifɯ, Kiapni, Khenmussu, Efeip, Engos, New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> 0f2ad4c2441fe2a998ff57efe61b8b10a80a31b2 859 858 2014-02-18T01:31:19Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], New Language 3, [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], New Language 5, Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlth language|Hatlth]], New Language 4</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], Blaiti, Ziai, Tifɯ, Kiapni, Khenmussu, Efeip, Engos, New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> 060deb58eee5149c5bf063e41aa6b91fb90b9353 863 859 2014-02-18T01:39:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], New Language 3, [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], New Language 5, Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], New Language 4</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], Blaiti, Ziai, Tifɯ, Kiapni, Khenmussu, Efeip, Engos, New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> 917b57283681fcc8642e6426f1bed52df08d36c0 Proto-Dwaripje language 0 168 856 2014-02-18T01:27:12Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "== Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Pos..." wikitext text/x-wiki == Proto-Dwaripje == '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat dc6af53dae6ec2babbea74bef940a51f17875261 870 856 2014-02-18T15:39:38Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Dwaripje |pronunciation = |region = Originalia/Omoserica/Dateline |familycolor = Proto-Dwaripje |map = ProtoDwaripje.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Dwaripje}} }} '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat 042eaadb2a84c417e59bd567d99adb28acdd84a3 Proto-Dreishawen language 0 169 857 2014-02-18T01:28:45Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "== Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! ..." wikitext text/x-wiki == Dreishawen languages == [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree 87725b9f02e39216d8689bb00809772b73db875b 868 857 2014-02-18T15:38:33Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Dreishawen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia/Omoserica/Dateline |familycolor = Proto-Dreishawen |map = ProtoDreishawen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Dreishawen}} }} [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree 8838b325f2e7ffa0c00ce762a3f3102f99462a66 869 868 2014-02-18T15:39:08Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Dreishawen |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Dreishawen |map = ProtoDreishawen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Dreishawen}} }} [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree 37bf331305f5182083899bf86e22fb313292063f Proto-Kódù language 0 170 860 2014-02-18T01:32:08Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "== Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages ha..." wikitext text/x-wiki == Kódù Languages == Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] 1d222207ff70154b6122b98702007d1df8b5d4b3 867 860 2014-02-18T15:37:37Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kódù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Kódù |map = ProtoKódù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kódù }} }} Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] 5956968d6ddd1395425c37a5f9cb1bb551e08db4 876 867 2014-02-18T15:52:19Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kódù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Kódù |map = protokódù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kódù }} }} Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} [[File:kodu_languages.png]] 3641068b98d5ca81fc9686d02db57076cfca943c 878 876 2014-02-18T17:40:59Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kódù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Kódù |map = protokódù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kódù }} }} == Phonology and Phonotactics == These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} '''Consonants''' [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == Grammar == Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. '''Lexicon''' *kó - speech *dù - word, speech *pǔs - person 688812490c5193717924b9e2734887b1aa379f96 Proto-Hatlh language 0 171 861 2014-02-18T01:38:10Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "== Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.o..." wikitext text/x-wiki == Hatlh languages == ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] e0fe2d8b0376da0aa40ec92aca5c02a107b6761b 866 861 2014-02-18T15:37:01Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Halth |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Halth |map = ProtoHalth.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Halth}} }} ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] dc3a88bedc70d933044e5e170a39230867e89a62 873 866 2014-02-18T15:43:50Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Hatlh |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Hatlh |map = ProtoHatlh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Hatlh}} }} ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] f2d60797fd2d4a844ed280362ce6366fab7b3638 File:Protokódù.png 6 172 875 2014-02-18T15:51:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:LanguageArticles 10 152 882 863 2014-02-18T17:48:02Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], New Language 3, [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], New Language 5, Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], New Language 4, [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], Blaiti, Ziai, Tifɯ, Kiapni, Khenmussu, Efeip, Engos, New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> 1a47a7a513a8bb4ec1c6a014e391373c9483f216 886 882 2014-02-18T17:54:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], New Language 3, [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], New Language 5, Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], Blaiti, [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], Tifɯ, Kiapni, Khenmussu, Efeip, Engos, New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> b5fd33038899436edf23159172dbf7c59a87df86 930 886 2014-02-19T00:00:57Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], New Language 3, [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], New Language 5, Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], Blaiti, [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> a3ed76c39e15637fc112172c581d6a06e8a03691 Language 0 126 883 881 2014-02-18T17:49:12Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#EEF037|New Language 4}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == Proto-Ziai == Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == (Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen == Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ba681a9fe734e22a55586b18baac223af38bebf3 887 883 2014-02-18T17:55:41Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}}br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} == The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia) == [[File:Serforma_languages_9500.png|frame|The darker patches sometimes linked to lighter patches with dotted lines indicate the origin of that ethno-linguistic culture, the dotted lines are the direction of migration]] '''Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip''' Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] '''Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu''' Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] '''Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni''' 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] '''Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ''' Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] '''Western Grey-Blue''' Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] 741adf3b82d4aa9bf26f6b0b9ae2ac61d75eb3db Proto-Sazāzasōj language 0 173 884 2014-02-18T17:50:04Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Sazāzasōj |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Sazāzasōj |map = ProtoSazāzasōj.png |mapca..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Sazāzasōj |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Sazāzasōj |map = ProtoSazāzasōj.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Sazāzasōj }} }} == Phonology == consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza aaf9b622113f92724d1fe84c032d9f588a622c46 927 884 2014-02-18T23:40:08Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Sazāzasōj |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Sazāzasōj |map = ProtoSazāzasōj.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Sazāzasōj }} }} == Phonology == consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 590c65f55dcb51304a04fed6fb8b4c0ba6464d46 Template:Infobox language/family-color 10 150 885 874 2014-02-18T17:50:50Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 055bd04f2503f687c7d052e2e0d36a2eb4bd1202 890 885 2014-02-18T18:03:47Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-Œkhen | proto-Œkhen | proto-Œkhen = <nowiki>#EEF037</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 10661b551fcbe9417c4eb30fd5832cd588eb9c7c 894 890 2014-02-18T18:06:05Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | Proto-Œkhen | Proto-Œkhen | Proto-Œkhen = <nowiki>#EEF037</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 0505b72fb6accfbc02db7c8d5b7007e592625104 895 894 2014-02-18T18:07:11Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | Proto-Œkhen | Proto-Œkhen | Proto-Œkhen = <nowiki>#FFD700</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 31fdaae8ccea0bec922fa845251133650dc1a9b8 897 895 2014-02-18T18:57:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | Proto-CEkhen | Proto-CEkhen | Proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#FFD700</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 99216ddb67165e214c8565497a3972853caa06fd 900 897 2014-02-18T19:00:07Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#FFD700</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> dd138d0faeefeec5ce462906f815e23bbbd30bff 902 900 2014-02-18T19:01:01Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> FFD700 | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> c4b19144e8dfbe0924593c1d78603d18f39c23a9 905 902 2014-02-18T19:03:52Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> e6c6a4c2a903e4538d090a546e2f07e2e34a8ee6 906 905 2014-02-18T19:04:24Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 73b317676d658f0fd41036e1d3048dfaeb86b0d7 Proto-Ziai language 0 174 888 2014-02-18T17:55:51Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various..." wikitext text/x-wiki Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup e6f2b76a1679f151c74c40fe1ca075fb9889675a 891 888 2014-02-18T18:04:29Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ziai |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ziai |map = ProtoZiai.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ziai}} }} include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup 95c3a02702c5039d4efbf576207847c117e48659 929 891 2014-02-18T23:40:40Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ziai |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ziai |map = ProtoZiai.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ziai}} }} include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 70c6cc6b8eed5a2b5f56a4b4ac858376a5ff5146 Proto-Œkhen language 0 175 889 2014-02-18T17:55:54Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii i..." wikitext text/x-wiki Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ef882bef9450d225e4083077c5787165531f11df 892 889 2014-02-18T18:04:52Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Œkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen .png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee 435f1beb26f88cfeae2673d9f3fadbb91386eba7 893 892 2014-02-18T18:05:49Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Œkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee 0c210bc331ba1dfb564e1531b6f67adf2b7bc7a2 896 893 2014-02-18T18:57:32Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee 2d52fb60b866efc8ec3704ffed69d407eb542023 898 896 2014-02-18T18:59:25Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-CEkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoCEkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-CEkhen }} }} Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee 4cac92c113dc46978e42638ccc9ee6443bdd1b50 899 898 2014-02-18T18:59:39Z Manomow 3365071 Undo revision 898 by [[Special:Contributions/Manomow|Manomow]] ([[User talk:Manomow|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee 2d52fb60b866efc8ec3704ffed69d407eb542023 901 899 2014-02-18T19:00:31Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee 353ec4fc6ee340f68334f4e14275aa047b88e6ef 904 901 2014-02-18T19:02:44Z Manomow 3365071 its not working wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee 2d52fb60b866efc8ec3704ffed69d407eb542023 924 904 2014-02-18T23:37:04Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(: )(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} d7052ba0b1de8850d81e61ef0cf46b24f2163e9b Proto-Araqish language 0 138 903 877 2014-02-18T19:02:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Derived numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | òrmáthu |- ! 21. | òrmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth òrmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth òrmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | daxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | daxák | daxáphas | daxándas | daxákas | daxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | òrmáthuk | òrmáthuphas | òrmáthundas | òrmathukas | òrmathunôy |- ! 21. | òrmáthuk òruk-vo | òrmáthu òruphas-vo | òrmáthu òrundas-vo | òrmáthu òrukas-vo | òrmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk òrmáthuk-vo | mamêthu òrmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthundas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthukas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk òrmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | daxá mamêthuk | daxá mamêthuphas | daxá mamêthundas | daxá mamêthukas | daxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} c858d1357568b090232597969928d60881b0bdd2 907 903 2014-02-18T19:08:38Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Derived numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | òrmáthu |- ! 21. | òrmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth òrmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth òrmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | daxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | òrmáthuk | òrmáthuphas | òrmáthundas | òrmathukas | òrmathunôy |- ! 21. | òrmáthuk òruk-vo | òrmáthu òruphas-vo | òrmáthu òrundas-vo | òrmáthu òrukas-vo | òrmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk òrmáthuk-vo | mamêthu òrmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthundas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthukas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk òrmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 4bb3ba9bc41b9d1ec1cd54b5e6179227f2eeedd1 908 907 2014-02-18T19:11:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Cardinal numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | òrmáthuk | òrmáthuphas | òrmáthundas | òrmathukas | òrmathunôy |- ! 21. | òrmáthuk òruk-vo | òrmáthu òruphas-vo | òrmáthu òrundas-vo | òrmáthu òrukas-vo | òrmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk òrmáthuk-vo | mamêthu òrmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthundas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthukas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk òrmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} 396cd98661eef578d4d6fb4388736446c4bc3bff 909 908 2014-02-18T19:13:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Derived numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] }} eb6c5819c75ebd2ac69759f208085529fffb978d 910 909 2014-02-18T19:19:42Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6856fa562bc7277dd007891e03bb718a417f8e55 912 910 2014-02-18T20:45:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 76c732e21a854d48a8a61bedf3a47d25c76863c4 913 912 2014-02-18T20:50:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Personal pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} d0b57ae9dedef8154babe781e09ab372d4d5148d 914 913 2014-02-18T22:40:25Z Manomow 3365071 /* Verb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f69c9285acae0e41986d2a805f890da506021c3f Template:LanguageNav 10 176 911 2014-02-18T19:19:52Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Kódù language]] }}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | list1 = Originalia * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Kódù language]] }} 379f6e15882e02e2fd436eb46ed3241ee3276109 916 911 2014-02-18T23:08:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | group1 = Originalia | list1 = [[Proto-Araqish language]] • [[Proto-Kódù language]] }} 27e0e6bde7d3edc24e9e3f07cbb1bbf0b6650a9d 919 916 2014-02-18T23:17:45Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = [[Originalia]] | list1 = [[Proto-Araqish language]] • [[Proto-Kódù language]] }} 02048c354e568b68171099543d25f6a2c619f96b 920 919 2014-02-18T23:18:40Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list1 = [[Proto-Araqish language]] • [[Proto-Kódù language]] }} 7fe0dec94fc9737482ddb78b5ffe2f7056b89a09 921 920 2014-02-18T23:34:37Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | | list1 = [[Proto-Araqish language]] • [[Proto-Kódù language]] | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = New Language 9 | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], New Language 1, New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]], [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], New Language 3, New Language 5, [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]], Tinvok | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = Blaiti, Efeip, Engos, Khenmussu, Kiapni, [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9, Tifɯ, [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} f184a326331d250f1f09c0a5df7109bf5d77e978 926 921 2014-02-18T23:39:52Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = New Language 9 | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • New Language 3 • New Language 5 • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = Blaiti • Efeip • Engos • Khenmussu • Kiapni • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • New Language 6 • New Language 7 • New Language 8 • New Language 9 • Tifɯ • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} 600fce7759fdda4585548a597ff66c44b3ee0ad7 MediaWiki:Common.css 8 80 917 836 2014-02-18T23:10:18Z Manomow 3365071 Undo revision 836 by [[Special:Contributions/Manomow|Manomow]] ([[User talk:Manomow|talk]]) css text/css */ /* Edit window toolbar */ #toolbar { height: 22px; margin-bottom: 6px; } /* Margins for <ol> and <ul> */ #content ol, #content ul, #mw_content ol, #mw_content ul { margin-bottom: 0.5em; } /* Make the list of references in [[Template:Reflist]] smaller */ .references-small { font-size: 90%; } /* VALIDATOR NOTICE: the following is correct, but the W3C validator doesn't accept it */ /* -moz-* is a vendor-specific extension (CSS 2.1 4.1.2.1) */ /* column-count is from the CSS3 module "CSS Multi-column Layout" */ /* Please ignore any validator errors caused by these two lines */ .references-2column { font-size: 90%; -moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; } /* Highlight clicked reference in blue to help navigation */ ol.references > li:target, sup.reference:target, cite:target { background-color: #DEF; } /* Ensure refs in table headers and the like aren't bold or italic */ sup.reference { font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; } /* Styling for citations */ cite { font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; } /* For linked citation numbers and document IDs, where the number need not be shown on a screen or a handheld, but should be included in the printed version */ @media screen, handheld, projection { cite *.printonly { display: none; } } /* wikitable/prettytable class for skinning normal tables */ table.wikitable, table.prettytable { margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; } .wikitable th, .wikitable td, .prettytable th, .prettytable td { border: 1px #aaa solid; padding: 0.2em; } .wikitable th, .prettytable th { background: #f2f2f2; text-align: center; } .wikitable caption, .prettytable caption { font-weight: bold; } /* Default skin for navigation boxes */ table.navbox { /* Navbox container style */ border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 100%; margin: auto; clear: both; font-size: 88%; text-align: center; padding: 1px; } table.navbox + table.navbox { /* Single pixel border between adjacent navboxes */ margin-top: -1px; /* (doesn't work for IE6, but that's okay) */ } .navbox-title, .navbox-abovebelow, table.navbox th { text-align: center; /* Title and above/below styles */ padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } .navbox-group { /* Group style */ white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } .navbox, .navbox-subgroup { background: #fdfdfd; /* Background color */ } .navbox-list { border-color: #fdfdfd; /* Must match background color */ } .navbox-title, table.navbox th { background: #ccccff; /* Level 1 color */ } .navbox-abovebelow, .navbox-group, .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title { background: #ddddff; /* Level 2 color */ } .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group, .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow { background: #e6e6ff; /* Level 3 color */ } .navbox-even { background: #f7f7f7; /* Even row striping */ } .navbox-odd { background: transparent; /* Odd row striping */ } .collapseButton { /* 'show'/'hide' buttons created dynamically */ float: right; /* by the CollapsibleTables javascript in */ font-weight: normal; /* [[MediaWiki:Common.js]]are styled here */ text-align: right; /* so they can be customised. */ width: auto; } .navbox .collapseButton { /* In navboxes, the show/hide button balances */ width: 6em; /* the vde links from [[Template:Tnavbar]], */ } /* so they need to be the same width. */ /* Infobox template style */ .infobox { border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; } .infobox td, .infobox th { vertical-align: top; } .infobox caption { font-size: larger; } .infobox.bordered { border-collapse: collapse; } .infobox.bordered td, .infobox.bordered th { border: 1px solid #aaa; } .infobox.bordered .borderless td, .infobox.bordered .borderless th { border: 0; } .infobox.sisterproject { width: 20em; font-size: 90%; } .infobox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; } .infobox.standard-talk.bordered td, .infobox.standard-talk.bordered th { border: 1px solid #c0c090; } /* styles for bordered infobox with merged rows */ .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td, .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th { border: 0; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-right: 1px solid #aaa; } .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td, .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th { border: 0; border-right: 1px solid #aaa; } /* Styles for geography infoboxes, eg countries, country subdivisions, cities, etc. */ .infobox.geography { text-align: left; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 90%; } .infobox.geography td, .infobox.geography th { border-top: solid 1px #aaa; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td, .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th { border-top: solid 1px #aaa; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedrow td, .infobox.geography .mergedrow th { border: 0; padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td, .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th { border-top: 0; border-bottom: solid 1px #aaa; padding: 0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .maptable td, .infobox.geography .maptable th { border: 0; padding: 0; } /* Makes redirects appear in italics in categories and on [[Special:Allpages]] */ .redirect-in-category, .allpagesredirect { font-style: italic; } /* Icons for medialist templates [[Template:Listen]], [[Template:Multi-listen_start]], [[Template:Video]], [[Template:Multi-video_start]] */ div.listenlist { background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gnome-speakernotes.png/30px-Gnome-speakernotes.png"); padding-left: 40px; } /* Style rules for media list templates */ div.medialist { min-height: 50px; margin: 1em; background-position: top left; background-repeat: no-repeat; } div.medialist ul { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0; } div.medialist ul li { padding-bottom: 0.5em; } div.medialist ul li li { font-size: 91%; padding-bottom: 0; } /* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon for all PDF files in browsers that support these CSS selectors, like Mozilla and Opera */ #bodyContent a[href$=".pdf"].external, #bodyContent a[href*=".pdf?"].external, #bodyContent a[href*=".pdf#"].external, #bodyContent a[href$=".PDF"].external, #bodyContent a[href*=".PDF?"].external, #bodyContent a[href*=".PDF#"].external, #mw_content a[href$=".pdf"].external, #mw_content a[href*=".pdf?"].external, #mw_content a[href*=".pdf#"].external, #mw_content a[href$=".PDF"].external, #mw_content a[href*=".PDF?"].external, #mw_content a[href*=".PDF#"].external { background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif/15px-Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 16px; } /* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon anywhere the PDFlink class is used (notably Template:PDFlink). This works in IE, unlike the above. */ #bodyContent span.PDFlink a, #mw_content span.PDFlink a { background: url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif/15px-Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") center right no-repeat; padding-right: 17px; } /* Remove link styling. Already defined in monobook and modern, but not defined in the other skins. Bug 18708 */ #bodyContent .plainlinks a { background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } /* Content in columns with CSS instead of tables [[Template:Columns]] */ div.columns-2 div.column { float: left; width: 50%; min-width: 300px; } div.columns-3 div.column { float: left; width: 33.3%; min-width: 200px; } div.columns-4 div.column { float: left; width: 25%; min-width: 150px; } div.columns-5 div.column { float: left; width: 20%; min-width: 120px; } /* Make sure that "external references" from templates like [[Template:Ref]] do not get URL expansion, not even when printed. The anchor itself has class "external autonumber" and the url expansion is inserted when printing (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/commonPrint.css]) using the ":after" pseudo-element. */ .nourlexpansion a.external.text:after, .nourlexpansion a.external.autonumber:after { display: none !important; } /* Messagebox templates */ .messagebox { border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 80%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; } .messagebox.merge { border: 1px solid #c0b8cc; background-color: #f0e5ff; text-align: center; } .messagebox.cleanup { border: 1px solid #9f9fff; background-color: #efefff; text-align: center; } .messagebox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; margin: 4px auto; } /* For old WikiProject banners inside banner shells. */ .mbox-inside .standard-talk, .messagebox.nested-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width: 100%; margin: 2px 0; padding: 2px; } .messagebox.small { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; float: right; clear: both; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; } .messagebox.small-talk { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; float: right; clear: both; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; background: #F8EABA; } /* Cell sizes for ambox/tmbox/imbox/cmbox/ombox/fmbox/dmbox message boxes */ th.mbox-text, td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */ border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; /* 0.9em left/right */ width: 100%; /* Make all mboxes the same width regardless of text length */ } td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */ border: none; padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em; /* 0.9em left, 0px right */ text-align: center; } td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */ border: none; padding: 2px 0.9em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.9em right */ text-align: center; } td.mbox-empty-cell { /* An empty narrow cell */ border: none; padding: 0px; width: 1px; } /* Article message box styles */ table.ambox { margin: 0px 10%; /* 10% = Will not overlap with other elements */ border: 1px solid #aaa; border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; /* Default "notice" blue */ background: #fbfbfb; } table.ambox + table.ambox { /* Single border between stacked boxes. */ margin-top: -1px; } .ambox th.mbox-text, .ambox td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */ padding: 0.25em 0.5em; /* 0.5em left/right */ } .ambox td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */ padding: 2px 0 2px 0.5em; /* 0.5em left, 0px right */ } .ambox td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */ padding: 2px 0.5em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.5em right */ } table.ambox-notice { border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; /* Blue */ } table.ambox-speedy { border-left: 10px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.ambox-delete { border-left: 10px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.ambox-content { border-left: 10px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.ambox-style { border-left: 10px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.ambox-move { border-left: 10px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.ambox-protection { border-left: 10px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Image message box styles */ table.imbox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Default "notice" blue */ background: #fbfbfb; } .imbox .mbox-text .imbox { /* For imboxes inside imbox-text cells. */ margin: 0 -0.5em; /* 0.9 - 0.5 = 0.4em left/right. */ } .mbox-inside .imbox { /* For imboxes inside other templates. */ margin: 4px; } table.imbox-notice { border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Blue */ } table.imbox-speedy { border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.imbox-delete { border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.imbox-content { border: 3px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.imbox-style { border: 3px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.imbox-move { border: 3px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.imbox-protection { border: 3px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } table.imbox-license { border: 3px solid #88a; /* Dark gray */ background: #f7f8ff; /* Light gray */ } table.imbox-featured { border: 3px solid #cba135; /* Brown-gold */ } /* Category message box styles */ table.cmbox { margin: 3px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #DFE8FF; /* Default "notice" blue */ } table.cmbox-notice { background: #D8E8FF; /* Blue */ } table.cmbox-speedy { margin-top: 4px; margin-bottom: 4px; border: 4px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #FFDBDB; /* Pink */ } table.cmbox-delete { background: #FFDBDB; /* Red */ } table.cmbox-content { background: #FFE7CE; /* Orange */ } table.cmbox-style { background: #FFF9DB; /* Yellow */ } table.cmbox-move { background: #E4D8FF; /* Purple */ } table.cmbox-protection { background: #EFEFE1; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Other pages message box styles */ table.ombox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Default "notice" gray */ background: #f9f9f9; } table.ombox-notice { border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Gray */ } table.ombox-speedy { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.ombox-delete { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.ombox-content { border: 1px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.ombox-style { border: 1px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.ombox-move { border: 1px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.ombox-protection { border: 2px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Talk page message box styles */ table.tmbox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Default "notice" gray-brown */ background: #f8eaba; } .mediawiki .mbox-inside .tmbox { /* For tmboxes inside other templates. The "mediawiki" */ margin: 2px 0; /* class ensures that this declaration overrides other */ width: 100%; /* For Safari and Opera */ /* styles (including mbox-small above) */ } .mbox-inside .tmbox.mbox-small { /* "small" tmboxes should not be small when */ line-height: 1.5em; /* also "nested", so reset styles that are */ font-size: 100%; /* set in "mbox-small" above. */ } table.tmbox-speedy { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.tmbox-delete { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.tmbox-content { border: 2px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.tmbox-style { border: 2px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.tmbox-move { border: 2px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.tmbox-protection, table.tmbox-notice { border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Gray-brown */ } /* Disambig and set index box styles */ table.dmbox { clear: both; margin: 0.9em 1em; border-top: 1px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; } /* Footer and header message box styles */ table.fmbox { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; /* Default "system" gray */ } table.fmbox-system { background: #f9f9f9; } table.fmbox-warning { border: 1px solid #bb7070; /* Dark pink */ background: #ffdbdb; /* Pink */ } table.fmbox-editnotice { background: transparent; } /* Div based "warning" style fmbox messages. */ div.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt, div.mw-lag-warn-high, div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #bb7070; background: #ffdbdb; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; } /* Div based "system" style fmbox messages. Used in [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]] and [[MediaWiki:Readonly lag]]. */ div.mw-lag-warn-normal, div.noarticletext, div.fmbox-system { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; } /* These mbox-small classes must be placed after all other ambox/tmbox/ombox etc classes. "body.mediawiki" is so they override "table.ambox + table.ambox" above. */ body.mediawiki table.mbox-small { /* For the "small=yes" option. */ clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 238px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; } body.mediawiki table.mbox-small-left { /* For the "small=left" option. */ margin: 4px 1em 4px 0; width: 238px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; } /* Support for Template:IPA, Template:Unicode and Template:Polytonic. The second declarations reset the styles for all browsers except IE6, which chokes on the empty comment tags. Please copy any changes to [[Template:IPA fonts]] and [[Template:Unicode fonts]]. */ .IPA { font-family: "Charis SIL", "Doulos SIL", Gentium, GentiumAlt, "DejaVu Sans", Code2000, "TITUS Cyberbit Basic", "Arial Unicode MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Chrysanthi Unicode"; font-family /**/: inherit; } .Unicode { font-family: Code2000, Code2001, "Free Serif", "TITUS Cyberbit Basic", "Doulos SIL", "Chrysanthi Unicode", "Bitstream Cyberbit", "Bitstream CyberBase", Thryomanes, Gentium, GentiumAlt, "Lucida Grande", "Free Sans", "Arial Unicode MS", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Lucida Sans Unicode"; font-family /**/: inherit; } .latinx { font-family: Code2000, Code2001, "TITUS Cyberbit Basic", "Microsoft Sans Serif"; font-family /**/: inherit; } .polytonic { font-family: "Athena Unicode", Gentium, "Palatino Linotype", "Arial Unicode MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", Code2000; font-family /**/: inherit; } #wpSave { font-weight: bold; } /* class hiddenStructure is defunct. See [[Wikipedia:hiddenStructure]] */ .hiddenStructure { display: inline ! important; color: #f00; background-color: #0f0; } /* suppress missing interwiki image links where #ifexist cannot be used due to high number of requests see .hidden-redlink on http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki:Common.css */ .check-icon a.new { display: none; speak: none; } /* Removes underlines from links */ .nounderlines a { text-decoration: none; } /* Remove underline from IPA links */ .IPA a:link, .IPA a:visited { text-decoration: none; } /* Standard Navigationsleisten, aka box hiding thingy from .de. Documentation at [[Wikipedia:NavFrame]]. */ div.NavFrame { margin: 0; padding: 4px; border: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; } div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame { border-top-style: none; border-top-style: hidden; } div.NavPic { background-color: #fff; margin: 0; padding: 2px; float: left; } div.NavFrame div.NavHead { height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #ccf; position: relative; } div.NavFrame p { font-size: 100%; } div.NavFrame div.NavContent { font-size: 100%; } div.NavFrame div.NavContent p { font-size: 100%; } div.NavEnd { margin: 0; padding: 0; line-height: 1px; clear: both; } a.NavToggle { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 90%; } /* Coloured watchlist numbers */ .mw-plusminus-pos { color: #006400; } /* dark green */ .mw-plusminus-neg { color: #8B0000; } /* dark red */ .rellink, .dablink { font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; } .rellink i, .dablink i { font-style: normal; } /* Style for horizontal UL lists */ .horizontal ul { padding: 0; margin: 0; } .horizontal li { padding: 0 0.6em 0 0.4em; display: inline; border-right: 1px solid; } .horizontal li:last-child { border-right: none; padding-right: 0; } /* Allow transcluded pages to display in lists rather than a table. Compatible in Firefox; incompatible in IE6. */ .listify td { display: list-item; } .listify tr { display: block; } .listify table { display: block; } /* Geographical coordinates defaults. See [[Template:Coord/link]] for how these are used. The classes "geo", "longitude", and "latitude" are used by the [[Geo microformat]]. */ .geo-default, .geo-dms, .geo-dec { display: inline; } .geo-nondefault, .geo-multi-punct { display: none; } .longitude, .latitude { white-space: nowrap; } /* When <div class="nonumtoc"> is used on the table of contents, the ToC will display without numbers */ .nonumtoc .tocnumber { display: none; } .nonumtoc #toc ul, .nonumtoc .toc ul { line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: .3em 0 0; padding: 0; } .nonumtoc #toc ul ul, .nonumtoc .toc ul ul { margin: 0 0 0 2em; } /* Allow limiting of which header levels are shown in a TOC; <div class="toclimit-3">, for instance, will limit to showing ==headings== and ===headings=== but no further (as long as there are no =headings= on the page, which there shouldn't be according to the MoS). */ .toclimit-2 .toclevel-2, .toclimit-3 .toclevel-3, .toclimit-4 .toclevel-4, .toclimit-5 .toclevel-5, .toclimit-6 .toclevel-6, .toclimit-7 .toclevel-7 { display: none; } /* Styling for Template:Quote */ blockquote.templatequote { margin-top: 0; } blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite { line-height: 1em; text-align: left; padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 0; } blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite cite { font-size: 85%; } div.user-block { padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #A9A9A9; background-color: #FFEFD5; } /* Prevent line breaks in silly places: 1) links when we don't want them to 2) HTML formulae 3) Ref tags with group names <ref group="Note"> --> "[Note 1]" */ .nowraplinks a, span.texhtml, sup.reference a { white-space: nowrap; } /* For template documentation */ .template-documentation { clear: both; margin: 1em 0 0 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #ecfcf4; padding: 5px; } .thumbinner { min-width: 100px; } /* Inline divs in ImageMaps (code borrowed from de.wiki) */ .imagemap-inline div { display: inline; } /* Increase the height of the image upload box */ #wpUploadDescription { height: 13em; } /* Reduce line-height for <sup> and <sub> */ sup, sub { line-height: 1em; } /* The backgrounds for galleries. */ #content .gallerybox div.thumb { background-color: #F9F9F9; /* Light gray padding */ } /* Put a chequered background behind images, only visible if they have transparency */ .gallerybox .thumb img, #file img { background: white url("http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png") repeat; } /* But no chequered background on articles, user pages or portals. */ .ns-0 .gallerybox .thumb img, .ns-2 .gallerybox .thumb img, .ns-100 .gallerybox .thumb img { background: white; } /* Prevent floating boxes from overlapping any category listings, file histories, edit previews, and edit [Show changes] views */ #mw-subcategories, #mw-pages, #mw-category-media, #filehistory, #wikiPreview, #wikiDiff { clear: both; } /* Selectively hide headers in WikiProject banners */ .wpb .wpb-header { display: none; } .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: block; } /* for IE */ .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: table-row; } /* for real browsers */ .wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */ /* cd7b1a03370929f26475301d94c059f197a9b688 918 917 2014-02-18T23:11:56Z Manomow 3365071 Undo revision 917 by [[Special:Contributions/Manomow|Manomow]] ([[User talk:Manomow|talk]]) css text/css /* Default styling for HTML elements */ dfn { font-style: inherit; /* Reset default styling for <dfn> */ } sup, sub { line-height: 1em; /* Reduce line-height for <sup> and <sub> */ } /* Main page fixes */ #interwiki-completelist { font-weight: bold; } body.page-Main_Page #ca-delete { display: none !important; } body.page-Main_Page #mp-topbanner { clear: both; } /* Edit window toolbar */ #toolbar { height: 22px; margin-bottom: 6px; } /* Highlight data points in the info action if specified in the URL */ body.action-info :target { background: #DEF; } /* Make the list of references smaller */ ol.references, div.reflist, div.refbegin { font-size: 90%; /* Default font-size */ margin-bottom: 0.5em; } div.refbegin-100 { font-size: 100%; /* Option for normal fontsize in {{refbegin}} */ } div.reflist ol.references { font-size: 100%; /* Reset font-size when nested in div.reflist */ list-style-type: inherit; /* Enable custom list style types */ } /* Reset top margin for lists embedded in columns */ div.columns { margin-top: 0.3em; } div.columns dl, div.columns ol, div.columns ul { margin-top: 0; } /* Avoid list items from breaking between columns */ div.columns li, div.columns dd dd { -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid; break-inside: avoid-column; } /* Highlight clicked reference in blue to help navigation */ ol.references li:target, sup.reference:target, span.citation:target { background-color: #DEF; } /* Ensure refs in table headers and the like aren't bold or italic */ sup.reference { font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; } /* Allow hidden ref errors to be shown by user CSS */ span.brokenref { display: none; } /* Styling for citations (CSS3). Breaks long urls, etc., rather than overflowing box */ .citation { word-wrap: break-word; } /* For linked citation numbers and document IDs, where the number need not be shown on a screen or a handheld, but should be included in the printed version */ @media screen, handheld { .citation *.printonly { display: none; } } /* Style for [[Template:Flowlist]] that Lets lists flow around floating objecs */ .flowlist ul { overflow-x: hidden; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 1.6em; } .flowlist ol { overflow-x: hidden; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3.2em; } .flowlist dl { overflow-x: hidden; } /* Style for horizontal lists (separator following item). IE8-specific classes are assigned in [[MediaWiki:Common.js/IEFixes.js]]. @source mediawiki.org/wiki/Snippets/Horizontal_lists @revision 4.3 (2014-01-06) @author [[User:Edokter]] */ .hlist dl, .hlist ol, .hlist ul { margin: 0; padding: 0; } /* Display list items inline */ .hlist dd, .hlist dt, .hlist li { margin: 0; display: inline; } /* Display nested lists inline */ .hlist dl dl, .hlist dl ol, .hlist dl ul, .hlist ol dl, .hlist ol ol, .hlist ol ul, .hlist ul dl, .hlist ul ol, .hlist ul ul { display: inline; } /* Generate interpuncts */ .hlist dt:after { content: ": "; } .hlist dd:after, .hlist li:after { content: " · "; font-weight: bold; } .hlist dd:last-child:after, .hlist dt:last-child:after, .hlist li:last-child:after { content: none; } /* For IE8 */ .hlist dd.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist dt.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist li.hlist-last-child:after { content: none; } /* Add parentheses around nested lists */ .hlist dd dd:first-child:before, .hlist dd dt:first-child:before, .hlist dd li:first-child:before, .hlist dt dd:first-child:before, .hlist dt dt:first-child:before, .hlist dt li:first-child:before, .hlist li dd:first-child:before, .hlist li dt:first-child:before, .hlist li li:first-child:before { content: " ("; font-weight: normal; } .hlist dd dd:last-child:after, .hlist dd dt:last-child:after, .hlist dd li:last-child:after, .hlist dt dd:last-child:after, .hlist dt dt:last-child:after, .hlist dt li:last-child:after, .hlist li dd:last-child:after, .hlist li dt:last-child:after, .hlist li li:last-child:after { content: ") "; font-weight: normal; } /* For IE8 */ .hlist dd dd.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist dd dt.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist dd li.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist dt dd.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist dt dt.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist dt li.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist li dd.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist li dt.hlist-last-child:after, .hlist li li.hlist-last-child:after { content: ") "; font-weight: normal; } /* Put ordinals in front of ordered list items */ .hlist ol { counter-reset: listitem; } .hlist ol > li { counter-increment: listitem; } .hlist ol > li:before { content: " " counter(listitem) " "; } .hlist dd ol > li:first-child:before, .hlist dt ol > li:first-child:before, .hlist li ol > li:first-child:before { content: " (" counter(listitem) " "; } /* Unbulleted lists */ .plainlist ul { line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0; } .plainlist ul li { margin-bottom: 0; } /* Default style for navigation boxes */ .navbox { /* Navbox container style */ border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 100%; margin: auto; clear: both; font-size: 88%; text-align: center; padding: 1px; } .navbox-inner, .navbox-subgroup { width: 100%; } .navbox-group, .navbox-title, .navbox-abovebelow { padding: 0.25em 1em; /* Title, group and above/below styles */ line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; } th.navbox-group { /* Group style */ white-space: nowrap; /* @noflip */ text-align: right; } .navbox, .navbox-subgroup { background: #fdfdfd; /* Background color */ } .navbox-list { line-height: 1.8em; border-color: #fdfdfd; /* Must match background color */ } .navbox th, .navbox-title { background: #ccccff; /* Level 1 color */ } .navbox-abovebelow, th.navbox-group, .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title { background: #ddddff; /* Level 2 color */ } .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group, .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow { background: #e6e6ff; /* Level 3 color */ } .navbox-even { background: #f7f7f7; /* Even row striping */ } .navbox-odd { background: transparent; /* Odd row striping */ } table.navbox + table.navbox { /* Single pixel border between adjacent navboxes */ margin-top: -1px; /* (doesn't work for IE6, but that's okay) */ } .navbox .hlist td dl, .navbox .hlist td ol, .navbox .hlist td ul, .navbox td.hlist dl, .navbox td.hlist ol, .navbox td.hlist ul { padding: 0.125em 0; /* Adjust hlist padding in navboxes */ } ol + table.navbox, ul + table.navbox { margin-top: 0.5em; /* Prevent lists from clinging to navboxes */ } /* Default styling for Navbar template */ .navbar { display: inline; font-size: 88%; font-weight: normal; } .navbar ul { display: inline; white-space: nowrap; } .navbar li { word-spacing: -0.125em; } .navbar.mini li span { font-variant: small-caps; } /* Navbar styling when nested in infobox and navbox */ .infobox .navbar { font-size: 100%; } .navbox .navbar { display: block; font-size: 100%; } .navbox-title .navbar { /* @noflip */ float: left; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ margin-right: 0.5em; width: 6em; } /* 'show'/'hide' buttons created dynamically by the CollapsibleTables javascript in [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] are styled here so they can be customised. */ .collapseButton { /* @noflip */ float: right; font-weight: normal; /* @noflip */ margin-left: 0.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: right; width: auto; } /* In navboxes, the show/hide button balances the v·d·e links from [[Template:Navbar]], so they need to be the same width. */ .navbox .collapseButton { width: 6em; } /* Styling for JQuery makeCollapsible, matching that of collapseButton */ .mw-collapsible-toggle { font-weight: normal; /* @noflip */ text-align: right; } .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle { width: 6em; } /* Infobox template style */ .infobox { border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; /* @noflip */ margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ clear: right; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; } .infobox caption { font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; } .infobox td, .infobox th { vertical-align: top; } .infobox.bordered { border-collapse: collapse; } .infobox.bordered td, .infobox.bordered th { border: 1px solid #aaa; } .infobox.bordered .borderless td, .infobox.bordered .borderless th { border: 0; } .infobox.sisterproject { width: 20em; font-size: 90%; } .infobox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; } .infobox.standard-talk.bordered td, .infobox.standard-talk.bordered th { border: 1px solid #c0c090; } /* styles for bordered infobox with merged rows */ .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td, .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th { border: 0; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; /* @noflip */ border-right: 1px solid #aaa; } .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td, .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th { border: 0; /* @noflip */ border-right: 1px solid #aaa; } /* Styles for geography infoboxes, eg countries, country subdivisions, cities, etc. */ .infobox.geography { border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 90%; } .infobox.geography td, .infobox.geography th { border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td, .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th { border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedrow td, .infobox.geography .mergedrow th { border: 0; padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td, .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th { border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .maptable td, .infobox.geography .maptable th { border: 0; padding: 0; } /* Normal font styling for table row headers with scope="row" tag */ .wikitable.plainrowheaders th[scope=row] { font-weight: normal; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; } /* Lists in data cells are always left-aligned */ .wikitable td ul, .wikitable td ol, .wikitable td dl { /* @noflip */ text-align: left; } /* ...unless they also use the hlist class */ .wikitable.hlist td ul, .wikitable.hlist td ol, .wikitable.hlist td dl { text-align: inherit; } /* Icons for medialist templates [[Template:Listen]], [[Template:Multi-listen_start]], [[Template:Video]], [[Template:Multi-video_start]] */ div.listenlist { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Sound-icon.svg") no-repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; background-size: 30px; padding-left: 40px; } /* Fix for hieroglyphs specificality issue in infoboxes ([[Bugzilla:41869]]) */ table.mw-hiero-table td { vertical-align: middle; } /* Style rules for media list templates */ div.medialist { min-height: 50px; margin: 1em; /* @noflip */ background-position: top left; background-repeat: no-repeat; } div.medialist ul { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0; } div.medialist ul li { padding-bottom: 0.5em; } div.medialist ul li li { font-size: 91%; padding-bottom: 0; } /* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon for all PDF files in browsers that support these CSS selectors, like Mozilla and Opera */ div#content a[href$=".pdf"].external, div#content a[href*=".pdf?"].external, div#content a[href*=".pdf#"].external, div#content a[href$=".PDF"].external, div#content a[href*=".PDF?"].external, div#content a[href*=".PDF#"].external, div#mw_content a[href$=".pdf"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf?"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf#"].external, div#mw_content a[href$=".PDF"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF?"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF#"].external { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") no-repeat right; /* @noflip */ padding-right: 18px; } /* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon anywhere the PDFlink class is used (notably Template:PDFlink). This works in IE, unlike the above. */ div#content span.PDFlink a, div#mw_content span.PDFlink a { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") no-repeat right; /* @noflip */ padding-right: 18px; } /* Content in columns with CSS instead of tables ([[Template:Columns]]) */ div.columns-2 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 50%; min-width: 300px; } div.columns-3 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 33.3%; min-width: 200px; } div.columns-4 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 25%; min-width: 150px; } div.columns-5 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 20%; min-width: 120px; } /* Messagebox templates */ .messagebox { border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 80%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; } .messagebox.merge { border: 1px solid #c0b8cc; background-color: #f0e5ff; text-align: center; } .messagebox.cleanup { border: 1px solid #9f9fff; background-color: #efefff; text-align: center; } .messagebox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; margin: 4px auto; } /* For old WikiProject banners inside banner shells. */ .mbox-inside .standard-talk, .messagebox.nested-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width: 100%; margin: 2px 0; padding: 2px; } .messagebox.small { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; /* @noflip */ float: right; clear: both; /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; } .messagebox.small-talk { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; /* @noflip */ float: right; clear: both; /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; background: #F8EABA; } /* Cell sizes for ambox/tmbox/imbox/cmbox/ombox/fmbox/dmbox message boxes */ th.mbox-text, td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 0.25em 0.9em; /* 0.9em left/right */ width: 100%; /* Make all mboxes the same width regardless of text length */ } td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em; /* 0.9em left, 0px right */ text-align: center; } td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0.9em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.9em right */ text-align: center; } td.mbox-empty-cell { /* An empty narrow cell */ border: none; padding: 0px; width: 1px; } /* Article message box styles */ table.ambox { margin: 0px 10%; /* 10% = Will not overlap with other elements */ border: 1px solid #aaa; /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; /* Default "notice" blue */ background: #fbfbfb; } table.ambox + table.ambox { /* Single border between stacked boxes. */ margin-top: -1px; } .ambox th.mbox-text, .ambox td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */ padding: 0.25em 0.5em; /* 0.5em left/right */ } .ambox td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */ /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0 2px 0.5em; /* 0.5em left, 0px right */ } .ambox td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */ /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0.5em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.5em right */ } table.ambox-notice { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; /* Blue */ } table.ambox-speedy { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.ambox-delete { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.ambox-content { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.ambox-style { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.ambox-move { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.ambox-protection { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Image message box styles */ table.imbox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Default "notice" blue */ background: #fbfbfb; } .imbox .mbox-text .imbox { /* For imboxes inside imbox-text cells. */ margin: 0 -0.5em; /* 0.9 - 0.5 = 0.4em left/right. */ display: block; /* Fix for webkit to force 100% width. */ } .mbox-inside .imbox { /* For imboxes inside other templates. */ margin: 4px; } table.imbox-notice { border: 3px solid #1e90ff; /* Blue */ } table.imbox-speedy { border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.imbox-delete { border: 3px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.imbox-content { border: 3px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.imbox-style { border: 3px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.imbox-move { border: 3px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.imbox-protection { border: 3px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } table.imbox-license { border: 3px solid #88a; /* Dark gray */ background: #f7f8ff; /* Light gray */ } table.imbox-featured { border: 3px solid #cba135; /* Brown-gold */ } /* Category message box styles */ table.cmbox { margin: 3px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #DFE8FF; /* Default "notice" blue */ } table.cmbox-notice { background: #D8E8FF; /* Blue */ } table.cmbox-speedy { margin-top: 4px; margin-bottom: 4px; border: 4px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #FFDBDB; /* Pink */ } table.cmbox-delete { background: #FFDBDB; /* Red */ } table.cmbox-content { background: #FFE7CE; /* Orange */ } table.cmbox-style { background: #FFF9DB; /* Yellow */ } table.cmbox-move { background: #E4D8FF; /* Purple */ } table.cmbox-protection { background: #EFEFE1; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Other pages message box styles */ table.ombox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Default "notice" gray */ background: #f9f9f9; } table.ombox-notice { border: 1px solid #aaa; /* Gray */ } table.ombox-speedy { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.ombox-delete { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.ombox-content { border: 1px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.ombox-style { border: 1px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.ombox-move { border: 1px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.ombox-protection { border: 2px solid #bba; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Talk page message box styles */ table.tmbox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Default "notice" gray-brown */ background: #f8eaba; } .mediawiki .mbox-inside .tmbox { /* For tmboxes inside other templates. The "mediawiki" class ensures that */ margin: 2px 0; /* this declaration overrides other styles (including mbox-small above) */ width: 100%; /* For Safari and Opera */ } .mbox-inside .tmbox.mbox-small { /* "small" tmboxes should not be small when */ line-height: 1.5em; /* also "nested", so reset styles that are */ font-size: 100%; /* set in "mbox-small" above. */ } table.tmbox-speedy { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ background: #fee; /* Pink */ } table.tmbox-delete { border: 2px solid #b22222; /* Red */ } table.tmbox-content { border: 2px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.tmbox-style { border: 2px solid #f4c430; /* Yellow */ } table.tmbox-move { border: 2px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.tmbox-protection, table.tmbox-notice { border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Gray-brown */ } /* Disambig and set index box styles */ table.dmbox { clear: both; margin: 0.9em 1em; border-top: 1px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; } /* Footer and header message box styles */ table.fmbox { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; /* Default "system" gray */ } table.fmbox-system { background: #f9f9f9; } table.fmbox-warning { border: 1px solid #bb7070; /* Dark pink */ background: #ffdbdb; /* Pink */ } table.fmbox-editnotice { background: transparent; } /* Div based "warning" style fmbox messages. */ div.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt, div.mw-lag-warn-high, div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning, div#mw-protect-cascadeon { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #bb7070; background: #ffdbdb; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; } /* Div based "system" style fmbox messages. Used in [[MediaWiki:Readonly lag]]. */ div.mw-lag-warn-normal, div.fmbox-system { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; } /* These mbox-small classes must be placed after all other ambox/tmbox/ombox etc classes. 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Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-Dwaripje.png|500px]] Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions. [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 992e11a0cdac8376debbb4c3ddd10c1ffe63979d Proto-Dreishawen language 0 169 923 869 2014-02-18T23:36:41Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Dreishawen |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Dreishawen |map = ProtoDreishawen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Dreishawen}} }} [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. [[File:Dreishawen.png|500px]] Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 0bd4b6d63b35cfcf156cfe7e38fb4f644aa75a3e Proto-Hatlh language 0 171 925 873 2014-02-18T23:37:45Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Hatlh |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Hatlh |map = ProtoHatlh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Hatlh}} }} ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 922990c7eecc47e11b39cf6041835c73ed5095c5 Proto-Kódù language 0 170 928 878 2014-02-18T23:40:24Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kódù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Kódù |map = protokódù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kódù }} }} == Phonology and Phonotactics == These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} '''Consonants''' [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == Grammar == Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. '''Lexicon''' *kó - speech *dù - word, speech *pǔs - person == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 5a694e15b226b44832cf20897d38b1ebe554292f Proto-Tifɯ language 0 178 931 2014-02-19T00:03:05Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tifɯ |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Tifɯ |map = ProtoTifɯ png |mapcaption = {{legend|#000..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tifɯ |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Tifɯ |map = ProtoTifɯ png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tifɯ}} }} Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} fbbc18085b207797c1a21af20e6c050e2ff552f5 Proto-Kiapni language 0 179 932 2014-02-19T00:05:54Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kiapni |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Kiapni |map = ProtoKiapni.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#00..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kiapni |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Kiapni |map = ProtoKiapni.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kiapni}} }} 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 75c33b999e2c2e6d5a541d33834ea9bf7369bfc8 Proto-Efeip language 0 180 933 2014-02-19T00:07:27Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Efeip |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Efeip |map = ProtoEfeip.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#000..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Efeip |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Efeip |map = ProtoEfeip.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Efeip }} }} Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub] == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 4c0b5b6170cd62ee3e334e07998857903b1e5d6e Proto-Khenmussu language 0 181 934 2014-02-19T00:07:46Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Khenmussu |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Khenmussu |map = ProtoKhenmussu.png |mapcaption = {..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Khenmussu |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Khenmussu |map = ProtoKhenmussu.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Khenmussu }} }} Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ] == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 61394707dc6ab5f288f49761309463933b5d322b Template:LanguageNav 10 176 935 926 2014-02-19T00:09:22Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = New Language 9 | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • New Language 3 • New Language 5 • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = Blaiti • [[Proto=Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • New Language 6 • New Language 7 • New Language 8 • New Language 9 • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} bac1d75231ea5b9b20b169a2789470d47d7103d0 936 935 2014-02-19T00:09:44Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = New Language 9 | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • New Language 3 • New Language 5 • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = Blaiti • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • New Language 6 • New Language 7 • New Language 8 • New Language 9 • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} 285c029330eed57b0cb124771a8d0bbc3ef04486 937 936 2014-02-19T00:10:25Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = New Language 9 | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • New Language 3 • New Language 5 • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • New Language 6 • New Language 7 • New Language 8 • New Language 9 • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} b123ea26b1f9fa2ec5b2370b900a583c34dc649a Template:LanguageArticles 10 152 938 930 2014-02-19T00:11:01Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], New Language 3, [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], New Language 5, Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]], [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> 6bddc129c54e745f45745f15dacd863547d0b3cd Proto-Blaiti language 0 182 939 2014-02-19T00:12:22Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Blaiti |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Blaiti |map = ProtoBlaiti.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#00..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Blaiti |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Blaiti |map = ProtoBlaiti.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Blaiti}} }} Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi] == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} a2f09fb21880f1f92dc9a3ce08a66be5a4d87bd3 Language 0 126 940 887 2014-02-19T00:12:44Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}}br /> {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} fd14b510bc2955c17815a96e4334f1d1c1145877 941 940 2014-02-19T00:14:07Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> {{browsebar}} <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|''Selected language''|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|''Articles''|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} b9d0f97f4b25b8147b8266b60490af442b9ae067 964 941 2014-02-19T04:48:43Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 6c0839b0ade104c8e60a42c16cf2081d80c691bb Proto-Dreishawen language 0 169 942 923 2014-02-19T01:17:58Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Dreishawen |pronunciation = [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Dreishawen |map = ProtoDreishawen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Dreishawen}} }} ''Phonology:'' '''Consonants''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Monophthongs:''' [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px]] '''Diphthongs:''' [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px]] '''Triphthongs:''' [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] '''Phonotactics:''' Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. '''Grammar:''' Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. Lexicon: [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 3e8526d310786e8361b9297cdc6ebd5b8bb3107e Originalia 0 43 943 779 2014-02-19T02:15:27Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and speaks Araqish. The population numbers 3,000 inhabitants. The people make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and fermented to make wine. The wine is stored in clay jars and are produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings, "guard houses", and temples. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Musk deer *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 52d2ed395a1f93f98f29aaa657b37c8337e64ef5 944 943 2014-02-19T02:16:50Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and speaks Araqish. The population numbers 3,000 inhabitants. The people make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. They cultivate barley, olives, sorghum, and wheat. Grapes are also grown, consumed, and fermented to make wine. The wine is stored in clay jars and are produced in a primitive winery. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings, "guard houses", and temples. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4786492ef6823175f2d5fda78646401fb5731125 Template:Continents of the world 10 136 945 561 2014-02-19T02:46:52Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Continents of the world |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |title = Continents of the [[Gaia|world]] |bodyclass = hlist |liststyle = border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; |list4style = border-bottom: 0; |groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; |list1 = <!-- Continents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |colwidth = 14% |colstyle = text-align:center; |col1 = [[File:Antarctic.png|85px|link=Antarctic]]<br />[[Antarctic]] |col2 = [[File:Archipelago.png|85px|link=Archipelago]]<br />[[Archipelago]] |col3 = [[File:Arctica.png|85px|link=Arctica]]<br />[[Arctica]] |col4 = [[File:Dateline.png|85px|link=Dateline]]<br />[[Dateline]] |col5 = [[File:Islandchain.png|85px|link=Island Chain]]<br />[[Island Chain]] |col6 = [[File:Omoserica.png|85px|link=Omoserica]]<br />[[Omoserica]] |col7 = [[File:Originalia.png|85px|link=Originalia]]<br />[[Originalia]] |col8 = [[File:Seforma.png|85px|link=Seforma]]<br />[[Seforma]] }} | group2='''[[Originalia]]''' | list2=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]] • [[Originalia#Geology|Geology]] • [[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Originalia#History|History]] | group3='''[[Omoserica]]''' | list3=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4='''[[Seforma]]''' | list4=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]] • [[Seforma#Geology|Geology]] • [[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Seforma#History|History]] | group5='''[[Dateline]]''' | list5=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]] • [[Dateline#Geology|Geology]] • [[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6='''[[Archipelago]]''' | list6=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]] • [[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]] • [[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group7='''[[Island Chain]]''' | list7=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]] • [[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]] • [[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group8='''[[Arctica]]''' | list8=[[Arctica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Arctica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Arctica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group9='''[[Antarctic]]''' | list9=[[Antarctic#Climate|Climate]] • [[Antarctic#Geology|Geology]] • [[Antarctic#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} <noinclude> {{documentation}} <!---Please add metadata to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of the /doc subpage---> 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b06402090c9af27b9ff54cee475683a327ef7a3a Portal:History 0 184 953 2014-02-19T03:33:06Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{browsebar}} ---- {{History browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#E9D0B6; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#B05F3..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} ---- {{History browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#E9D0B6; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#B05F3C;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>The History Portal</big>|Portal:History/Intro|}} {{Portal:History/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em">{{purge|'''View new selections below''' (purge)}}</div> </div> <div style="float:left; width:58%;"> <!-- This width add to the margin below to equal 100%--> {{Random portal component|header=Selected article|subpage=Featured 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Just give it some time. }} {{browsebar}} ---- {{History browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#E9D0B6; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#B05F3C;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>The History Portal</big>|Portal:History/Intro|}} {{Portal:History/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em">{{purge|'''View new selections below''' (purge)}}</div> </div> <div style="float:left; width:58%;"> <!-- This width add to the margin below to equal 100%--> {{Random portal component|header=Selected article|subpage=Featured article|max=21}} {{Random portal component|header=Selected biography|subpage=Featured biography|max=22}} {{Random portal component|header=Did you know...|subpage=Did you know|max=8}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:41%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{Random portal component|header=Selected picture|subpage=Featured picture|max=19}} {{/box-header|On this day|Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/{{#time:F j}}|}} {{Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/{{#time:F j}}}} {{/box-footer|}} {{Random portal component|header=Selected quote|subpage=Quote|max=20}} {{Random portal component|header=Selected portal|subpage=Subportals|max=16}} </div> {{/box-header|Things you can do|Portal:History/Things you can do|}} {{Portal:History/Things you can do}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|WikiProjects|Portal:History/WikiProjects|}} {{Portal:History/WikiProjects}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|Topics|noedit=yes}} {{Social sciences |collapsed}} {{Humanities |collapsed}} {{Time topics |collapsed}} {{Chronology |collapsed}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|Categories|Portal:History/Categories|}} {{Portal:History/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:100%;"> <!-- This width add to the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|Associated Wikimedia|noedit=yes}} {{Template:Wikimedia for portals}} {{/box-footer|}} {{portals}} </div> |} [[Category:History portal|*]] [[Category:History portals| ]] [[Category:History]] {{Link FA|fa}} {{Link FA|ka}} {{Link FA|tr}} {{Featured portal}} 0d74dab78bb7cbae3a183c4c76bea93578085b4f 958 954 2014-02-19T03:52:13Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{notice | header=This page is currently being worked on. 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text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"><!--The following should link to sections of Portal:Portals --> * '''Portals''': Culture * Geography * Health * [[Portal:History|History]] * [[Language]] * Natural Sciences * People * Philosophy * Religion * Society * Technology </div><noinclude> {{documentation}} {{purgepage}} </noinclude> e309aeb5a6eaa3b0033495df1787103af5656dda 966 965 2014-02-19T04:50:04Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <div id="browsebar" class="hlist" style="margin: -3px auto 0.2em; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"><!--The following should link to sections of Portal:Portals --> * '''Portals''': Culture * Geography * [[Portal:History|History]] * [[Language]] * People * Religion * Technology </div><noinclude> {{documentation}} {{purgepage}} </noinclude> 4a36edaf6812f22048a3ca0ea6f7945e19a4385e Proto-Œkhen language 0 175 967 924 2014-02-19T12:22:44Z 184.147.40.155 0 Began fleshing it out -The Majesty wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: œ œ: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|w | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} a334173020a5e39644746c631943616f9a9a7d20 976 967 2014-02-19T22:07:11Z 66.97.29.130 0 Added nominal declension -The Majesty wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: œ œ: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|w | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/ Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Noun Cases=== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Dative | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, direct object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isableny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ===Noun Declension=== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''DATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. ====Number==== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6c164daba5e1ac4ccb108ad8c9766e01d9730ca9 Proto-Araqish language 0 138 968 914 2014-02-19T20:17:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 08ebc8f893ea71515e8952b380ba3d78f4f4d6db 969 968 2014-02-19T20:21:56Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Conjunctions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |} ====Modal particles and modifiers==== ====Polarity particles==== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 93e7de8f4533ed00089744c497d9e13042ac8c3b 977 969 2014-02-19T22:08:05Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |} ====Modal particles and modifiers==== ====Polarity particles==== ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 07a9cd878d558238fade7bec29bb490838e84c30 978 977 2014-02-19T22:35:19Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Polarity particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |} ====Modal particles and modifiers==== ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ṭáx | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | mô | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e1bfee67cd784fcfe39d2d3c6c2d5dcd1b1c355d 982 978 2014-02-19T23:00:44Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Polarity particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |} ====Modal particles and modifiers==== ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} d202fd8823061b62b4edecb1695e11621af3f883 Template:Infobox language 10 141 970 746 2014-02-19T21:52:38Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}} | abovestyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | aboveclass = above | headerstyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}}}}; background-color: {{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}}}}}; | subheaderstyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | subheader1 = {{{altname|}}} | subheader2 = {{{nativename|}}} | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |[[File:{{{image}}}|{{px|{{{imagesize|}}}|200px}}{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]] }} | caption = {{{imagecaption|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | label1 = Pronunciation | data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''to be added''}}}}} | label2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} | Created&nbsp;by | Native&nbsp;to }} | data2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{creator|–}}} |{{{states|{{{state|}}}}}} }} | label3 = Date | data3 = {{{created|}}} | label4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Setting and usage |{{#if:{{{region|}}}|Region}} }} | data4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{setting|}}} |{{{region|}}} }} | label5 = [[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]] | data5 = {{#if:{{{latd|}}} | <small style="white-space: nowrap">{{coord|{{{latd}}}|{{{latm}}}|{{{latNS}}}|{{{longd}}}|{{{longm}}}|{{{longEW}}}|type:landmark|display=inline}}</small> }} | label6 = Ethnicity | data6 = {{{ethnicity|}}} | label7 = {{#if:{{{extinct|}}} |[[Extinct language|Extinct]] |{{#if:{{{era|}}} |Era |{{#if:{{{creator|}}} |Users |{{longitem|Native {{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}|speakers|speakers}}}} }} }} }} | data7 =<!-- -->{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{extinct}}}|?|(date missing)|{{{extinct}}}}}<!-- extinct input used -->|{{#if:{{{era|}}}|{{{era}}}<!-- era input used -->|<!-- no era, check for sign/spoken -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|silver|1}}<!-- check for signers/silver -->|<!-- SIGN language (silver) -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|?|(no estimate available) |{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|none|''None'' |{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} &nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}}) |{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} &nbsp;(''date missing'')[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}} }} }} }} }}<!--(end if:date, ifeq:date=na, if:signers. end of SIGN) -->|<!-- SPOKEN language (not silver) -->{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{speakers|–}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{date}}}|no date|unknown (undated figure of {{{speakers}}})|<!-- The following changes the display depending on the age of the data. Limit set to 25 years, as a population can double in that time. -->{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{#iferror:{{#expr: {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}} }}||{{#ifexpr:(({{CURRENTYEAR}} - {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}}) < 25)<!-- -->|<!-- regular-->{{{speakers|–}}} &nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}})<!-- -->|<!-- old (25+) --> unknown ({{{speakers}}} cited {{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}})[[category:Language articles with old speaker data]]}}}}<!--(end ifexpr:25+, iferror:) -->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|?|(no estimate available) |{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|none|''None'' |<!-- no date input -->{{{speakers|–}}} &nbsp;(''date missing'')[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}} }} }}<!--(end if:date, before the 25+ expr check) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=no date) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=na) -->|<!--(no speakers number to be shown)-->}}}}<!--(end if:speakers (in 2nd param of silver-check), if:silver. end of SPOKEN) -->}} }}<!--(end if:era, if:extinct. No open #if:s left) If there is a ref, and there is any input for this row (data7), then we add the reference: -->{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}{{{era|}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}{{{date|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|sign_language}}|{{Infobox language/ref|{{{ref}}}|iso3={{{iso3|}}}|name={{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|lc1={{{lc1|}}}|ld1={{{ld1}}}|lc2={{{lc2|}}}|ld2={{{ld2}}}|lc3={{{lc3|}}}|ld3={{{ld3}}}|lc4={{{lc4|}}}|ld4={{{ld4}}}|lc5={{{lc5|}}}|ld5={{{ld5}}}|lc6={{{lc6|}}}|ld6={{{ld6}}}|lc7={{{lc7|}}}|ld7={{{ld7}}}}}}}}}<!-- Add speakers2 after the ref: -->{{#if:{{{speakers2|}}}|<br/>{{{speakers2|}}} }} | label8 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Purpose |{{allow wrap|{{longitem|Language family}}}} }} | data8 = {{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{family}}}}}|na||<div style="text-align:left;">{{{family|{{{fam1|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}} |''Unknown''<includeonly>[[Category:Languages without classification]]</includeonly> |{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}} |[[constructed language]] |{{Infobox language/genetic|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}} }} }}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> {{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|isolate||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Isolate||{{#if:{{{fam2|}}} | {{{fam2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam3|}}} | {{{fam3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam4|}}} | {{{fam4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam5|}}} | {{{fam5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam6|}}} | {{{fam6}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam7|}}} | {{{fam7}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam8|}}} | {{{fam8}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam9|}}} | {{{fam9}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam10|}}} | {{{fam10}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam11|}}} | {{{fam11}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam12|}}} | {{{fam12}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam13|}}} | {{{fam13}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam14|}}} | {{{fam14}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam15|}}} | {{{fam15}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> }}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | label9 = {{longitem|Early forms}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{protoname|}}}{{{ancestor|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{protoname|{{{ancestor|}}}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}} | {{{ancestor2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor3|}}} | {{{ancestor3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor4|}}} | {{{ancestor4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor5|}}} | {{{ancestor5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> </div> }} | label10 = {{longitem|Standard forms}} | data10 = {{#if:{{{standards|}}}|{{{standards}}} |{{#if:{{{stand1|}}}| <div>{{{stand1|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand2|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand3|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand4|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand5|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand6|}}}</div> }}}} | label11 = Dialects | data11 = {{#if:{{{dialects|}}}|{{{dialects}}} |{{#if:{{{dia1|}}}| <div>{{{dia1|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia2|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia3|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia4|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia5|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia6|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia7|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia8|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia9|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia10|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia11|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia12|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia13|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia14|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia15|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia16|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia17|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia18|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia19|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia20|}}}</div> }}}} | label12 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Writing system]]}}}} | data12 = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{script|}}}}} | latin | [[latin]] | latin alphabet | [[latin alphabet]] | [[latin alphabet|latin]] = [[Latin script|Latin]] | #default = {{{script|}}} }} | label13 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Manually coded language|Signed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">form(s)</span>]]}}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{sign|}}}|{{{sign}}}}} | label14 = Sources | data14 = {{{posteriori|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | header15 = {{#if:{{{nation|}}}{{{minority|}}}{{{agency|}}}|Official status}} | label16 = {{longitem|Official language&nbsp;in}} | data16 = {{{nation|}}} | label17 = {{longitem|Recognised minority language&nbsp;in}} | data17 = {{{minority|}}} | label18 = [[List of language regulators|Regulated&nbsp;by]] | data18 = {{{agency|{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}|black|1}}|1|0}} | ''None'' <!-- | {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|''No official regulation''}} [this ends up claiming that languages have no regulation just cuz no-one bothered to add the regulator --> }}}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{map|}}} | [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}} }} | data34 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}} | [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}} }} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | belowclass = noprint selfref | belowstyle = background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3; | below = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{notice|{{{notice2|}}}}}}}}|ipa |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Technical note|rendering support]], you may see [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. }} }}<includeonly><!-- Adding tracking categories: -->{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{iso3|}}}}}|none|{{main other|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}|[[Category:Conlangs without ISO 639-3 code]]|}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{#iferror: {{#expr: {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}} }} |<!-- -->{{#switch: {{lc:{{{date}}}}} | na = [[Category:Language articles with NA population dates]] | no date = [[Category:Language articles with 'no date' set]] | #default = [[Category:Language articles with invalid population dates]]<!-- -->}}|<!-- no error -->}}|<!-- no date -->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|<!-- -->{{#switch: {{lc:{{{isoexception}}}}} | dialect = [[Category:Dialects of languages with ISO codes]] | historical = [[Category:Historical forms of languages with ISO codes]] | protolanguage = [[Category:Protolanguages without ISO codes]] | talkpage = |}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{created|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code]]}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{isoexception|}}}|<!--ok-->| -->{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|{{#if:{{{lc2|}}}|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Languages which need ISO 639-3 comment]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e17|[[Category:Nonexistent E17 links]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e16|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 16]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e15|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 15]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{ref|}}}|e14|[[Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 14]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{iso3|}}}|none|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{isoexception|}}}|dialect|[[Category:Dialects with Linguist List code]]|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguist List code]]}}}}{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code]]}}{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code]]}}{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Guthrie code]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<!--okay-->|{{#if:{{{lc1|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#if:{{{linglist|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{isoexception|}}}|dialect|[[Category:Dialects with Linguist List code]]|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguist List code]]}}}}{{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Linguasphere code]]}}{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with AIATSIS code]]}}{{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|[[Category:Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Guthrie code]]}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{map|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{lc:{{{map|}}}|5}}}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{map2|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|5}}|File:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|5}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{map2|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Chr|{{{image|}}}|1}}|[|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|5}}|File:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|5}}|file:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|6}}|Image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{Trunc|{{{image|}}}|6}}|image:|[[Category:Ill-formatted infobox-language images]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{caption|}}}{{{map_caption|}}}{{{rank|}}}{{{country|}}}{{{regions|}}}{{{status|}}}{{{SIL|}}}{{{sil|}}}{{{silname|}}}{{{child1|}}}{{{child2|}}}{{{children|}}}{{{iso5|}}}{{{year|}}}|[[Category:Language articles with unsupported infobox fields]]|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso2|}}}{{{iso2b|}}}{{{iso2t|}}}|{{main other|[[Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code]]}}|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{iso1|}}}|{{main other|[[Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code]]}}|<!--ok-->}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|<!--ok-->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers|}}}|?|<!--ok-->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers|}}}|none|<!--ok-->|[[Category:Language articles without reference field]]}}}}}}}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 8c4fb7b592ccecb48953b33d2787e896277d6365 971 970 2014-02-19T21:53:48Z Manomow 3365071 Undo revision 970 by [[Special:Contributions/Manomow|Manomow]] ([[User talk:Manomow|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}} | abovestyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | aboveclass = above | headerstyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}}}}; background-color: {{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}}}}}; | subheaderstyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | subheader1 = {{{altname|}}} | subheader2 = {{{nativename|}}} | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |[[File:{{{image}}}|{{px|{{{imagesize|}}}|200px}}{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]] }} | caption = {{{imagecaption|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | label1 = Pronunciation | data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''to be added''}}}}} | label2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} | Created&nbsp;by | Native&nbsp;to }} | data2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{creator|–}}} |{{{states|{{{state|}}}}}} }} | label3 = Date | data3 = {{{created|}}} | label4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Setting and usage |{{#if:{{{region|}}}|Region}} }} | data4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{setting|}}} |{{{region|}}} }} | label5 = [[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]] | data5 = {{#if:{{{latd|}}} | <small style="white-space: nowrap">{{coord|{{{latd}}}|{{{latm}}}|{{{latNS}}}|{{{longd}}}|{{{longm}}}|{{{longEW}}}|type:landmark|display=inline}}</small> }} | label6 = Ethnicity | data6 = {{{ethnicity|}}} | label7 = {{#if:{{{extinct|}}} |[[Extinct language|Extinct]] |{{#if:{{{era|}}} |Era |{{#if:{{{creator|}}} |Users |{{longitem|Native {{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}|speakers|speakers}}}} }} }} }} | data7 =<!-- -->{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{extinct}}}|?|(date missing)|{{{extinct}}}}}<!-- extinct input used -->|{{#if:{{{era|}}}|{{{era}}}<!-- era input used -->|<!-- no era, check for sign/spoken -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|silver|1}}<!-- check for signers/silver -->|<!-- SIGN language (silver) -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|?|(no estimate available) |{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|none|''None'' |{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} &nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}}) |{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} &nbsp;(''date missing'')[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}} }} }} }} }}<!--(end if:date, ifeq:date=na, if:signers. end of SIGN) -->|<!-- SPOKEN language (not silver) -->{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{speakers|–}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{date}}}|no date|unknown (undated figure of {{{speakers}}})|<!-- The following changes the display depending on the age of the data. Limit set to 25 years, as a population can double in that time. -->{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{#iferror:{{#expr: {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}} }}||{{#ifexpr:(({{CURRENTYEAR}} - {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}}) < 25)<!-- -->|<!-- regular-->{{{speakers|–}}} &nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}})<!-- -->|<!-- old (25+) --> unknown ({{{speakers}}} cited {{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}})[[category:Language articles with old speaker data]]}}}}<!--(end ifexpr:25+, iferror:) -->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|?|(no estimate available) |{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|none|''None'' |<!-- no date input -->{{{speakers|–}}} &nbsp;(''date missing'')[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}} }} }}<!--(end if:date, before the 25+ expr check) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=no date) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=na) -->|<!--(no speakers number to be shown)-->}}}}<!--(end if:speakers (in 2nd param of silver-check), if:silver. end of SPOKEN) -->}} }}<!--(end if:era, if:extinct. No open #if:s left) If there is a ref, and there is any input for this row (data7), then we add the reference: -->{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}{{{era|}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}{{{date|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|sign_language}}|{{Infobox language/ref|{{{ref}}}|iso3={{{iso3|}}}|name={{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|lc1={{{lc1|}}}|ld1={{{ld1}}}|lc2={{{lc2|}}}|ld2={{{ld2}}}|lc3={{{lc3|}}}|ld3={{{ld3}}}|lc4={{{lc4|}}}|ld4={{{ld4}}}|lc5={{{lc5|}}}|ld5={{{ld5}}}|lc6={{{lc6|}}}|ld6={{{ld6}}}|lc7={{{lc7|}}}|ld7={{{ld7}}}}}}}}}<!-- Add speakers2 after the ref: -->{{#if:{{{speakers2|}}}|<br/>{{{speakers2|}}} }} | label8 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Purpose |{{allow wrap|{{longitem|Language family}}}} }} | data8 = {{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{family}}}}}|na||<div style="text-align:left;">{{{family|{{{fam1|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}} |''Unknown''<includeonly>[[Category:Languages without classification]]</includeonly> |{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}} |[[constructed language]] |{{Infobox language/genetic|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}} }} }}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> {{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|isolate||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Isolate||{{#if:{{{fam2|}}} | {{{fam2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam3|}}} | {{{fam3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam4|}}} | {{{fam4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam5|}}} | {{{fam5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam6|}}} | {{{fam6}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam7|}}} | {{{fam7}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam8|}}} | {{{fam8}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam9|}}} | {{{fam9}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam10|}}} | {{{fam10}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam11|}}} | {{{fam11}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam12|}}} | {{{fam12}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam13|}}} | {{{fam13}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam14|}}} | {{{fam14}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam15|}}} | {{{fam15}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> }}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | label9 = {{longitem|Early forms}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{protoname|}}}{{{ancestor|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{protoname|{{{ancestor|}}}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}} | {{{ancestor2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor3|}}} | {{{ancestor3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor4|}}} | {{{ancestor4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor5|}}} | {{{ancestor5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> </div> }} | label10 = {{longitem|Standard forms}} | data10 = {{#if:{{{standards|}}}|{{{standards}}} |{{#if:{{{stand1|}}}| <div>{{{stand1|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand2|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand3|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand4|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand5|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand6|}}}</div> }}}} | label11 = Dialects | data11 = {{#if:{{{dialects|}}}|{{{dialects}}} |{{#if:{{{dia1|}}}| <div>{{{dia1|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia2|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia3|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia4|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia5|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia6|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia7|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia8|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia9|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia10|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia11|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia12|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia13|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia14|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia15|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia16|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia17|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia18|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia19|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia20|}}}</div> }}}} | label12 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Writing system]]}}}} | data12 = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{script|}}}}} | latin | [[latin]] | latin alphabet | [[latin alphabet]] | [[latin alphabet|latin]] = [[Latin script|Latin]] | #default = {{{script|}}} }} | label13 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Manually coded language|Signed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">form(s)</span>]]}}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{sign|}}}|{{{sign}}}}} | label14 = Sources | data14 = {{{posteriori|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | header15 = {{#if:{{{nation|}}}{{{minority|}}}{{{agency|}}}|Official status}} | label16 = {{longitem|Official language&nbsp;in}} | data16 = {{{nation|}}} | label17 = {{longitem|Recognised minority language&nbsp;in}} | data17 = {{{minority|}}} | label18 = [[List of language regulators|Regulated&nbsp;by]] | data18 = {{{agency|{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}|black|1}}|1|0}} | ''None'' <!-- | {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|''No official regulation''}} [this ends up claiming that languages have no regulation just cuz no-one bothered to add the regulator --> }}}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{map|}}} | [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}} }} | data34 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}} | [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}} }} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | belowclass = noprint selfref | belowstyle = background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3; | below = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{notice|{{{notice2|}}}}}}}}|ipa |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Technical note|rendering support]], you may see [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. }} }} --><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 520850ba71825276b4e13bc35f96560cfee64216 972 971 2014-02-19T21:54:16Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}} | abovestyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | above = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | aboveclass = above | headerstyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}}}}; background-color: {{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}}}}}; | subheaderstyle = color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|black|1}}|white|{{{fontcolor|black}}} }}; background-color: {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}|black|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}|silver|{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}} }} }} }}; | subheader1 = {{{altname|}}} | subheader2 = {{{nativename|}}} | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |[[File:{{{image}}}|{{px|{{{imagesize|}}}|200px}}{{#if: {{{imagealt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{imagealt}}}}}]] }} | caption = {{{imagecaption|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | label1 = Pronunciation | data1 = {{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}| {{{pronunciation|''to be added''}}}}} | label2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} | Created&nbsp;by | Native&nbsp;to }} | data2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{creator|–}}} |{{{states|{{{state|}}}}}} }} | label3 = Date | data3 = {{{created|}}} | label4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Setting and usage |{{#if:{{{region|}}}|Region}} }} | data4 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |{{{setting|}}} |{{{region|}}} }} | label5 = [[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]] | data5 = {{#if:{{{latd|}}} | <small style="white-space: nowrap">{{coord|{{{latd}}}|{{{latm}}}|{{{latNS}}}|{{{longd}}}|{{{longm}}}|{{{longEW}}}|type:landmark|display=inline}}</small> }} | label6 = Ethnicity | data6 = {{{ethnicity|}}} | label7 = {{#if:{{{extinct|}}} |[[Extinct language|Extinct]] |{{#if:{{{era|}}} |Era |{{#if:{{{creator|}}} |Users |{{longitem|Native {{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}}|speakers|speakers}}}} }} }} }} | data7 =<!-- -->{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{extinct}}}|?|(date missing)|{{{extinct}}}}}<!-- extinct input used -->|{{#if:{{{era|}}}|{{{era}}}<!-- era input used -->|<!-- no era, check for sign/spoken -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}} }}|silver|1}}<!-- check for signers/silver -->|<!-- SIGN language (silver) -->{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} |{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|?|(no estimate available) |{{#ifeq:{{{signers|{{{speakers}}}}}}|none|''None'' |{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} &nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}}) |{{{signers|{{{speakers|–}}}}}} &nbsp;(''date missing'')[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}} }} }} }} }}<!--(end if:date, ifeq:date=na, if:signers. end of SIGN) -->|<!-- SPOKEN language (not silver) -->{{#if:{{{speakers|}}}|{{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{date}}}}}|na|{{{speakers|–}}} |{{#ifeq: {{{date}}}|no date|unknown (undated figure of {{{speakers}}})|<!-- The following changes the display depending on the age of the data. Limit set to 25 years, as a population can double in that time. -->{{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{#iferror:{{#expr: {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}} }}||{{#ifexpr:(({{CURRENTYEAR}} - {{padleft:|4|{{{date}}}|}}) < 25)<!-- -->|<!-- regular-->{{{speakers|–}}} &nbsp;({{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}})<!-- -->|<!-- old (25+) --> unknown ({{{speakers}}} cited {{{dateprefix|}}}{{{date}}})[[category:Language articles with old speaker data]]}}}}<!--(end ifexpr:25+, iferror:) -->|{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|?|(no estimate available) |{{#ifeq:{{{speakers}}}|none|''None'' |<!-- no date input -->{{{speakers|–}}} &nbsp;(''date missing'')[[Category:Language articles with speaker number undated]]}} }} }}<!--(end if:date, before the 25+ expr check) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=no date) -->}}<!--(end ifeq:date=na) -->|<!--(no speakers number to be shown)-->}}}}<!--(end if:speakers (in 2nd param of silver-check), if:silver. end of SPOKEN) -->}} }}<!--(end if:era, if:extinct. No open #if:s left) If there is a ref, and there is any input for this row (data7), then we add the reference: -->{{#if:{{{ref|}}}|{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}{{{era|}}}{{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}{{{date|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|sign_language}}|{{Infobox language/ref|{{{ref}}}|iso3={{{iso3|}}}|name={{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|lc1={{{lc1|}}}|ld1={{{ld1}}}|lc2={{{lc2|}}}|ld2={{{ld2}}}|lc3={{{lc3|}}}|ld3={{{ld3}}}|lc4={{{lc4|}}}|ld4={{{ld4}}}|lc5={{{lc5|}}}|ld5={{{ld5}}}|lc6={{{lc6|}}}|ld6={{{ld6}}}|lc7={{{lc7|}}}|ld7={{{ld7}}}}}}}}}<!-- Add speakers2 after the ref: -->{{#if:{{{speakers2|}}}|<br/>{{{speakers2|}}} }} | label8 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}} |Purpose |{{allow wrap|{{longitem|Language family}}}} }} | data8 = {{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{family}}}}}|na||<div style="text-align:left;">{{{family|{{{fam1|{{#if:{{{signers|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|silver|1}} |''Unknown''<includeonly>[[Category:Languages without classification]]</includeonly> |{{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}} |[[constructed language]] |{{Infobox language/genetic|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}} }} }}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> {{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Unclassified||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|isolate||{{#ifeq:{{{familycolor|}}}|Isolate||{{#if:{{{fam2|}}} | {{{fam2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam3|}}} | {{{fam3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam4|}}} | {{{fam4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam5|}}} | {{{fam5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam6|}}} | {{{fam6}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam7|}}} | {{{fam7}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam8|}}} | {{{fam8}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam9|}}} | {{{fam9}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam10|}}} | {{{fam10}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam11|}}} | {{{fam11}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam12|}}} | {{{fam12}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam13|}}} | {{{fam13}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam14|}}} | {{{fam14}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{fam15|}}} | {{{fam15}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> }}}}}}}}}}}</div>}} | label9 = {{longitem|Early forms}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{protoname|}}}{{{ancestor|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{protoname|{{{ancestor|}}}}}} <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}} | {{{ancestor2}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor3|}}} | {{{ancestor3}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor4|}}} | {{{ancestor4}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>{{#if:{{{ancestor5|}}} | {{{ancestor5}}}<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}'''</li></ul> | '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul>| '''{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</li></ul> </div> }} | label10 = {{longitem|Standard forms}} | data10 = {{#if:{{{standards|}}}|{{{standards}}} |{{#if:{{{stand1|}}}| <div>{{{stand1|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand2|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand3|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand4|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand5|}}}</div> <div>{{{stand6|}}}</div> }}}} | label11 = Dialects | data11 = {{#if:{{{dialects|}}}|{{{dialects}}} |{{#if:{{{dia1|}}}| <div>{{{dia1|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia2|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia3|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia4|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia5|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia6|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia7|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia8|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia9|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia10|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia11|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia12|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia13|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia14|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia15|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia16|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia17|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia18|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia19|}}}</div> <div>{{{dia20|}}}</div> }}}} | label12 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Writing system]]}}}} | data12 = {{#switch: {{lc:{{{script|}}}}} | latin | [[latin]] | latin alphabet | [[latin alphabet]] | [[latin alphabet|latin]] = [[Latin script|Latin]] | #default = {{{script|}}} }} | label13 = {{allow wrap|{{longitem|[[Manually coded language|Signed <span style="white-space:nowrap;">form(s)</span>]]}}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{sign|}}}|{{{sign}}}}} | label14 = Sources | data14 = {{{posteriori|}}} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | header15 = {{#if:{{{nation|}}}{{{minority|}}}{{{agency|}}}|Official status}} | label16 = {{longitem|Official language&nbsp;in}} | data16 = {{{nation|}}} | label17 = {{longitem|Recognised minority language&nbsp;in}} | data17 = {{{minority|}}} | label18 = [[List of language regulators|Regulated&nbsp;by]] | data18 = {{{agency|{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}|black|1}}|1|0}} | ''None'' <!-- | {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|''No official regulation''}} [this ends up claiming that languages have no regulation just cuz no-one bothered to add the regulator --> }}}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{map|}}} | [[File:{{{map}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption}}}</div>}} }} | data34 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}} | [[File:{{{map2}}}|{{px|{{{mapsize|}}}|300px}}{{#if: {{{mapalt2|}}} | {{!}}alt={{{mapalt2}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}} }} <!---------------------------------------------------------> | belowclass = noprint selfref | belowstyle = background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3; | below = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{notice|{{{notice2|}}}}}}}}|ipa |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Technical note|rendering support]], you may see [[mojibake|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. }} }} <noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 9d47551f3a15076ac1d984e4c19b6119562309c7 Template:Infobox language/genetic 10 144 973 742 2014-02-19T22:03:02Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ #switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | originalian | originalian= [[Originalia|Originalian]] | seforman | seforman= [[Seforma|Seforman]] | omoserican | omoserican= [[Omoserica|Omoserican]] | datelinean| datelinean= [[Dateline|Datelinean]] | afro-asiatic | afroasiatic = [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] | niger-congo | niger–congo = [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] | nilo-saharan = [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]? | khoisan = (specify language family under 'fam1')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | indo-european = [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] | caucasian = (specify language family under 'fam1')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | altaic = [[Altaic languages|Altaic]]? | uralic = [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] | dravidian = [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian = (specify language family under 'fam1')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | austronesian = [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] | austro-asiatic | austroasiatic = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] | sino-tibetan = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] | hmong-mien | hmong–mien = [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]] | andamanese = (specify language family under 'fam1' or 'family')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | australian = (specify language family under 'fam1' or 'family')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | papuan = (specify language family under 'fam1')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | tai-kadai | tai–kadai | kadai | kradai | kra-dai | kra–dai = [[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]] | american = (specify language family under 'fam1' or 'family')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = [[Dené–Yeniseian languages|Dené–Yeniseian]]? | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut = [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] | uto-aztecan = [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] | creole = [[Creole language|Creole]] | pidgin = [[Pidgin]] | mixed = [[Mixed language|Mixed]] | isolate | language isolate = [[language isolate]] | sign | sign language = [[sign language]] | conlang | constructed language = [[constructed language]] | unclassified = [[Unclassified language|unclassified]] | = <includeonly>[[Category:Languages without family color codes]]</includeonly> | #default = {{{1}}}<includeonly>[[Category:Languages without family color codes]]</includeonly> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 7a9f3c376e35213a660d0a999c1ea87a1d64f6b8 975 973 2014-02-19T22:07:04Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ #switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | originalian | originalian= [[Originalia|Originalian]] | seforman | seforman= [[Seforma|Seforman]] | omoserican | omoserican= [[Omoserica|Omoserican]] | datelinean| datelinean= [[Dateline|Datelinean]] | afro-asiatic | afroasiatic = [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] | niger-congo | niger–congo = [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] | nilo-saharan = [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]? | khoisan = (specify language family under 'fam1')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | indo-european = [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] | caucasian = (specify language family under 'fam1')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | altaic = [[Altaic languages|Altaic]]? | uralic = [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] | dravidian = [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian = (specify language family under 'fam1')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | austronesian = [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] | austro-asiatic | austroasiatic = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] | sino-tibetan = [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] | hmong-mien | hmong–mien = [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]] | andamanese = (specify language family under 'fam1' or 'family')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | australian = (specify language family under 'fam1' or 'family')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | papuan = (specify language family under 'fam1')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | tai-kadai | tai–kadai | kadai | kradai | kra-dai | kra–dai = [[Tai–Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]] | american = (specify language family under 'fam1' or 'family')[[Category:Language articles with spurious family]] | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = [[Dené–Yeniseian languages|Dené–Yeniseian]]? | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut = [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]] | uto-aztecan = [[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] | creole = [[Creole language|Creole]] | pidgin = [[Pidgin]] | mixed = [[Mixed language|Mixed]] | isolate | language isolate = [[language isolate]] | sign | sign language = [[sign language]] | conlang | constructed language = [[constructed language]] | unclassified = [[Unclassified language|unclassified]] | = <includeonly>[[Category:Languages without family color codes]]</includeonly> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 313c935b8bd2660e764f998632a608511f341e7f Proto-Kódù language 0 170 974 928 2014-02-19T22:03:27Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kódù |pronunciation = |region = Seforman |familycolor = Proto-Kódù |map = protokódù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kódù }} }} == Phonology and Phonotactics == These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure. '''Vowels''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! scope="row"| Close | i | ɨ | u |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e | o | |- ! scope="row"| Open-mid | ɛ | ə ə: | ɔ |- ! scope="row"| Open | | a a: | |} '''Consonants''' [[File:kodu_languages.png]] == Grammar == Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. '''Lexicon''' *kó - speech *dù - word, speech *pǔs - person == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 38628cb4173497399edb7a50f3a13b54afbdbb0b Main Page 0 1 979 587 2014-02-19T22:48:07Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND 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padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ e70d322621d310676b835ce285fa959766cf5083 980 979 2014-02-19T22:48:29Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] 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style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 3417cb1dc2f1b226c8f1212620385da157991d0e File:ProtoŒkhen.png 6 189 983 2014-02-20T02:26:20Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Language 0 126 984 964 2014-02-20T02:33:41Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} e671fb20775adc06130c7738725973da7f2b3ff6 Template:Infobox language/family-color 10 150 985 906 2014-02-20T02:33:48Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-blaiti | proto-blaiti| proto-blaiti= <nowiki>#00FA9A</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 755b705635a6f7a9c77d4acaa12985903861bcbc 1025 985 2014-02-21T13:00:09Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-blaiti | proto-blaiti| proto-blaiti= <nowiki>#00FA9A</nowiki> | proto-efeip| proto-efeip| proto-efeip= <nowiki>#5588BA</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 86c716be43cf585496a64fa94afcc18bee15291e 1026 1025 2014-02-21T13:01:05Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-blaiti | proto-blaiti| proto-blaiti= <nowiki>#00FA9A</nowiki> | proto-efeip| proto-efeip| proto-efeip= <nowiki>#5588BA</nowiki> | proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu= <nowiki>#1E59A6</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 401724c042c6d4a8c99c5f068326fb328fd7b81a 1027 1026 2014-02-21T13:01:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-blaiti | proto-blaiti| proto-blaiti= <nowiki>#00FA9A</nowiki> | proto-efeip| proto-efeip| proto-efeip= <nowiki>#5588BA</nowiki> | proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu= <nowiki>#1E59A6</nowiki> | proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni= <nowiki>#1CD59A</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 6c82597aedb759360b4210cdc52ff4a66021ed77 1028 1027 2014-02-21T13:03:09Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-blaiti | proto-blaiti| proto-blaiti= <nowiki>#00FA9A</nowiki> | proto-efeip| proto-efeip| proto-efeip= <nowiki>#5588BA</nowiki> | proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu= <nowiki>#1E59A6</nowiki> | proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni= <nowiki>#1CD59A</nowiki> | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ = <nowiki>#1EB5A6</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 0fbb112cb78cb3be18ac0f6a8d6386f9cdf2f2cb File:ProtoBlaiti.png 6 190 986 2014-02-20T02:36:55Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Proto-Œkhen language 0 175 987 976 2014-02-20T10:49:04Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: œ œ: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β̞ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/ Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Noun Cases=== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Dative | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, direct object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isableny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ===Noun Declension=== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''DATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. ====Number==== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} b9ad91e4f4bd0d0595571243d6f286465c381528 988 987 2014-02-20T10:52:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β̞ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/ Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Noun Cases=== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Dative | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, direct object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isableny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ===Noun Declension=== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''DATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. ====Number==== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 15e16bfe62c3e27b23ec8512e1506b18f311c08d Proto-Araqish language 0 138 989 982 2014-02-20T14:31:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Modal particles and modifiers */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |} ====Modal particles and modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! colspan=3 | Modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Modals |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | | |- ! Obligative | | |- ! Permissive | | |- ! Necessitative | | |- ! Interrogative | | |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6890ead224c69f485e3e0bea985b4499779e816a 990 989 2014-02-20T15:05:39Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Modal particles and modifiers */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |} ====Modal particles and modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Modals |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bí''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 14fe36d070f5a3b5bf64ea4e2b73ae31519d4eef 991 990 2014-02-20T16:00:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Modal particles and modifiers */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bí''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} d909d2ef5e2f6887c921558d55868155e542f29c 992 991 2014-02-20T16:00:57Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Modifiers */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-eyò''''' | '''''-eyár''''' | '''''-etís''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽteyò''' | '''tǽteyár''' | '''tǽtetís''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 9d08f7cf3d7b720826993a5b7f67a6a74de33d05 1001 992 2014-02-20T17:32:28Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Degrees of comparison */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 89098479571d050dcc662cfbe3a89ad1248528fa 1002 1001 2014-02-20T17:38:29Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Conjunctions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 370c5cf12d18bc62baaf34d905a9266f187c7b1e 1003 1002 2014-02-20T23:03:55Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Definiteness */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 20a13526ec89b037fe5d35f6d5e247b4df7cac8c 1004 1003 2014-02-20T23:13:42Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Noun */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 60251511a5d6c2f4b998df7fb0b76719c1289e5e 1005 1004 2014-02-20T23:16:43Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} a209d6f7f05913faeba23c11bf1f8c03fb1c57b0 1011 1005 2014-02-21T11:30:36Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} c62b9b2c582781e8341f084a598c192faad2cb37 1012 1011 2014-02-21T11:40:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Conjunctions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6fde6e2f74d393def71ed9a079415b33b0ecdc8d 1013 1012 2014-02-21T11:43:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Conjunctions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 30ade980f405d5e764fde4aca339d54b85bdbd68 1031 1013 2014-02-21T16:43:04Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''sepá''' | in this way | '''ṭapá''' | in that way | '''vapá''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f526a745b24bff6ced37ee099bc249a37d73533e File:Language2.png 6 160 993 843 2014-02-20T17:19:16Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Language2.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:History/Intro 10 191 994 2014-02-20T17:22:48Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<noinclude>{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}</noinclude> {{Portal:History/Intro/Image}}'''History''' is the discovery, collection, organization, analysis and presentation of inf..." wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}</noinclude> {{Portal:History/Intro/Image}}'''History''' is the discovery, collection, organization, analysis and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean a continuous, typically chronological, record of important or public events or of a particular trend or institution. Scholars who write about history are called historians. It is a field of knowledge which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events. Historians debate the nature of history and its usefulness. This includes discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present. <noinclude> ---- * '''''Note.''' A list of images for this introduction is at [[Portal:History/Intro/Image]].'' [[Category:History portal|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 721833a2f5341f8233daad556f2ba5bb9d668b49 995 994 2014-02-20T17:29:35Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em"><center>History Icon</center> [[File:History_icon.svg|200px|History Icon]]<br /> </div>'''History''' is the discovery, collection, organization, analysis and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean a continuous, typically chronological, record of important or public events or of a particular trend or institution. Scholars who write about history are called historians. It is a field of knowledge which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events. Historians debate the nature of history and its usefulness. This includes discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present. 5776290a8cc9060ac7fe6a8682040373a5ad6322 996 995 2014-02-20T17:30:08Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em"><center>History Icon</center> [[File:History_icon.svg|100px|History Icon]]<br /> </div>'''History''' is the discovery, collection, organization, analysis and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean a continuous, typically chronological, record of important or public events or of a particular trend or institution. Scholars who write about history are called historians. It is a field of knowledge which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events. Historians debate the nature of history and its usefulness. This includes discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present. b45e7adb7ddb48b1c02be0109462f750ab087879 997 996 2014-02-20T17:30:29Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em"> [[File:History_icon.svg|100px|History Icon]]<br /> </div>'''History''' is the discovery, collection, organization, analysis and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean a continuous, typically chronological, record of important or public events or of a particular trend or institution. Scholars who write about history are called historians. It is a field of knowledge which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events. Historians debate the nature of history and its usefulness. This includes discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present. 51884f610ca5f84048813cd82ef2878331db8ac7 Template:History/Article 10 192 998 2014-02-20T17:31:30Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/) [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. F..." wikitext text/x-wiki dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/) [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. c9fcccd395ecf061410eae284f163d7bca1a443d 1000 998 2014-02-20T17:32:09Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''dźǐf̃ó''' (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/) [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. f3748c280ccf3028e5fcc150b8cb6fae73a3cb47 Portal:History 0 184 999 963 2014-02-20T17:32:03Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#E9D0B6; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#B05F3C;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>The ''History'' Portal</big>|History/Intro|}} {{History/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:58%;"> <!-- This width add to the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|<big>Selected Article</big>|History/Article|}} {{History/Article}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:41%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|<big>Articles</big>|History/Articles|}} {{History/Articles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} b62dcadd23536ba0ff944dd81c38c541eeb77699 Arctica 0 95 1006 785 2014-02-21T03:20:07Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer <ref>Barren-ground caribou and Peary caribou.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Bog cotton *Dandelions *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Reindeer lichen <ref>Used to make Akvavit, glass decorations, and medicinal remedies.</ref> *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A small population of Woolly mammoths inhabit Thule (the island to the southwest) and are in the process of dying out due to the disappearance of their preferred habitat.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Arctic chars *Atlantic cod *Atlantic Puffins *Atlantic salmon *Atlantic wolffish *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland halibuts *Greenland sharks *Halibuts *Harbor seals *Harp seals *Humpback whales *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Rose fish *Trouts *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e029d9b657bd5e7bbec9717b90640189b0deb301 Dateline 0 87 1007 793 2014-02-21T03:34:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Argentavis *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 849dd5e0d3ae1f769f9323f8289738d41231af5f 1008 1007 2014-02-21T03:36:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Argentavis *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d816488815924c9eba0fa3e981a00c8b1ffa45dd 1009 1008 2014-02-21T04:28:30Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Potato *Yam *Jute *Cassava *Sugar *Sunflower *Coffee *Tea *Cotton *Hemp '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3da2b33e5a60e4fd61d9a10d2184181da35aa77d 1010 1009 2014-02-21T04:52:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Coffee *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 910e5205f77204f09d3c963d8591b45408980ca4 1029 1010 2014-02-21T13:36:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Coffee *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 06a586df00c579d39254498fe3b1b5dbfe0cc3ad 1030 1029 2014-02-21T13:42:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Coffee *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 89fa43e458f1f00342c2087a076793ffddd2911b File:ProtoDwaripje.png 6 193 1014 2014-02-21T12:44:31Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Proto-Dwaripje language 0 168 1015 922 2014-02-21T12:45:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Dwaripje |pronunciation = |region = Originalia/Omoserica/Dateline |familycolor = Proto-Dwaripje |map = ProtoDwaripje.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Dwaripje}} }} '''Consonants:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} '''Vowels:''' {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. '''Grammar:''' Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. Lexicon: *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 0d2d89a4a6999f803355617b8e7d3c2b19d3fb16 File:ProtoDreishawen.png 6 194 1016 2014-02-21T12:46:40Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:ProtoHatlh.png 6 195 1017 2014-02-21T12:48:17Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:ProtoSazāzasōj.png 6 196 1018 2014-02-21T12:49:28Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:ProtoEfeip.png 6 197 1019 2014-02-21T12:51:07Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:ProtoKhenmussu.png 6 198 1020 2014-02-21T12:52:26Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:ProtoKiapni.png 6 199 1021 2014-02-21T12:53:29Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Proto-Tifɯ language 0 178 1022 931 2014-02-21T12:56:36Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tifɯ |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Tifɯ |map = ProtoTifɯ.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tifɯ}} }} Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe] == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 0988c20c554a839bf0826eb81e4f647baff6bfff File:ProtoTifɯ.png 6 200 1023 2014-02-21T12:56:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:ProtoZiai.png 6 201 1024 2014-02-21T12:58:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:Maplist 10 36 1032 950 2014-02-21T17:08:23Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>[[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]][[File:cities_9500aa.png|500px|Cities]][[File:winds.png|500px|Wind]][[File:currents.png|500px|Currents]][[File:plates.png|500px|Plates]][[File:mineralmap.png|500px|Minerals]][[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]][[File:language.png|500px|Languages]]</center> e68f4e5a8cd760e56a15865bb31fcbf0e688dbd5 Template:Maplist 10 36 1033 1032 2014-02-21T17:08:49Z Manomow 3365071 Undo revision 1032 by [[Special:Contributions/Manomow|Manomow]] ([[User talk:Manomow|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]][[File:cities_9500aa.png|500px|Cities]][[File:winds.png|500px|Wind]][[File:currents.png|500px|Currents]][[File:plates.png|500px|Plates]][[File:mineralmap.png|500px|Minerals]][[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]][[File:language.png|500px|Languages]] d9a9c70d93b37e4c406a4680b68c02564ba768da File:Old biomemap.png 6 202 1034 2014-02-21T17:24:45Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Biomemap.png 6 37 1035 700 2014-02-21T17:25:29Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == '''Forests''' {{legend|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} '''Grasslands''' {{legend|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} '''Harsh Climates''' {{legend|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} [[File:Old_biomemap|Biome Map before color change]] efaa857fc012dca8e036ce7d7955495c244927ae 1036 1035 2014-02-21T17:25:58Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == '''Forests''' {{legend|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} '''Grasslands''' {{legend|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} '''Harsh Climates''' {{legend|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} [[File:Old_biomemap.png|Biome Map before color change]] 142bf86c05dd4f8b0477a8fe241ca603ce9ac7a2 1037 1036 2014-02-21T17:29:39Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == '''Forests''' {{legend|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} '''Grasslands''' {{legend|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} '''Harsh Climates''' {{legend|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} [http://elworld.shoutwiki.com/wiki/File:Old_Biomemap|Biome Map before colors changed] 07bced814fc252cdb7e8ee31f5d26380a9b646aa 1038 1037 2014-02-21T17:30:25Z Manomow 3365071 /* Summary */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == '''Forests''' {{legend|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} '''Grasslands''' {{legend|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} '''Harsh Climates''' {{legend|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} [http://elworld.shoutwiki.com/wiki/File:Old_Biomemap Biome Map before colors changed] fa8b9d8e1051c6dacf5e8d5526a1b78b963a4b91 1039 1038 2014-02-21T17:31:04Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == '''Forests''' {{legend|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} '''Grasslands''' {{legend|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} '''Harsh Climates''' {{legend|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} [http://elworld.shoutwiki.com/wiki/File:Old_Biomemap.png Biome Map before colors changed] 3911f7b18108cdc726edcd77c52b708ae28aab0e 1040 1039 2014-02-21T17:31:30Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == '''Forests''' {{legend|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} '''Grasslands''' {{legend|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} '''Harsh Climates''' {{legend|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} [http://elworld.shoutwiki.com/wiki/File:Old_biomemap.png Biome Map before colors changed] 9ffc2751255b0082f5cd7460238cafadae9acd9a 1069 1040 2014-02-21T23:45:08Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Biomemap.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == '''Forests''' {{legend|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} '''Grasslands''' {{legend|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} '''Harsh Climates''' {{legend|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} [http://elworld.shoutwiki.com/wiki/File:Old_biomemap.png Biome Map before colors changed] 9ffc2751255b0082f5cd7460238cafadae9acd9a File:Wiki.png 6 28 1041 50 2014-02-21T17:39:43Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 1042 1041 2014-02-21T17:45:46Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 1043 1042 2014-02-21T17:46:40Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee Main Page 0 1 1044 980 2014-02-21T17:49:21Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; 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padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Other articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{OtherArticles}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Maplist|Maps | Maps - Click on an image for more information&ensp;}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:Maplist|{{Maplist}}|{{Maplist}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 002da1a1a9804421241dbd9cae507f93ea5ad2e6 1048 1044 2014-02-21T18:00:30Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);">{{FULLPAGENAME}}</span>}} <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> 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style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Other articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{OtherArticles}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Maplist|Maps | Maps - Click on an image for more information&ensp;}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:Maplist|{{Maplist}}|{{Maplist}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ e9115094d30b2e49d854481f2bf153019edd4fca 1049 1048 2014-02-21T18:02:18Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --> {| id="mp-topbanner" style="width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 6px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;" | style="width:61%; color:#000;" | <!-- "WELCOME TO RAYTHE WIKI" AND ARTICLE COUNT --> {| style="width:280px; border:none; background:none;" | style="width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" | <div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Welcome to the [http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=301876 Building an Earthlike World] Wiki,</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Source of info on the AH forums map game.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</div> |} <!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --> | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * '''[[Language]]''' * '''[[Portal:History|History]]''' | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Originalia]] * [[Omoserica]] * [[Seforma]] * [[Dateline]] | style="width:13%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Archipelago]] * [[Island Chain]] * [[Arctica]] * [[Antarctic]] |} <!-- MAIN PAGE BANNER --> {{#if:{{Main Page banner}}| <table id="mp-banner" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"> <tr><td class="MainPageBG" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em; background-color:#fffaf5; border:1px solid #f2e0ce; color:#000; font-size:100%;">{{Main Page banner}} </td></tr> </table> }} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|From today's featured article|Featured article }}</h2> |- | style="color:#000;" | <div id="mp-tfa" style="padding:2px 5px">{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}>150|{{Featured article}}|{{Featured article}}}}</div> |} | style="border:1px solid transparent;" | <!-- IN THE NEWS; ON THIS DAY --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;"| {| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Other articles</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px;" | <div id="mp-itn">{{OtherArticles}}</div> |} |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED PICTURE --> {| id="mp-lower" style="margin:4px 0 0 0; width:100%; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" | class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-bottom" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#faf5ff; color:#000;" | style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#ddcef2; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em">{{#ifexist:Maplist|Maps | Maps - Click on an image for more information&ensp;}}</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px;" | <div id="mp-tfp">{{#ifexist:Template:Maplist|{{Maplist}}|{{Maplist}}}}</div> |} |} <!-- SECTIONS AT BOTTOM OF PAGE --> <div id="mp-other" style="padding-top:4px; padding-bottom:2px;"> == Other information == {{Other information}} </div> <!-- INTERWIKI STRAPLINE --> <noinclude></noinclude>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ 002da1a1a9804421241dbd9cae507f93ea5ad2e6 Template:OtherArticles 10 90 1045 981 2014-02-21T17:49:45Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[Planetary Time]] *[[Solar System]] *[[Gaia]] b61aa3a09e47a23635f8aba3626151f60043bd1b MediaWiki:Mainpage 8 203 1046 2014-02-21T17:57:01Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 1047 1046 2014-02-21T17:57:41Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki Main Page 29b077bd4b72e57c6500fdd2d77e1a8b60f2816b Language 0 126 1050 984 2014-02-21T18:44:59Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|}} {{PortalsNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 611f30273fa7895c7b7f5f6dd451118309b5b72a 1051 1050 2014-02-21T18:46:10Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#FFD700|New Language 5}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} e376f38d40f828f78311369bbbd2736503d220ec File:LanguageICO.png 6 204 1052 2014-02-21T18:46:34Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:PortalNav 10 205 1053 2014-02-21T18:49:02Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<center>[[File:languageICO.png|link=Language]]</center>" wikitext text/x-wiki <center>[[File:languageICO.png|link=Language]]</center> e89e4f1d1c244d223dac3602c111cb3d6eea41c7 1055 1053 2014-02-21T18:51:36Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>[[File:historyICO.png|link=Portal:History]][[File:languageICO.png|link=Language]]</center> 26966537231e801a660d0011ca53fc0bfd60d96d 1056 1055 2014-02-21T18:52:00Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>[[File:historyICO.png|link=Portal:History]] [[File:languageICO.png|link=Language]]</center> a04f593011e8294cf287aed7f4b868e3c04dfe95 File:HistoryICO.png 6 206 1054 2014-02-21T18:51:30Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Portal:History 0 184 1057 999 2014-02-21T18:53:15Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#E9D0B6; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#B05F3C;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>The ''History'' Portal</big>|History/Intro|}} {{History/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:58%;"> <!-- This width add to the margin below to equal 100%--> {{/box-header|<big>Selected Article</big>|History/Article|}} {{History/Article}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:41%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|<big>Articles</big>|History/Articles|}} {{History/Articles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 7bb54d64b03c016e10580a0d24f65f82c6e784d7 Proto-Araqish language 0 138 1058 1031 2014-02-21T19:24:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and summary pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Summary |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} c2331ac1caced95f5e8e0cadcde4f7f17a318b94 1059 1058 2014-02-21T19:36:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Interrogative, relative, indefinite and summary pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e78a5beb91cd454d4d58b7fa02bf6159a819ab69 1060 1059 2014-02-21T21:45:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Czas | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 617fc877ece189f9f720b142580863dae4bc3267 1061 1060 2014-02-21T21:53:52Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Negative, universal and alternative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 89f6020786a645ade132a94a645d0524b72eeeda 1062 1061 2014-02-21T22:18:29Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Negative, universal and alternative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f38e4737b10c1657aed7f0c7d033401b75adc74c 1065 1062 2014-02-21T22:31:08Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ===Postpositions=== ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f754c1bc7ba2023f0d2cc723b95b7ec1cfd80d60 Template:LanguageNav 10 176 1063 937 2014-02-21T22:21:12Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = New Language 9 | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • New Language 3 • New Language 5 • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • New Language 6 • New Language 7 • New Language 8 • New Language 9 • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} 858901a6674f80dd689af200cbbd19a07bd4dc12 Dateline 0 87 1064 1030 2014-02-21T22:25:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Coffee *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 621973acf66345788ad8cc5a80f0e69854c757e2 1068 1064 2014-02-21T23:43:33Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Coffee *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b9139c076526d6cfa13c886431b35e9d2c2614f7 1070 1068 2014-02-22T02:20:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse and Scott's horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Coffee *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d69034c71683cf923bd9a572542a001bfcc61d8d 1071 1070 2014-02-22T02:21:47Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse.</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8e76b0513d502875f86e6b34f910b3ba9f61a24e 1072 1071 2014-02-22T02:23:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Holm oak *Cholla cactus *Juniper *Creosote bush *Buckthorn *Monkey puzzle trees *Joshua trees *Saguaros *Prickly pears <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2750e160f07972f05bf63f005a64f40242a86019 1073 1072 2014-02-22T02:32:09Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Monkey puzzle trees *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ec4290c04811b10adf094f4417aa8105703e0473 1074 1073 2014-02-22T02:38:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Monkey puzzle trees *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b839465f25ba62338ccabf32c55bf0da850eeacc 1075 1074 2014-02-22T05:04:38Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Monkey puzzle trees *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 09a8b4b01cae08ca2d716d1e817631c5f4c622a3 1076 1075 2014-02-22T05:08:01Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Monkey puzzle trees *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruce *Monkey puzzle trees *Tamarack larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 05499f375c06e36cc537012f0d7104f061ec0439 1077 1076 2014-02-22T05:17:25Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Monkey puzzle trees *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6aceb5e350ade0e4368c9cd0fc1d427812d859aa 1078 1077 2014-02-22T05:20:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into Llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into Alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua Spruces *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez Spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 77ebc80613d4b5f538d64aa930de6d9064528eb0 1079 1078 2014-02-22T05:26:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua Spruces *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez Spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey Pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 0a35dafffbb4c207f485eb8db265b5c70b2fd922 File:Dateline biome.png 6 119 1066 249 2014-02-21T23:42:12Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Dateline biome.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 1067 1066 2014-02-21T23:42:36Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Dateline biome.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Arctica 0 95 1080 1006 2014-02-22T05:34:19Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer <ref>Barren-ground caribou and Peary caribou.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Bog cotton *Dandelions *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Reindeer lichen <ref>Used to make Akvavit, glass decorations, and medicinal remedies.</ref> *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A small population of Woolly mammoths inhabit Thule (the island to the southwest) and are in the process of dying out due to the disappearance of their preferred habitat.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Arctic chars *Atlantic cod *Atlantic Puffins *Atlantic salmon *Atlantic wolffish *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Greenland cod *Greenland halibuts *Greenland sharks *Halibuts *Harbor seals *Harp seals *Humpback whales *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Rose fish *Trouts *Walruses *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Norway spruces *Siberian Spruces <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c7a4763539167a771abc9c90213ad84e4fb986e8 1082 1080 2014-02-22T07:08:08Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer <ref>Barren-ground caribou and Peary caribou.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Bog cotton *Dandelions *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Reindeer lichen <ref>Used to make Akvavit, glass decorations, and medicinal remedies.</ref> *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A small population of Woolly mammoths inhabit Thule (the island to the southwest) and are in the process of dying out due to the disappearance of their preferred habitat.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Arctic chars *Atlantic cod *Atlantic Puffins *Atlantic salmon *Atlantic wolffish *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks <ref>Found on the southern coast of the continent. Breeds on rocky islands far away from the mainland to discourage visitations by Polar bears.</ref> *Greenland cod *Greenland halibuts *Greenland sharks *Halibuts *Harbor seals *Harp seals *Humpback whales *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Rose fish *Trouts *Walruses <ref>Other populations exist off the northern coast of Dateline and Omoserica.</ref> *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Norway spruces *Siberian Spruces <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 41b12c26315fa08ba35fe30bdf70174ba062930d Archipelago 0 86 1081 758 2014-02-22T06:31:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:archipelago_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Archipelago''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Rye '''Other Animals''' *Diprotodons *Kangaroos *Koalas *Marsupial lions *Platypuses *Tasmanian devils *Thylacines *Wallabies *Wombats *Zygomaturus '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Cod *Gray whales '''Other Flora''' *Bunya Pines *Eucalyptus == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4c6d6d38f0b3a3d592610b1ac9d14cdabe68d4de Dateline 0 87 1083 1079 2014-02-22T07:20:30Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina Parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua Spruces *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez Spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey Pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 14ec70ae40440420f3700006463cccdc3c5aeb68 1084 1083 2014-02-22T07:21:09Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina Parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua Spruces *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez Spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey Pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Great Auks *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina Parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c591df0c6da1e1f91d8fc009112a15b3ded60b05 1097 1084 2014-02-22T20:26:00Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina Parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua Spruces *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez Spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey Pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras <ref>Not possible to domesticate.</ref> *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina Parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodons *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 793779f860d69d7e41cd367c38de8811e933c448 1098 1097 2014-02-22T21:03:33Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina Parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua Spruces *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez Spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey Pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina Parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodon *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3d4db6094435ebabb769f490743ace617bd189a3 1099 1098 2014-02-22T21:05:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina Parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua Spruces *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina Parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant Beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodon *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 351595ffe97880dcadad75c9be25cd9fd61f9263 1100 1099 2014-02-22T21:15:09Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina Parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua Spruces *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Cuvieronius *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Stegomastodon *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b6ede8a8a9aa4400ae29aeb8c0373b254a7bf525 1101 1100 2014-02-22T21:16:23Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California Condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina Parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua Spruces *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} eb7fbb24737e011ec5e753a0d0392303daeb30da 1102 1101 2014-02-22T21:21:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua Spruces *Cholla *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c27d991cb0127ffea754d92a6d5e959336514f1c 1103 1102 2014-02-22T21:27:55Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cacti *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a740e03e488a726464cf351415ea113ba1431121 1106 1103 2014-02-22T23:12:30Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Coyotes *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 14bc0c4840dd9759bc8a3c218a5ee63acf79e5c0 1108 1106 2014-02-23T00:22:37Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American bison *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *American lions *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Barley *Hemp *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4fdc27ea4914b0223c7113e8b7f7b44d2cd045ed 1109 1108 2014-02-23T04:01:51Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American bison *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *American lions *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California condors *California grizzly bears *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gambel's quails *Kangaroo rats *Mexican grizzly bears *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 86c3058abe08cf17a0af05aea7732ba144e71b5e 1118 1109 2014-02-23T18:28:04Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American bison *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *American lions *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gambel's quails *Grizzly bears <ref>California and Mexican subspecies.</ref> *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1434ec373671c7e48bae317d80702574fbafb18f 1119 1118 2014-02-23T18:44:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American bison *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *American lions *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gambel's quails *Grizzly bears <ref>California and Mexican subspecies.</ref> *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Giant llamas that can possibly be used as mounts.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflower '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 072d3f4b52e257d66fb45e98d8c2ec3ba153c777 1120 1119 2014-02-23T18:45:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American bison *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *American lions *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gambel's quails *Grizzly bears <ref>California and Mexican subspecies.</ref> *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 022c9b25d8b9b3b85b8f0a39974017a1d1e8a200 1121 1120 2014-02-23T18:46:20Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *American lions *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gambel's quails *Grizzly bears <ref>California and Mexican subspecies.</ref> *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Carolina parakeets *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Homotherium *Mastodons *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 07a924bde8f2285c9625317a8f07b1b5508c9ba4 Proto-Araqish language 0 138 1085 1065 2014-02-22T14:10:35Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Postpositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ===Postpositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | iv | in, inside | Locative |- | from inside | Ablative |- | to inside | Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | on | Locative |- | from on | Ablative |- | to on | Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | above | Locative |- | from above | Ablative |- | to above | Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | under | Locative |- | from under | Ablative |- | to under | Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | beside | Locative |- | from beside | Ablative |- | to beside | Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | away | Locative |- | from away | Ablative |- | to away | Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | between | Locative |- | from between | Ablative |- | to between | Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | behind | Locative |- | from behind | Ablative |- | to behind | Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | out | Locative |- | from out | Ablative |- | to out | Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | around | Locative |- | from around | Ablative |- | to around | Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | before, opposite to | Locative |- | from before, from opposite to | Ablative |- | to before, to opposite to | Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | during | Locative |- | from time of | Genitive |- | to time of | Genitive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | | after | Locative |- | from after | Ablative |- | to after | Ablative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 00ccb7e989ee61c13049a6238a8460633fc8bbee 1086 1085 2014-02-22T14:48:41Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ===Postpositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | iv | in, inside ! Locative |- | from inside ! Ablative |- | to inside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ir | on ! Locative |- | from on ! Ablative |- | to on ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | súr | above ! Locative |- | from above ! Ablative |- | to above ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | du | under ! Locative |- | from under ! Ablative |- | to under ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | byæ | beside ! Locative |- | from beside ! Ablative |- | to beside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġó | away ! Locative |- | from away ! Ablative |- | to away ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ḍaxív | between ! Locative |- | from between ! Ablative |- | to between ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | só | behind ! Locative |- | from behind ! Ablative |- | to behind ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | sók | out ! Locative |- | from out ! Ablative |- | to out ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | keṇkiv | around ! Locative |- | from around ! Ablative |- | to around ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | phôr | before, opposite to ! Locative |- | from before, from opposite to ! Ablative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | mativ | during ! Locative |- | from time of ! Genitive |- | to time of ! Genitive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ku | after ! Locative |- | from after ! Ablative |- | to after ! Ablative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} eb23305394f47102ee994859061ab7f67f7c84d1 1087 1086 2014-02-22T16:26:36Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Postpositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ===Postpositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | iv | in, inside ! Locative |- | from inside ! Ablative |- | to inside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ir | on ! Locative |- | from on ! Ablative |- | to on ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | súr | above ! Locative |- | from above ! Ablative |- | to above ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | du | under ! Locative |- | from under ! Ablative |- | to under ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | byæ | beside ! Locative |- | from beside ! Ablative |- | to beside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġó | away ! Locative |- | from away ! Ablative |- | to away ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ḍaxív | between ! Locative |- | from between ! Ablative |- | to between ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | só | behind ! Locative |- | from behind ! Ablative |- | to behind ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | sók | out ! Locative |- | from out ! Ablative |- | to out ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | keṇkiv | around ! Locative |- | from around ! Ablative |- | to around ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | phôr | before, opposite to ! Locative |- | from before, from opposite to ! Ablative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | mativ | during, in time of ! Locative |- | from time of ! Ablative |- | to time of ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ku | after ! Locative |- | from after ! Ablative |- | to after ! Allative |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''vóv''' (← vo-vá) | with ! Instrumental |- ! Material, substantion, origin | '''er''' | from ! Ablative |- ! Lack | '''môv''' (← ''mô-vá'') | without ! Genitive |- ! Alternative | '''deriv''' | instead ! Genitive |- ! Contrary | '''phôrer''' | against ! Allative |- ! Resistance | '''kúv''' (← ''ku-vo'') | despite, though ! Inactive |- ! Stylization | '''byǽv''' (← ''byæ-vo'') | along to, according to ! Instrumental |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} c6ff7dd1a28419c98117db99f095ae659b7e84c6 1105 1087 2014-02-22T22:19:44Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Derivation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ===Postpositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | iv | in, inside ! Locative |- | from inside ! Ablative |- | to inside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ir | on ! Locative |- | from on ! Ablative |- | to on ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | súr | above ! Locative |- | from above ! Ablative |- | to above ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | du | under ! Locative |- | from under ! Ablative |- | to under ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | byæ | beside ! Locative |- | from beside ! Ablative |- | to beside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġó | away ! Locative |- | from away ! Ablative |- | to away ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ḍaxív | between ! Locative |- | from between ! Ablative |- | to between ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | só | behind ! Locative |- | from behind ! Ablative |- | to behind ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | sók | out ! Locative |- | from out ! Ablative |- | to out ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | keṇkiv | around ! Locative |- | from around ! Ablative |- | to around ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | phôr | before, opposite to ! Locative |- | from before, from opposite to ! Ablative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | mativ | during, in time of ! Locative |- | from time of ! Ablative |- | to time of ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ku | after ! Locative |- | from after ! Ablative |- | to after ! Allative |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''vóv''' (← vo-vá) | with ! Instrumental |- ! Material, substantion, origin | '''er''' | from ! Ablative |- ! Lack | '''môv''' (← ''mô-vá'') | without ! Genitive |- ! Alternative | '''deriv''' | instead ! Genitive |- ! Contrary | '''phôrer''' | against ! Allative |- ! Resistance | '''kúv''' (← ''ku-vo'') | despite, though ! Inactive |- ! Stylization | '''byǽv''' (← ''byæ-vo'') | along to, according to ! Instrumental |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-sí''' | '''kháṣá''' → '''kháṣásí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-dá''' | '''dǽr''' → '''dǽrdá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''mô-''' | '''min''' → '''mômin''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-rǽx''' | '''dumb''' → '''dumbrǽx''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-tyap''' | '''súg''' → '''súgtyap''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-næn''' | '''agô''' → '''agônæn''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-tan''' | '''bák''' → '''báktan''' | cow → cowman |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''xôg''' → '''xôgder''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-kant''' | '''bábá''' → '''bábákant''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-móg''' | '''samarand''' → '''samarandmóg''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-môgtan''' | '''samarandmóg''' → '''samarandmógtan''' | herbalism → herbalist |- ! Product | '''-vík''' | '''púrú''' → '''púrúvík''' | meal → bread |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-as''' | '''xvaq''' → '''xvaqas''' | horse → equine |- ! Originative | '''-er-as''' | '''deṇsu''' → '''deṇsuras''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-tyás''' (← ''-tí-as'') | '''meṣṭe''' → '''meṣtetyás''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-svas''' (← ''-su-as'') | '''mvar''' → '''mvarsvas''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-nyas''' (← ''-ni-as'') | '''ġáná''' → '''ġánányas''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''môv-...-as''' | '''thǽd''' → '''môvthǽdas''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-tan''' | '''kuṣṭ-''' → '''kuṣṭtan''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-mi''' | '''mǽd-'''- → '''mǽdmi''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ma''' | '''qub'''- → '''qubma''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-pê''' | '''iṣ-''' → '''iṣpê''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-kep''' | '''bá-''' → '''bákep''' | (to) beat → hammer |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''gon-''' → '''gonder''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=3 | Reaction | rowspan=3 | '''tu-''' | '''bá-''' → '''tubá-''' | (to) beat → (to) shield against beatings |- | '''bábá-''' → '''tubábá-''' | (to) war → (to) repel attack |- | '''iṣ-''' → '''tviṣ-''' | (to) speak → (to) reply |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''bá-''' → '''bábá-''' | (to) beat → (to) war |} ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-næn''' | '''bônd''' → '''bôndnæn''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-dyem''' | '''tǽt''' → '''tǽtdyǽm''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''ġab''' → '''ġaġab''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-ġab''' | '''tís''' → '''tísġab''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 89d75cf1a348dd8f53daab26639794ea63c1680f 1125 1105 2014-02-23T20:15:10Z Artaxes 3370985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = /ɑɾɑqiʂ/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ===Postpositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | iv | in, inside ! Locative |- | from inside ! Ablative |- | to inside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ir | on ! Locative |- | from on ! Ablative |- | to on ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | súr | above ! Locative |- | from above ! Ablative |- | to above ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | du | under ! Locative |- | from under ! Ablative |- | to under ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | byæ | beside ! Locative |- | from beside ! Ablative |- | to beside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġó | away ! Locative |- | from away ! Ablative |- | to away ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ḍaxív | between ! Locative |- | from between ! Ablative |- | to between ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | só | behind ! Locative |- | from behind ! Ablative |- | to behind ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | sók | out ! Locative |- | from out ! Ablative |- | to out ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | keṇkiv | around ! Locative |- | from around ! Ablative |- | to around ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | phôr | before, opposite to ! Locative |- | from before, from opposite to ! Ablative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | mativ | during, in time of ! Locative |- | from time of ! Ablative |- | to time of ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ku | after ! Locative |- | from after ! Ablative |- | to after ! Allative |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''vóv''' (← vo-vá) | with ! Instrumental |- ! Material, substantion, origin | '''er''' | from ! Ablative |- ! Lack | '''môv''' (← ''mô-vá'') | without ! Genitive |- ! Alternative | '''deriv''' | instead ! Genitive |- ! Contrary | '''phôrer''' | against ! Allative |- ! Resistance | '''kúv''' (← ''ku-vo'') | despite, though ! Inactive |- ! Stylization | '''byǽv''' (← ''byæ-vo'') | along to, according to ! Instrumental |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-sí''' | '''kháṣá''' → '''kháṣásí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-dá''' | '''dǽr''' → '''dǽrdá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''mô-''' | '''min''' → '''mômin''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-rǽx''' | '''dumb''' → '''dumbrǽx''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-tyap''' | '''súg''' → '''súgtyap''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-næn''' | '''agô''' → '''agônæn''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-tan''' | '''bák''' → '''báktan''' | cow → cowman |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''xôg''' → '''xôgder''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-kant''' | '''bábá''' → '''bábákant''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-móg''' | '''samarand''' → '''samarandmóg''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-môgtan''' | '''samarandmóg''' → '''samarandmógtan''' | herbalism → herbalist |- ! Product | '''-vík''' | '''púrú''' → '''púrúvík''' | meal → bread |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-as''' | '''xvaq''' → '''xvaqas''' | horse → equine |- ! Originative | '''-er-as''' | '''deṇsu''' → '''deṇsuras''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-tyás''' (← ''-tí-as'') | '''meṣṭe''' → '''meṣtetyás''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-svas''' (← ''-su-as'') | '''mvar''' → '''mvarsvas''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-nyas''' (← ''-ni-as'') | '''ġáná''' → '''ġánányas''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''môv-...-as''' | '''thǽd''' → '''môvthǽdas''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-tan''' | '''kuṣṭ-''' → '''kuṣṭtan''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-mi''' | '''mǽd-'''- → '''mǽdmi''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ma''' | '''qub'''- → '''qubma''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-pê''' | '''iṣ-''' → '''iṣpê''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-kep''' | '''bá-''' → '''bákep''' | (to) beat → hammer |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''gon-''' → '''gonder''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=3 | Reaction | rowspan=3 | '''tu-''' | '''bá-''' → '''tubá-''' | (to) beat → (to) shield against beatings |- | '''bábá-''' → '''tubábá-''' | (to) war → (to) repel attack |- | '''iṣ-''' → '''tviṣ-''' | (to) speak → (to) reply |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''bá-''' → '''bábá-''' | (to) beat → (to) war |} ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-næn''' | '''bônd''' → '''bôndnæn''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-dyem''' | '''tǽt''' → '''tǽtdyǽm''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''ġab''' → '''ġaġab''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-ġab''' | '''tís''' → '''tísġab''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} dbe7b2abfb00749c06f64f92b28b284071836535 1128 1125 2014-02-23T21:56:50Z Artaxes 3370985 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = /ɑɾɑqiʂ/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ===Postpositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | iv | in, inside ! Locative |- | from inside ! Ablative |- | to inside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ir | on ! Locative |- | from on ! Ablative |- | to on ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | súr | above ! Locative |- | from above ! Ablative |- | to above ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | du | under ! Locative |- | from under ! Ablative |- | to under ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | byæ | beside ! Locative |- | from beside ! Ablative |- | to beside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġó | away ! Locative |- | from away ! Ablative |- | to away ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ḍaxív | between ! Locative |- | from between ! Ablative |- | to between ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | só | behind ! Locative |- | from behind ! Ablative |- | to behind ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | sók | out ! Locative |- | from out ! Ablative |- | to out ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | keṇkiv | around ! Locative |- | from around ! Ablative |- | to around ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | phôr | before, opposite to ! Locative |- | from before, from opposite to ! Ablative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | mativ | during, in time of ! Locative |- | from time of ! Ablative |- | to time of ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ku | after ! Locative |- | from after ! Ablative |- | to after ! Allative |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''vóv''' (← vo-vá) | with ! Instrumental |- ! Material, substantion, origin | '''er''' | from ! Ablative |- ! Lack | '''môv''' (← ''mô-vá'') | without ! Genitive |- ! Alternative | '''deriv''' | instead ! Genitive |- ! Contrary | '''phôrer''' | against ! Allative |- ! Resistance | '''kúv''' (← ''ku-vo'') | despite, though ! Inactive |- ! Stylization | '''byǽv''' (← ''byæ-vo'') | along to, according to ! Instrumental |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-sí''' | '''kháṣá''' → '''kháṣásí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-dá''' | '''dǽr''' → '''dǽrdá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''mô-''' | '''min''' → '''mômin''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-rǽx''' | '''dumb''' → '''dumbrǽx''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-tyap''' | '''súg''' → '''súgtyap''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-næn''' | '''agô''' → '''agônæn''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-tan''' | '''bák''' → '''báktan''' | cow → cowman |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''xôg''' → '''xôgder''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-kant''' | '''bábá''' → '''bábákant''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-móg''' | '''samarand''' → '''samarandmóg''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-môgtan''' | '''samarandmóg''' → '''samarandmógtan''' | herbalism → herbalist |- ! Product | '''-vík''' | '''púrú''' → '''púrúvík''' | meal → bread |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-as''' | '''xvaq''' → '''xvaqas''' | horse → equine |- ! Originative | '''-er-as''' | '''deṇsu''' → '''deṇsuras''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-tyás''' (← ''-tí-as'') | '''meṣṭe''' → '''meṣtetyás''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-svas''' (← ''-su-as'') | '''mvar''' → '''mvarsvas''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-nyas''' (← ''-ni-as'') | '''ġáná''' → '''ġánányas''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''môv-...-as''' | '''thǽd''' → '''môvthǽdas''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-tan''' | '''kuṣṭ-''' → '''kuṣṭtan''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-mi''' | '''mǽd-'''- → '''mǽdmi''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ma''' | '''qub'''- → '''qubma''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-pê''' | '''iṣ-''' → '''iṣpê''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-kep''' | '''bá-''' → '''bákep''' | (to) beat → hammer |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''gon-''' → '''gonder''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=3 | Reaction | rowspan=3 | '''tu-''' | '''bá-''' → '''tubá-''' | (to) beat → (to) shield against beatings |- | '''bábá-''' → '''tubábá-''' | (to) war → (to) repel attack |- | '''iṣ-''' → '''tviṣ-''' | (to) speak → (to) reply |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''bá-''' → '''bábá-''' | (to) beat → (to) war |} ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-næn''' | '''bônd''' → '''bôndnæn''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-dyem''' | '''tǽt''' → '''tǽtdyǽm''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''ġab''' → '''ġaġab''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-ġab''' | '''tís''' → '''tísġab''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{LanguageNav}} 1140e8b07897be2a2854f79efeff1cfe27bc022d Template:Maplist 10 36 1088 1033 2014-02-22T18:11:03Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]][[File:cities_9500aa.png|500px|Cities]][[File:winds.png|500px|Wind]][[File:currents.png|500px|Currents]][[File:plates.png|500px|Plates]][[File:mineralmap.png|500px|Minerals]][[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]][[File:language.png|500px|Languages]] [[Other Maps]] de6052f13101c4e1a41e0f741498a827052521f9 1089 1088 2014-02-22T18:12:43Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:basemap.png|500px|Basemap]][[File:heightmap.png|500px|Heightmap]][[File:biomemap.png|500px|Biomemap]][[File:cities_9500aa.png|500px|Cities]][[File:winds.png|500px|Wind]][[File:currents.png|500px|Currents]][[File:plates.png|500px|Plates]][[File:mineralmap.png|500px|Minerals]][[File:agriculture.png|500px|Agriculture]][[File:language.png|500px|Languages]] &nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Other Maps]]''' c99e793dc43ff6479eb1c40cda54e68a23669cf5 File:Vectormap.png 6 207 1090 2014-02-22T18:14:48Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 1093 1090 2014-02-22T18:33:10Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Vectormap.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Vectormap2.png 6 209 1092 2014-02-22T18:31:36Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Other Maps 0 210 1094 2014-02-22T18:38:32Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "[[File:vectormap.png|500px]] [[File:vectormap2.png|500px]]</br></br> Large Versions: [http://i.imgur.com/fbwqTFj.png Vectormap] | [http://i.imgur.com/fbwqTFj.png Vectormap2]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:vectormap.png|500px]] [[File:vectormap2.png|500px]]</br></br> Large Versions: [http://i.imgur.com/fbwqTFj.png Vectormap] | [http://i.imgur.com/fbwqTFj.png Vectormap2] e5eeefa3f49954acbbbcbd743eb92425a7687503 Arctica 0 95 1095 1082 2014-02-22T19:05:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer <ref>Barren-ground caribou and Peary caribou.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Bog cotton *Dandelions *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Reindeer lichen <ref>Used to make Akvavit, glass decorations, and medicinal remedies.</ref> *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A small population of Woolly mammoths inhabit Thule (the island to the southwest) and are in the process of dying out due to the disappearance of their preferred habitat.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Arctic chars *Atlantic cod *Atlantic Puffins *Atlantic salmon *Atlantic wolffish *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks <ref>Found on the southern coast of the continent. Breeds on isolated rocky islands to discourage visitations by Polar bears and other predators.</ref> *Greenland cod *Greenland halibuts *Greenland sharks *Halibuts *Harbor seals *Harp seals *Humpback whales *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Rose fish *Trouts *Walruses <ref>Other populations exist off the northern coast of Dateline and Omoserica.</ref> *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Norway spruces *Siberian Spruces <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7b3478478eeac642f4f09a8d307eeecc68f3e579 1096 1095 2014-02-22T20:17:33Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer <ref>Barren-ground caribou and Peary caribou.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Bog cotton *Dandelions *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Reindeer lichen <ref>Used to make Akvavit, glass decorations, and medicinal remedies.</ref> *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A small population of Woolly mammoths inhabit Thule (the island to the southwest) and are in the process of dying out due to the disappearance of their preferred habitat.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Arctic chars *Atlantic cod *Atlantic Puffins *Atlantic salmon *Atlantic wolffish *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks <ref>Found on the southern coast of the continent. Breeds on isolated rocky islands to discourage visitations by Polar bears and other predators.</ref> *Greenland cod *Greenland halibuts *Greenland sharks *Halibuts *Harbor seals *Harp seals *Humpback whales *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Rose fish *Trouts *Walruses <ref>Other populations exist off the northern coast of Dateline and Omoserica.</ref> *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Norway spruces *Siberian Spruces <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 237cf671480c366c1b70f634604b7e2b2f1e3e2e Proto-Œkhen language 0 175 1104 988 2014-02-22T22:16:00Z 184.147.40.155 0 /* Noun Cases */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β̞ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/ Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Noun Cases=== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Dative | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, direct object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isabeleny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ===Noun Declension=== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''DATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. ====Number==== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} c6d3b36457737c63855a413500abb593aa1080e9 1107 1104 2014-02-22T23:43:42Z 184.147.40.155 0 Started work on verbs -The Majesty wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. Note 2: /ø/ is written œ ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/ Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Noun Cases=== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Inducive | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, indirect object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isabeleny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ===Noun Declension=== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''INDUCIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. ====Number==== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} ===Verbs=== The vast majority of verbs end in a short rounded vowel (ie y, œ, o, or u). Proto-Œkhen verbs are primarily modified by particles, which are ultimately totally optional. The only required verbal inflection in Proto-Œkhen is for verbs of motion. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Standard Gefall | '''eeli ditru''' | a/the horse walks |- ! Uberfall | '''eeli diitru''' | a/the horse walks across (object in locative) |- ! Eintrefall | '''eeli diβotru''' | a/the horse walks in(to) (object in locative) |- ! Ausfall | '''eeli noditru''' | a/the horse walks out (of) (object in locative) |- ! Obenfall | '''eeli ditruus''' | a/the horse walks over/above (object in genitive) |- ! Unterfall | '''eeli ditroos''' | a/the horse walks below/under (object in genitive) |} The vowels added in eintrefall, ausfall, and unterfall are determined with the table below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! When the final vowel is... ! The affixed vowel is... |- |y |i |- |u |o |- |œ |e |- |o |a |- |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 0e7fbbff666fb47e8be896264ab345fa1d0416e2 File:Wiki.png 6 28 1110 1043 2014-02-23T07:04:21Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 1111 1110 2014-02-23T07:05:45Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee 1112 1111 2014-02-23T07:06:59Z Manomow 3365071 Manomow uploaded a new version of &quot;[[File:Wiki.png]]&quot; wikitext text/x-wiki Wiki logo. Upload a new image over this one to set your own logo. 734fa5f907fd11ef18faa6435506d54c7d7d14ee Language 0 126 1113 1051 2014-02-23T18:08:15Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#32CD32|New Language 6}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} c51832accbb116417180d1a85609485f146bba07 Template:LanguageArticles 10 152 1114 938 2014-02-23T18:09:43Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], New Language 3, [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], New Language 5, Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]], [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]], [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> 3cf6657d6e93b2b04dad24ac51498dad600b1821 1115 1114 2014-02-23T18:11:57Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]], [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]], [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, New Language 6, New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> f3a9a630812cf2c3f259e6e111ea1eb37acddb9d Proto-Tḷantali language 0 211 1116 2014-02-23T18:14:49Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcapti..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} '''Phonology:''' t tˠ k q /t t' k q/ b d dˠ g /b d d' g/ b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ /ḅ ḍ ḍ' ġ' ġ/ f~fˠ s sˠ θ θˠ x~χ /f s s' θ θ' h/ v~vˠ z zˠ ð ðˠ ɣ~ʁ /v z z' ð ð' x/ m n ŋ~ɴ /m n n'/ l lˠ /l l'/ ɬ~ɬˠ /ḷ/ ɮ~ɮˠ /ḷḷ/ t͡ɬ t͡ɬˠ /tḷ tḷ'/ d͡ɮ d͡ɮˠ /dḷ dḷ'/ d̰͡ɮ d̰͡ɮˠ /ḍḷ ḍḷ'/ ɹ~ɹˠ j w /r j w/ iː ɯː uː /í ý ú/ e̞ː ɤ̞ː o̞ː /é ə́ ó/ æː ɑː /ǽ á/ i ɯ u /i y u/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ æ ɑ /æ a/ Finnish-like vocalic harmony with neutral /i e/. Low vowels are causing an A-mutation - lowering of the high vowels. '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(ː)(C) '''Accent:''' First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} bd7cf99682848316121d20a0dcb6d2d10ac96f34 1124 1116 2014-02-23T19:56:24Z Artaxes 3370985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} '''Phonology:''' t tˠ k q /t t' k q/ b d dˠ g /b d d' g/ b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ /ḅ ḍ ḍ' ġ' ġ/ f~fˠ s sˠ θ θˠ x~χ /f s s' θ θ' h/ v~vˠ z zˠ ð ðˠ ɣ~ʁ /v z z' ð ð' x/ m n ŋ~ɴ /m n n'/ l lˠ /l l'/ ɬ~ɬˠ /ḷ/ ɮ~ɮˠ /ḷḷ/ t͡ɬ t͡ɬˠ /tḷ tḷ'/ d͡ɮ d͡ɮˠ /dḷ dḷ'/ d̰͡ɮ d̰͡ɮˠ /ḍḷ ḍḷ'/ ɹ~ɹˠ j w /r j w/ iː ɯː uː /í ý ú/ e̞ː ɤ̞ː o̞ː /é ə́ ó/ æː ɑː /ǽ á/ i ɯ u /i y u/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ æ ɑ /æ a/ Finnish-like vocalic harmony with neutral /i e/. Low vowels are causing an A-mutation - lowering of the high vowels. '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(ː)(C) '''Accent:''' First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7f12211919ad7a9601784563e7e330d3277a721c Template:LanguageNav 10 176 1117 1063 2014-02-23T18:15:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = New Language 9 | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • New Language 6 • New Language 7 • New Language 8 • New Language 9 • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} dff90aa4fc0f1d05503205bf4a8acd62361e38e9 1130 1117 2014-02-23T22:11:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = New Language 9 | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] {{small|([[Proto-Araqish dialects|dialects]])}} • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • New Language 6 • New Language 7 • New Language 8 • New Language 9 • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} 1e27cc03ebfb920ec88ff40095ea268d25518761 Originalia 0 43 1122 944 2014-02-23T19:04:58Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of Eastern [[Originalia]]. The city of 7000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. Wheat, sorghum, olives, and grapes are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and Zebra, primarily using flint-tipped spears or bidents. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c758d704abb00ed61370ae252974ecc118f0ad97 1123 1122 2014-02-23T19:14:19Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' The city of '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the west coast of eastern Originalia. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of Wild Goats and zebras, primarily using flint-tipped hand axes or spears. Domestication of horses, dogs, mouflons, guinea pigs, and aurochs has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cdfaf0255c21a0d9f3a6082d3e12381fcfe7c5bd 1126 1123 2014-02-23T20:49:21Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of central Originalia. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using flint-tipped hand axes or spears. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colours, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and sabre-toothed cats, as well as leading them to plentiful food sources, while the humans ensure no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat raven, mouflon, and sometimes the animals they kill protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b96797de50a7484ac856ae888cbeeabca7be3093 1127 1126 2014-02-23T21:05:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of central Originalia. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using flint-tipped hand axes or spears. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of central Originalia exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the east coast of Central Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a5f4fe6044c322c785afe031602c47c775729686 1131 1127 2014-02-24T00:45:45Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of central Originalia exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of Eastern Originalia. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 00a17bc59f4f7a4fedf462cb981ee803c221b440 1132 1131 2014-02-24T00:57:38Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of central Originalia exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Geese *Guinea pigs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 0d667e957a54a1c37c2de923f092748fa75e589f 1133 1132 2014-02-24T01:20:31Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of central Originalia exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the western coast of eastern Originalia. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of eastern Originalia and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e844064caf88cfa5037466b50247648b40cd69b3 Template:Small 10 212 1129 2014-02-23T22:07:32Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<small style="font-size:85%;">{{{1}}}</small><noinclude> <!--Categories and interwikis go in the /doc sub-page.--> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <small style="font-size:85%;">{{{1}}}</small><noinclude> <!--Categories and interwikis go in the /doc sub-page.--> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> e8cc14db0a92cbea92fec7d8f54fda7c40b8b4b6 Originalia 0 43 1134 1133 2014-02-24T01:29:37Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums *Spotted deer '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f38c9a9fb699d439e6a0955ac806f5208a890b5a 1138 1134 2014-02-24T16:41:01Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian Black Bears *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c8f976e376e23a3d29fc32fe577ede7b0d33cf1e 1170 1138 2014-02-25T22:06:07Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Atlas bears *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f527871a1127c1337bcbf2cb2139fa2378fbb709 1171 1170 2014-02-25T22:06:43Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> *Horses *Onagers '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Arabian wolves *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Asian Ostriches *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Grévy's zebras *Hyenas *Indian cobras *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed Macaques *Mountain zebras *Ospreys *Peacocks *Schomburgk's deer *Serows *Sivatheriums '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9d7e6726f7184d4e8448a91ec43db0a7855eb286 Archipelago 0 86 1135 1081 2014-02-24T01:42:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Archipelago |bodystyle = |image = [[File:archipelago.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Archipelago''' is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:archipelago_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Archipelago''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Barley *Rye '''Other Animals''' *Bullockornis *Diprotodons *Kangaroos *Koalas *Marsupial lions *Platypuses *Tasmanian devils *Thylacines *Wallabies *Wombats *Zygomaturus '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Cod *Gray whales '''Other Flora''' *Bunya Pines *Eucalyptus == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 848b0b7ee2b090d8f58cc5598546cd4a70c5a24b Proto-Araqish dialects 0 213 1136 2014-02-24T11:33:50Z Artaxes 3370985 Created page with " == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern ==" wikitext text/x-wiki == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == ce570351037f573ed8ceb95ba6264eacbde5ebec 1137 1136 2014-02-24T14:46:49Z Artaxes 3370985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == 4e75365f7d863b0def0d0ea2b358cf829a28d3c5 1139 1137 2014-02-24T18:04:30Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f85e0f1fbdd2b66396e7a72c28ecfee4259ed5cb 1140 1139 2014-02-24T18:08:45Z Artaxes 3370985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6e314cf297028c1a9e6bc20db5ff0b3483c17055 1141 1140 2014-02-24T18:10:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Most distinctive features */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f7d2a5b66d7aabe7699189d04870aef2878b4f1b 1142 1141 2014-02-24T18:11:47Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Most distinctive features */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Early Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e093c15d9c3c48286d657152becfaf1b7227d61f 1143 1142 2014-02-24T18:12:33Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Most distinctive features */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]] is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 721c77704acf9565fd9c15231049ea319c827f3b 1152 1143 2014-02-25T15:45:06Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 1d29851bab8ffdb19c4a596dc15a02614554c381 Proto-Œkhen language 0 175 1144 1107 2014-02-24T21:07:06Z 66.97.29.130 0 Added to verbs (particles) -The Majesty wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. Note 2: /ø/ is written œ ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/ Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Noun Cases=== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Inducive | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, indirect object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isabeleny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ===Noun Declension=== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''INDUCIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. ====Number==== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} ===Verbs=== The vast majority of verbs end in a short rounded vowel (ie y, œ, o, or u). Proto-Œkhen verbs are primarily modified by particles, which are ultimately totally optional. The only required verbal inflection in Proto-Œkhen is for verbs of motion. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Standard Gefall | '''eeli ditru''' | a/the horse walks |- ! Uberfall | '''eeli diitru''' | a/the horse walks across (object in locative) |- ! Eintrefall | '''eeli diβotru''' | a/the horse walks in(to) (object in locative) |- ! Ausfall | '''eeli noditru''' | a/the horse walks out (of) (object in locative) |- ! Obenfall | '''eeli ditruus''' | a/the horse walks over/above (object in genitive) |- ! Unterfall | '''eeli ditroos''' | a/the horse walks below/under (object in genitive) |} The vowels added in eintrefall, ausfall, and unterfall are determined with the table below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! When the final vowel is... ! The affixed vowel is... |- |y |i |- |u |o |- |œ |e |- |o |a |- |} ====Verb Particles==== There are several bound and unbound particles that modify various features of a verb phrase. ("Bound" and "unbound" in this article refer to the freedom of position the particle has with respect to the verb it modifies, ie bound particles must appear either before or after the verb, as dictated by the category of particle, but unbound particles may appear before or after.) The generally assumed version of each category is marked with †. =====Tense===== Tense particles are unbounded, meaning that they need only appear immediately adjacent to the verb they modify. "eeli ditru baj" and "eeli baj ditru" are equally valid constructions for the phrase "a/the horse will walk". * Distant Past - '''spola''' * Today Past - '''ehes''' * Present/Habitual† - '''βii''' * Future - '''baj''' =====Aspect===== Aspect particles are bounded to the front of the verb. Stress still falls on the first syllable of the verb proper. *Habitual (the action described occurs frequently, but no particular instance is under consideration) '''ku-''' *Imperfective† (only a portion of the action is being considered, the action extends beyond the tense boundaries) '''ynde-''' *Perfective (the action of the verb exists in its entirety within the tense boundary) '''ten-''' =====Evidentiality===== Evidential particles are undbounded. =====Mood===== Mood particles are bounded to the end of the verb. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 3ca7bff51285fbf0ee201e817c62e5fbd12bdfeb Proto-Kiapni language 0 179 1145 932 2014-02-25T00:53:17Z 184.147.40.155 0 Added phonology -The Majesty wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kiapni |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Kiapni |map = ProtoKiapni.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kiapni}} }} 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p~b pʰ~bʰ | style="text-align: center;"|t~d tʰ~dʰ | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ | style="text-align: center;"|ʔ |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Affricate''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t͜sʰ | style="text-align: center;"|k͜xʰ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"|x | style="text-align: center;"|h |} ====Allophony==== Allophones of /p/ are /β/, /ɸ/; allophones of /t/ are /ɾ/, /θ/; /g/ is an allophone of /k/; /z/ is an allophone of /s/. ===Clicks=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Dental</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Lateral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tenuis''' | style="text-align: center;"|ǀ | style="text-align: center;"|ǁ | style="text-align: center;"|ǃ | style="text-align: center;"|ǂ |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasalised''' | style="text-align: center;"|ᵑǀ | style="text-align: center;"|ᵑǁ | style="text-align: center;"|ᵑǃ | style="text-align: center;"|ᵑǂ |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i ĩ | style="text-align: center;"|u ũ |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e ẽ | style="text-align: center;"|o õ |- !Low | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|a~ɑ ã~ɑ |} ===Phonotactics=== The ultimate syllabic structure is '''C(C)V(V)(C)''', and all lexical words contain 1-3 syllables. No consonant clusters of more than two consonants are allowed. Affricates, aspirates, and nasalised clicks count as a single consonant in this analysis. Nasalised vowels may not appear in a diphthong with an oral vowel. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f810efd2f8ce326f05c50528f03498b83f160d70 Proto-Ampayrù language 0 214 1146 2014-02-25T15:31:32Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{lege..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} '''Phonology:''' p~ⁿp t̪~ⁿt̪ ʈ~ⁿʈ c~ⁿc k~ⁿk ʔ p͡ɸ~ⁿp͡ɸ t̪͡s~ⁿt̪͡s ʈ͡ʂ~ⁿʈ͡ʂ c͡ç~ⁿc͡ç k͡x~ⁿk͡x ɸ s̪ ʂ ç x ħ m n̪ ɳ ɲ ŋ l r̪ t̪͡ɬ~ⁿt̪͡ɬ ʈ͡ɭ̝~ⁿʈ͡ɭ̝ c͡ʎ~ⁿc͡ʎ k͡ʟ~ⁿk͡ʟ β̝ j i i ɨ u ɘ ɵ ɛ ɔ ä Prenasalized consonants are existing only in intervocalic position. '''Phonotactics:''' (C)(G)V(G/ʔ) '''Accent:''' Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. '''Tones:''' Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. '''Nouns:''' - split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) - indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) - seven cases (suffixes): Nominative, Accusative, Absolutive, Pegative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative-Instrumental. - number only by independent or clitic particle. - possessor (preffixes). - class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) '''Verbs:''' - double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. - remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. - four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. - evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. - moods expressed by modal verbs. - subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. - pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. - interrogative and negative preffixes '''Pronouns:''' - plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. - exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. '''Syntax:''' - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 40a9890660cfdec5a088dd5402a378e619763cd5 1150 1146 2014-02-25T15:36:16Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} '''Phonology:''' p~ⁿp t̪~ⁿt̪ ʈ~ⁿʈ c~ⁿc k~ⁿk ʔ p͡ɸ~ⁿp͡ɸ t̪͡s~ⁿt̪͡s ʈ͡ʂ~ⁿʈ͡ʂ c͡ç~ⁿc͡ç k͡x~ⁿk͡x ɸ s̪ ʂ ç x ħ m n̪ ɳ ɲ ŋ l r̪ t̪͡ɬ~ⁿt̪͡ɬ ʈ͡ɭ̝~ⁿʈ͡ɭ̝ c͡ʎ~ⁿc͡ʎ k͡ʟ~ⁿk͡ʟ β̝ j i i ɨ u ɘ ɵ ɛ ɔ ä Prenasalized consonants are existing only in intervocalic position. '''Phonotactics:''' (C)(G)V(G/ʔ) '''Accent:''' Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. '''Tones:''' Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. '''Nouns:''' * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * seven cases (suffixes): Nominative, Accusative, Absolutive, Pegative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative-Instrumental. * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) '''Verbs:''' * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes '''Pronouns:''' * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. '''Syntax:''' - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 011640640d1ff6dc9a8ab7089b2309a5c0c184cc Template:LanguageNav 10 176 1147 1130 2014-02-25T15:32:08Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = New Language 9 | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] {{small|([[Proto-Araqish dialects|dialects]])}} • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] • New Language 7 • New Language 8 • New Language 9 • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} 8d92ec66d5c392ade18af785d44ea92092c2abf8 Template:LanguageArticles 10 152 1148 1115 2014-02-25T15:33:03Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]], [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]], [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]], New Language 7, New Language 8, New Language 9</small> d1605e36798d67a0391d8bd4dbf76a804762512e Language 0 126 1149 1113 2014-02-25T15:33:41Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 3}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} d88494ee683fdca0ddb93fdff037c31991c8c783 1165 1149 2014-02-25T17:43:02Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|New Language 7}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} d8b5957b189bb7980ebc685ef9cf32cd67ccdf5a Proto-Dreishawen language 0 169 1151 942 2014-02-25T15:44:11Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Dreishawen |pronunciation = [ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn] |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Dreishawen |map = ProtoDreishawen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Dreishawen}} }} == Phonology == [[File:Monophthongs.png|300px|thumb|Monophthongs of Proto-Dreishawen languages]] [[File:Diphthongs.png|300px|thumb|Diphthongs of Proto-Dreishawen languages]] === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Labialized Velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Glottal |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b | | t, d | | | | k, g | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, v | s, z | ʃ | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | dʒ | | | | | h |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | ɺ | | j | w | | |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} === Triphthongs === [aɪə] [ɑʊə] [eɪə] [ɔɪə] === Phonotactics === Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized. === Grammar === Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners. === Lexicon === [ʹ bleɪn]-man [ʹ blɔːn]-woman [ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7dc221b977fa82afe7dde9568723514a47bf2665 Template:Infobox planetary system 10 215 1153 2014-02-25T16:13:00Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox |title = {{{title|}}} |image = {{{image|}}} |caption = {{{caption|}}} |label2 = Age |data2 = {{{age|}}} |label3 = Location |data3 = {{{lo..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = {{{title|}}} |image = {{{image|}}} |caption = {{{caption|}}} |label2 = Age |data2 = {{{age|}}} |label3 = Location |data3 = {{{location|}}} |label4 = [[Right ascension]] |data4 = {{{ascension|}}} |label5 = [[Declination]] |data5 = {{{declination|}}} |label6 = System mass |data6 = {{{system_mass|}}} |label7 = Nearest star |data7 = {{{neareststar|}}} |label8 = Nearest known [[planetary system]] |data8 = {{{nearestplanetary|}}} |header9 = {{#if:{{{semimajoraxis|}}}{{{protoplanetarydisc|}}}{{{Kuiper_cliff|}}}{{{stars|}}}{{{planets|}}}{{{dwarfplanets|}}}{{{satellites|}}}{{{minorplanets|}}}{{{comets|}}}{{{roundsat|}}}|Planetary system}} |class9 = navbox-abovebelow |label10 = Semi-major axis of outer {{#if: {{{noknown_planets|}}} | | known }} planet {{#if:{{{outerplanetname|}}}| ({{{outerplanetname|}}}) }} |data10 = {{{semimajoraxis|}}} |label11 = Size of proto-planetary disc |data11 = {{{protoplanetarydisc|}}} |label12 = Distance to [[Kuiper belt#"Kuiper cliff"|Kuiper cliff]] |data12 = {{{Kuiper_cliff|}}} |label13 = No. of {{#if: {{{noknown_stars|}}} | | known }} stars |data13 = {{{stars|}}} |label14 = No. of {{#if: {{{noknown_planets|}}} | | known }} planets |data14 = {{{planets|}}} |label15 = No. of known [[dwarf planet]]s |data15 = {{{dwarfplanets|}}} |label16 = No. of known [[natural satellite]]s |data16 = {{{satellites|}}} |label17 = No. of known [[minor planet]]s |data17 = {{{minorplanets|}}} |label18 = No. of known [[comet]]s |data18 = {{{comets|}}} |label19 = No. of identified {{#if:{{{roundsatlink|}}} | [[{{{roundsatlink}}}|round satellites]] | round satellites}} |data19 = {{{roundsat|}}} |header20 = {{#if:{{{inclination|}}}{{{galacticcenter|}}}{{{orbitalspeed|}}}{{{orbitalperiod|}}}|{{nowrap|Orbit about the [[Galactic Center]]}}}} |class20 = navbox-abovebelow |label21 = Inclination of [[invariable plane]] to the [[galactic plane]] |data21 = {{{inclination|}}} |label22 = Distance to Galactic Center |data22 = {{{galacticcenter|}}} |label23 = Orbital speed |data23 = {{{orbitalspeed|}}} |label24 = Orbital period |data24 = {{{orbitalperiod|}}} |header25 = {{#if:{{{spectral|}}}{{{variable|}}}{{{frostline|}}}{{{heliopause|}}}{{{hillsphere|}}}|Star-related properties}} |class25 = navbox-abovebelow |label26 = [[Stellar classification|Spectral type]] |data26 = {{{spectral|}}} |label27 = [[Variable star|Variable type]] |data27 = {{{variable|}}} |label28 = [[Frost line (astrophysics)|Frost line]] |data28 = {{{frostline|}}} |label29 = Distance to [[Heliopause (astronomy)|heliopause]] |data29 = {{{heliopause|}}} |label30 = [[Hill sphere]] radius |data30 = {{{hillsphere|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}}<!-- Please add categories and interwiki links to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> c6139918ac589531e08322741432eed7b77c4045 1155 1153 2014-02-25T16:24:02Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = {{{title|}}} |image = {{{image|}}} |caption = {{{caption|}}} |label2 = Age |data2 = {{{age|}}} |label3 = Location |data3 = {{{location|}}} |label4 = [[Right ascension]] |data4 = {{{ascension|}}} |label5 = [[Declination]] |data5 = {{{declination|}}} |label6 = System mass |data6 = {{{system_mass|}}} |label7 = Nearest star |data7 = {{{neareststar|}}} |label8 = Nearest known planetary system |data8 = {{{nearestplanetary|}}} |header9 = {{#if:{{{semimajoraxis|}}}{{{protoplanetarydisc|}}}{{{Kuiper_cliff|}}}{{{stars|}}}{{{planets|}}}{{{dwarfplanets|}}}{{{satellites|}}}{{{minorplanets|}}}{{{comets|}}}{{{roundsat|}}}|Planetary system}} |class9 = navbox-abovebelow |label10 = Semi-major axis of outer {{#if: {{{noknown_planets|}}} | | known }} planet {{#if:{{{outerplanetname|}}}| ({{{outerplanetname|}}}) }} |data10 = {{{semimajoraxis|}}} |label11 = Size of proto-planetary disc |data11 = {{{protoplanetarydisc|}}} |label12 = Distance to Kuiper cliff |data12 = {{{Kuiper_cliff|}}} |label13 = No. of {{#if: {{{noknown_stars|}}} | | known }} stars |data13 = {{{stars|}}} |label14 = No. of {{#if: {{{noknown_planets|}}} | | known }} planets |data14 = {{{planets|}}} |label15 = No. of known dwarf planets |data15 = {{{dwarfplanets|}}} |label16 = No. of known natural satellites |data16 = {{{satellites|}}} |label17 = No. of known minor planets |data17 = {{{minorplanets|}}} |label18 = No. of known comets |data18 = {{{comets|}}} |label19 = No. of identified {{#if:{{{roundsatlink|}}} | [[{{{roundsatlink}}}|round satellites]] | round satellites}} |data19 = {{{roundsat|}}} |header20 = {{#if:{{{inclination|}}}{{{galacticcenter|}}}{{{orbitalspeed|}}}{{{orbitalperiod|}}}|{{nowrap|Orbit about the [[Galactic Center]]}}}} |class20 = navbox-abovebelow |label21 = Inclination of [[invariable plane]] to the [[galactic plane]] |data21 = {{{inclination|}}} |label22 = Distance to Galactic Center |data22 = {{{galacticcenter|}}} |label23 = Orbital speed |data23 = {{{orbitalspeed|}}} |label24 = Orbital period |data24 = {{{orbitalperiod|}}} |header25 = {{#if:{{{spectral|}}}{{{variable|}}}{{{frostline|}}}{{{heliopause|}}}{{{hillsphere|}}}|Star-related properties}} |class25 = navbox-abovebelow |label26 = Spectral type |data26 = {{{spectral|}}} |label27 = [[Variable star|Variable type]] |data27 = {{{variable|}}} |label28 = [[Frost line (astrophysics)|Frost line]] |data28 = {{{frostline|}}} |label29 = Distance to [[Heliopause (astronomy)|heliopause]] |data29 = {{{heliopause|}}} |label30 = [[Hill sphere]] radius |data30 = {{{hillsphere|}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}}<!-- Please add categories and interwiki links to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> bb2b4890551ff2c2abe0a53063e8a6195ff9396b Solar System 0 102 1154 259 2014-02-25T16:21:08Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planetary system | title = Solar System | image = [[Image:Planets2013.jpg|300px]] | caption = The Star and planets of the Solar System. | age = ~7 billion years | location = | system_mass = ~1.16 [[solar mass]]es | neareststar = | nearestplanetary = | semimajoraxis = | Kuiper_cliff = | stars = 1 <br>Star | noknown_stars = yes | planets = 6 <br>Unnamed, Unnamed, Unnamed, Giaia, Unnamed, Unnamed | noknown_planets = yes | dwarfplanets = | satellites = | minorplanets = | comets = | roundsat = | inclination = | galacticcenter = | orbitalspeed = | orbitalperiod = | spectral = F8 | frostline = | heliopause = | hillsphere = }} "Star" - Class F8 Star Lifespan: ~7 billion years. Mass: ~1.16 solar masses. Planets 1. Unnamed *Reminiscent of Mercury. *Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Phobos). 2. Unnamed *Reminiscent of Mars. *Warmer than Mars, bone dry: desert planet *Satellites: 1 natural. 3. Unnamed *Terrestrial world. *Rings similar to Saturn. 4. Unnamed / "[[Gaia]]" / Home Planet *ATL Earth *Habitable, sentient life. *Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Titan). 5. Unnamed *Large terrestrial world. *Heavily crater marked. *Satellites: 3 natural. (Asteroid Belt) 6. Unnamed *Gas giant, Saturn sized. *Three moons, similar to the Galilean moons. *No visible rings. b32c8aaf5db3890aa5ca7b53133cc7d5b4b8aac7 1156 1154 2014-02-25T16:24:08Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planetary system | title = Solar System | image = [[Image:Planets2013.jpg|300px]] | caption = The Star and planets of the Solar System. | age = ~7 billion years | location = | system_mass = ~1.16 solar masses | neareststar = | nearestplanetary = | semimajoraxis = | Kuiper_cliff = | stars = 1 <br>Star | noknown_stars = yes | planets = 6 <br>Unnamed, Unnamed, Unnamed, Giaia, Unnamed, Unnamed | noknown_planets = yes | dwarfplanets = | satellites = | minorplanets = | comets = | roundsat = | inclination = | galacticcenter = | orbitalspeed = | orbitalperiod = | spectral = F8 | frostline = | heliopause = | hillsphere = }} "Star" - Class F8 Star Lifespan: ~7 billion years. Mass: ~1.16 solar masses. Planets 1. Unnamed *Reminiscent of Mercury. *Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Phobos). 2. Unnamed *Reminiscent of Mars. *Warmer than Mars, bone dry: desert planet *Satellites: 1 natural. 3. Unnamed *Terrestrial world. *Rings similar to Saturn. 4. Unnamed / "[[Gaia]]" / Home Planet *ATL Earth *Habitable, sentient life. *Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Titan). 5. Unnamed *Large terrestrial world. *Heavily crater marked. *Satellites: 3 natural. (Asteroid Belt) 6. Unnamed *Gas giant, Saturn sized. *Three moons, similar to the Galilean moons. *No visible rings. f0a0f4121374515dac84481e745dc88d2c5717aa 1157 1156 2014-02-25T16:29:03Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planetary system | title = Solar System | image = [[Image:Planets2013.jpg|300px]] | caption = The Star and planets of the Solar System. | age = ~7 billion years | location = | system_mass = ~1.16 solar masses | neareststar = | nearestplanetary = | semimajoraxis = | Kuiper_cliff = | stars = 1 <br>Star | noknown_stars = yes | planets = 6 <br>Unnamed, Unnamed, Unnamed, Giaia, Unnamed, Unnamed | noknown_planets = yes | dwarfplanets = | satellites = | minorplanets = | comets = | roundsat = | inclination = | galacticcenter = | orbitalspeed = | orbitalperiod = | spectral = F8 | frostline = | heliopause = | hillsphere = }} == Inner Solar System == === Inner Planets === ==== Unnamed ==== *Reminiscent of Mercury. *Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Phobos). ==== Unnamed ==== *Reminiscent of Mars. *Warmer than Mars, bone dry: desert planet *Satellites: 1 natural. ==== Unnamed ==== *Terrestrial world. *Rings similar to Saturn. ==== [[Gaia]] ==== *ATL Earth *Habitable, sentient life. *Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Titan). ==== Unnamed ==== *Large terrestrial world. *Heavily crater marked. *Satellites: 3 natural. === Asteroid Belt === == Outer Solar System == === Outer Planets === ==== Unnamed ==== *Gas giant, Saturn sized. *Three moons, similar to the Galilean moons. *No visible rings. 4db429d9c18cb05df0b08ebbc5c619f1dc78d6f8 1159 1157 2014-02-25T16:33:40Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planetary system | title = Solar System | image = [[Image:Planets2013.jpg|300px]] | caption = The Star and planets of the Solar System. | age = ~7 billion years | location = | system_mass = ~1.16 solar masses | neareststar = | nearestplanetary = | semimajoraxis = | Kuiper_cliff = | stars = 1 <br>Star | noknown_stars = yes | planets = 6 <br>Unnamed, Unnamed, Unnamed, Giaia, Unnamed, Unnamed | noknown_planets = yes | dwarfplanets = | satellites = | minorplanets = | comets = | roundsat = | inclination = | galacticcenter = | orbitalspeed = | orbitalperiod = | spectral = F8 | frostline = | heliopause = | hillsphere = }} == Inner Solar System == === Inner Planets === ==== Unnamed ==== *Reminiscent of Mercury. *Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Phobos). ==== Unnamed ==== *Reminiscent of Mars. *Warmer than Mars, bone dry: desert planet *Satellites: 1 natural. ==== Unnamed ==== *Terrestrial world. *Rings similar to Saturn. ==== [[Gaia]] ==== *ATL Earth *Habitable, sentient life. *Satellites: 1 natural (similar to Titan). ==== Unnamed ==== *Large terrestrial world. *Heavily crater marked. *Satellites: 3 natural. === Asteroid Belt === == Outer Solar System == === Outer Planets === ==== Unnamed ==== *Gas giant, Saturn sized. *Three moons, similar to the Galilean moons. *No visible rings. == Visual Summary == {{SolarSummary}} 9efc4a6cd67fd5a91dceb110e41dee09b1e10e98 Template:SolarSummary 10 216 1158 2014-02-25T16:30:56Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<noinclude>{{Also|Template:SolarSummaryLarge|Template:SolarMoonSummary}} <!-- A sampling of closely imaged Solar System bodies, selected for size and detail and sorted by volu..." wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Also|Template:SolarSummaryLarge|Template:SolarMoonSummary}} <!-- A sampling of closely imaged Solar System bodies, selected for size and detail and sorted by volume. The Sun is approximately 10,000 times larger than, and 41 trillion times the volume of, the smallest object shown. --> </noinclude> {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight: margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;" |+ Solar System |- style="background: black;" | [[File:TheSun.png|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Jupiter by Cassini-Huygens.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|center|100x100px]] <!-- [[File:Saturn (planet) large.jpg|center|100x100px]]--> | [[File:Uranus2.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Neptune.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Venus-real.jpg|100x100px]] |- | [[Sun]]<br><small>(star)</small> | [[Jupiter]]<br><small>(planet)</small> | [[Saturn]]<br><small>(planet)</small> | [[Uranus]]<br><small>(planet)</small> | [[Neptune]]<br><small>(planet)</small> | [[Earth]]<br><small>(planet)</small> | [[Venus]]<br><small>(planet)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Mars Hubble.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Ganymede g1 true 2.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Two Halves of Titan.png|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Mercury in color - Prockter07-edit1.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Callisto.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|center|100x100px]] |- | [[Mars]]<br><small>(planet)</small> | [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]]<br><small>(moon of Jupiter)</small> | [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> | [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]<br><small>(planet)</small> | [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]]<br><small>(moon of Jupiter)</small> | [[Io (moon)|Io]]<br><small>(moon of Jupiter)</small> | [[Moon]]<br><small>(moon of Earth)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Triton Voyager 2.jpg|center|100x100px]] <!--[[File:Triton moon mosaic Voyager 2 (large).jpg|center|100x100px]]--> | [[File:Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg|center|110x110px]] | [[File:PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg|center|110x110px]] | [[File:Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Iapetus as seen by the Cassini probe - 20071008.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:PIA00040_Umbrielx2.47.jpg|center|100x100px]] |- | [[Europa (moon)|Europa]]<br><small>(moon of Jupiter)</small> | [[Triton (moon)|Triton]]<br><small>(moon of Neptune)</small> | [[Titania (moon)|Titania]]<br><small>(moon of Uranus)</small> | [[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> | [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]]<br><small>(moon of Uranus)</small> | [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> | [[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]]<br><small>(moon of Uranus)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Ariel-NASA.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Dione (Mond) (30823363).jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Inset-sat tethys-large.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Ceres optimized.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Vestacropped.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Enceladus from Voyager.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Miranda.jpg|center|100x100px]] |- | [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]]<br><small>(moon of Uranus)</small> | [[Dione (moon)|Dione]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> | [[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> | [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]<br><small>(dwarf planet)</small> | [[4 Vesta|Vesta]]<br><small>(asteroid)</small> | [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> | [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]]<br><small>(moon of Uranus)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Proteus Voyager 2 croped.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Mimas moon.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Hyperion in natural colours.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Phoebe cassini.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Prometheus 12-26-09a.jpg|center|100x100px]] |- | [[Proteus (moon)|Proteus]]<br><small>(moon of Neptune)</small> | [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> | [[Hyperion (moon)|Hyperion]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> | [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> | [[Janus (moon)|Janus]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> | [[Epimetheus (moon)|Epimetheus]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> | [[Prometheus (moon)|Prometheus]]<br><small>(moon of Saturn)</small> |- | colspan="7"| {{navbar|SolarSummary}} |- |}<noinclude> [[Category:Astronomy templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 93d02ee8652bbc823f43c6325787c445c8b30559 1160 1158 2014-02-25T16:37:59Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Also|Template:SolarSummaryLarge|Template:SolarMoonSummary}} <!-- A sampling of closely imaged Solar System bodies, selected for size and detail and sorted by volume. The Sun is approximately 10,000 times larger than, and 41 trillion times the volume of, the smallest object shown. --> </noinclude> {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight: margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;" |+ Solar System |- style="background: black;" | [[File:TheSun.png|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Jupiter by Cassini-Huygens.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|center|100x100px]] <!-- [[File:Saturn (planet) large.jpg|center|100x100px]]--> | [[File:Uranus2.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Neptune.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Venus-real.jpg|100x100px]] |- | Star<br><small>(star)</small> | Unnamed<br><small>(planet)</small> | Unnamed<br><small>(planet)</small> | Unnamed<br><small>(planet)</small> | Unnamed<br><small>(planet)</small> | [[Gaia]]<br><small>(planet)</small> | Unnamed<br><small>(planet)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Mars Hubble.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Ganymede g1 true 2.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Two Halves of Titan.png|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Mercury in color - Prockter07-edit1.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Callisto.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|center|100x100px]] |- | Unnamed<br><small>(planet)</small> | | | | | | |- | colspan="7"| {{navbar|SolarSummary}} |- |}<noinclude> [[Category:Astronomy templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 48fc9ef5f87adaa48cac9d2c1eb30b38b1a7f080 1161 1160 2014-02-25T16:39:31Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Also|Template:SolarSummaryLarge|Template:SolarMoonSummary}} <!-- A sampling of closely imaged Solar System bodies, selected for size and detail and sorted by volume. The Sun is approximately 10,000 times larger than, and 41 trillion times the volume of, the smallest object shown. --> </noinclude> {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight: margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;" |+ Solar System |- style="background: black;" | [[File:TheSun.png|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Jupiter by Cassini-Huygens.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|center|100x100px]] <!-- [[File:Saturn (planet) large.jpg|center|100x100px]]--> | [[File:Uranus2.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Neptune.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|center|100x100px]] | [[File:Venus-real.jpg|100x100px]] |- | Star<br><small>(star)</small> | Unnamed<br><small>(planet)</small> | Unnamed<br><small>(planet)</small> | Unnamed<br><small>(planet)</small> | [[Gaia]]<br><small>(planet)</small> | Unnamed<br><small>(planet)</small> | Unnamed<br><small>(planet)</small> |- | colspan="7"| {{navbar|SolarSummary}} |- |}<noinclude> [[Category:Astronomy templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 2793ef7f56044155c084114d88f6bf6a7a4ec4e7 File:Continents.png 6 217 1162 2014-02-25T17:05:36Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Gaia 0 105 1163 225 2014-02-25T17:08:26Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fmbox | text = Temporary name. Name suggested by Odysseus.}} {{Infobox planet | width = <!--(Best given in font-proportional units such as 'em')--> | name = Gaia | symbol = <!--([[File:...]])--> | background = | image = [[File:basemap.png|250px|Basemap]] | caption = | pronunciation = - | apsis = | discovery_ref = <ref>...</ref> | discoverer = | discovery_site = | discovered = | discovery_method = | mp_name = | named_after = | mp_category = | alt_names = | orbit_ref = <ref>Osculating Orbital Elements</ref> | orbit_diagram = <!-- image link, just like in prose. ex.: [[File:1992 TC orbital diagram.jpg|260px]] --> | epoch = | aphelion = 1.445 AU | perihelion = 1.444 AU | periastron = | apoastron = | periapsis = | apoapsis = | semimajor = 1.44 AU | mean_orbit_radius = | eccentricity = 0.0167 | period = 587.695 days, 1.60899 years | synodic_period = | avg_speed = ? | mean_anomaly = | inclination = | angular_dist = <!--(Angular distance)--> | asc_node = <!--(Longitude of ascending node)--> | long_periastron = <!--(Longitude of periastron)--> | time_periastron = <!--(Time of periastron)--> | arg_peri = <!--(Argument of peri[helion/astron/...])--> | semi-amplitude = | p_orbit_ref = <ref>Proper Orbital Elements</ref> | p_semimajor = | p_eccentricity = | p_inclination = | p_mean_motion = <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)--> | perihelion_rate = <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)--> | node_rate = <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)--> | satellite_of = | satellites = 1 | dimensions = | flattening = | equatorial_radius = | polar_radius = | mean_radius = | circumference = | surface_area = | volume = | mass = 0.99 Earths | density = | surface_grav = <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)--> | escape_velocity = | sidereal_day = | rot_velocity = <!--(Rotational velocity)--> | axial_tilt = | right_asc_north_pole = <!--(North pole right ascension)--> | declination = <!--(North pole declination)--> | pole_ecliptic_lat = <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)--> | pole_ecliptic_lon = <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)--> | albedo = | single_temperature = | temp_name1 = | min_temp_1 = | mean_temp_1 = | max_temp_1 = | temp_name2 = | min_temp_2 = | mean_temp_2 = | max_temp_2 = | spectral_type = | magnitude = <!--(Apparent magnitude)--> | abs_magnitude = <!--(Absolute magnitude)--> | angular_size = | pronounced = {{IPA-en|<!-- IPA string -->|}} | adjectives = | atmosphere_ref = <ref>...</ref> | surface_pressure = | scale_height = | atmosphere_composition = }} Rotation: 27.9 hours ==Chronology== ===Geologic History=== [[File:continents.png|thumb|320px|right|The 8 continents of Gaia: {{nowrap|{{legend0|#0c0}} [[Dateline]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|green}} [[Island Chain]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#0040ff}} [[Antarctic]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#1F9BFF}} [[Arctica]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#fed52e}} [[Originalia]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#c10000}} [[Seforma]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#f33e01}} [[Omoserica]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#c04080}} [[Archipelago]]}}]] (Age of the World - 3.22 billion years) A timeline of world history, beginning with the formation of our home planet. ====First Eon (3210 mya - 2710 mya)==== *Formation of the World and its Moon from the accretion disk around the young star. The other planets begin to form around this time, as well. *The oldest known minerals appear, while the oldest known rocks date back to c. 2830 mya. *The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve. *Late Heavy Bombardment period ends c. 2790 mya. *Photosynthesis begins in microscopic primordial life c. 2710 mya. ====Second Eon (2710 mya - 1980 mya)==== *Simple single-celled life begins to form. *First known oxygen producing bacteria, the atmosphere later becomes oxygenic. *The first complex single-celled life, protists with nuclei form. The first super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world. ====Third Eon (1980 mya-500 mya)==== *The first major super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world, and persists for several hundred million years, before finally breaking up towards the end of the Third Eon. *Multi-cellular eukaryotic life begins to form. *The first "Snowball World" period; ice covers the world for two hundred million years before finally receding following a major period of volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts. *By the end of this eon, life flourishes wordwide in the seas, and life begins to make the jump to land. ====Fourth Eon (500 mya - present)==== *Major diversification and expansion of life in the (ATL Unnamed Cambrian Explosion). Numerous fossils, most modern forms of life emerge in the Fourth Eon. *Two major super-continents have formed and divided during this period: The first (Unnamed ATL Pannotia) forms c. 490 mya, before dividing c. 330 mya. The second, (Unnamed ATL Pangaea) forms c. 200 mya, before dividing c. 75 mya. *The second "Snowball World" event; triggers a mass extinction as most life becomes extinct in the face of tremendously colder climates and growing ice caps. Ends c. 320 mya. *Late Fourth Eon extinction event c. 90 mya. Leaves a large crater north of the (Unnamed Southern Archipelago) Current Date: Emergence of Humanity & The Current Glacial Maximum. Fourth Eon, Third Era. (4.3 Eo) Age Conversions Gaia Years (Earth-Years) 0-6 (0-11) Childhood 6-9 (11-17) Adolescence 9-20 (17-37) Young Adulthood 20-30 (37-56) Middle Age 30 + (56+) Old Age <references/> c23c50b0e88c8840d8be1d43247f4b9401cb7848 1164 1163 2014-02-25T17:09:25Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planet | width = <!--(Best given in font-proportional units such as 'em')--> | name = Gaia | symbol = <!--([[File:...]])--> | background = | image = [[File:basemap.png|250px|Basemap]] | caption = | pronunciation = - | apsis = | discovery_ref = <ref>...</ref> | discoverer = | discovery_site = | discovered = | discovery_method = | mp_name = | named_after = | mp_category = | alt_names = | orbit_ref = <ref>Osculating Orbital Elements</ref> | orbit_diagram = <!-- image link, just like in prose. ex.: [[File:1992 TC orbital diagram.jpg|260px]] --> | epoch = | aphelion = 1.445 AU | perihelion = 1.444 AU | periastron = | apoastron = | periapsis = | apoapsis = | semimajor = 1.44 AU | mean_orbit_radius = | eccentricity = 0.0167 | period = 587.695 days, 1.60899 years | synodic_period = | avg_speed = ? | mean_anomaly = | inclination = | angular_dist = <!--(Angular distance)--> | asc_node = <!--(Longitude of ascending node)--> | long_periastron = <!--(Longitude of periastron)--> | time_periastron = <!--(Time of periastron)--> | arg_peri = <!--(Argument of peri[helion/astron/...])--> | semi-amplitude = | p_orbit_ref = <ref>Proper Orbital Elements</ref> | p_semimajor = | p_eccentricity = | p_inclination = | p_mean_motion = <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)--> | perihelion_rate = <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)--> | node_rate = <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)--> | satellite_of = | satellites = 1 | dimensions = | flattening = | equatorial_radius = | polar_radius = | mean_radius = | circumference = | surface_area = | volume = | mass = 0.99 Earths | density = | surface_grav = <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)--> | escape_velocity = | sidereal_day = | rot_velocity = <!--(Rotational velocity)--> | axial_tilt = | right_asc_north_pole = <!--(North pole right ascension)--> | declination = <!--(North pole declination)--> | pole_ecliptic_lat = <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)--> | pole_ecliptic_lon = <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)--> | albedo = | single_temperature = | temp_name1 = | min_temp_1 = | mean_temp_1 = | max_temp_1 = | temp_name2 = | min_temp_2 = | mean_temp_2 = | max_temp_2 = | spectral_type = | magnitude = <!--(Apparent magnitude)--> | abs_magnitude = <!--(Absolute magnitude)--> | angular_size = | pronounced = {{IPA-en|<!-- IPA string -->|}} | adjectives = | atmosphere_ref = <ref>...</ref> | surface_pressure = | scale_height = | atmosphere_composition = }} Rotation: 27.9 hours ==Chronology== ===Geologic History=== [[File:continents.png|thumb|320px|right|The 8 continents of Gaia: {{nowrap|{{legend0|#0c0}} [[Dateline]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|green}} [[Island Chain]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#0040ff}} [[Antarctic]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#1F9BFF}} [[Arctica]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#fed52e}} [[Originalia]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#c10000}} [[Seforma]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#f33e01}} [[Omoserica]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#c04080}} [[Archipelago]]}}]] (Age of the World - 3.22 billion years) A timeline of world history, beginning with the formation of our home planet. ====First Eon (3210 mya - 2710 mya)==== *Formation of the World and its Moon from the accretion disk around the young star. The other planets begin to form around this time, as well. *The oldest known minerals appear, while the oldest known rocks date back to c. 2830 mya. *The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve. *Late Heavy Bombardment period ends c. 2790 mya. *Photosynthesis begins in microscopic primordial life c. 2710 mya. ====Second Eon (2710 mya - 1980 mya)==== *Simple single-celled life begins to form. *First known oxygen producing bacteria, the atmosphere later becomes oxygenic. *The first complex single-celled life, protists with nuclei form. The first super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world. ====Third Eon (1980 mya-500 mya)==== *The first major super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world, and persists for several hundred million years, before finally breaking up towards the end of the Third Eon. *Multi-cellular eukaryotic life begins to form. *The first "Snowball World" period; ice covers the world for two hundred million years before finally receding following a major period of volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts. *By the end of this eon, life flourishes wordwide in the seas, and life begins to make the jump to land. ====Fourth Eon (500 mya - present)==== *Major diversification and expansion of life in the (ATL Unnamed Cambrian Explosion). Numerous fossils, most modern forms of life emerge in the Fourth Eon. *Two major super-continents have formed and divided during this period: The first (Unnamed ATL Pannotia) forms c. 490 mya, before dividing c. 330 mya. The second, (Unnamed ATL Pangaea) forms c. 200 mya, before dividing c. 75 mya. *The second "Snowball World" event; triggers a mass extinction as most life becomes extinct in the face of tremendously colder climates and growing ice caps. Ends c. 320 mya. *Late Fourth Eon extinction event c. 90 mya. Leaves a large crater north of the (Unnamed Southern Archipelago) Current Date: Emergence of Humanity & The Current Glacial Maximum. Fourth Eon, Third Era. (4.3 Eo) Age Conversions Gaia Years (Earth-Years) 0-6 (0-11) Childhood 6-9 (11-17) Adolescence 9-20 (17-37) Young Adulthood 20-30 (37-56) Middle Age 30 + (56+) Old Age <references/> c28b7ce85f025a4f3150b5caeda69163b9f5fe37 Proto-Tḷantali language 0 211 1166 1124 2014-02-25T19:05:57Z Artaxes 3370985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} Finnish-like vocalic harmony with neutral /i e/. Low vowels are causing an A-mutation - lowering of the high vowels. '''Phonotactics:''' (C)V(ː)(C) '''Accent:''' First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} d604c41abd657e2698d37e6ff582fb511f995cf6 1167 1166 2014-02-25T21:26:26Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː |- ! Back | u uː o̞ o̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 682460d9abc71f793d5b8b69a39fbc9f04959aab 1168 1167 2014-02-25T21:27:40Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vocalic harmony */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː |- ! Back | u uː o̞ o̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7ad513073a783437ba12abd489fcf35d20a1be21 1169 1168 2014-02-25T21:44:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Accent */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː |- ! Back | u uː o̞ o̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== ===Verb=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 03b0e27ac93017da70b8237390dfc5c3d7bc7ca4 1180 1169 2014-02-25T22:35:27Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Noun */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː |- ! Back | u uː o̞ o̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarure''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydín''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksi''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 9c1c03c1a2d2b38670e8807a9a22a7fe190eabf5 Omoserica 0 45 1172 733 2014-02-25T22:09:33Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *South China Tiger *Giant Panda *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Osprey *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotherium *Giant pandas *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Sika deer *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} def4fa4d3585347248fee13e5a342bb3666bba0c 1173 1172 2014-02-25T22:12:25Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Giant pandas <ref>Includes Qinling subspecies.</ref> *Osprey *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotherium *Giant pandas *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Sika deer *Snow sheep <ref>unable to be domesticated.</ref> *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e2ddfeae31527118496da5c53b2d2e5d026df600 1174 1173 2014-02-25T22:21:43Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Giant pandas <ref>Includes Qinling subspecies.</ref> *Osprey *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Homotherium *Giant pandas *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Sika deer *Snow sheep *Steppe wolves *Tundra wolves *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths *Woolly rhinoceroses '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} dfc99c83f1f597326c39f25f23a2fdc8ac51fae7 1175 1174 2014-02-25T22:23:01Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Giant pandas <ref>Includes Qinling subspecies.</ref> *Osprey *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Elasmotheriums *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Giant pandas *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Sika deer *Snow sheep *Steppe wolves *Tundra wolves *Wolverines '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4c03ee2e09fca11b336fd150a502fb3dc807ba41 1176 1175 2014-02-25T22:23:45Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Giant pandas <ref>Includes Qinling subspecies.</ref> *Osprey *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Giant pandas *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Sika deer *Snow sheep *Steppe wolves *Tundra wolves *Wolverines '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 63ddcec26d09c51f730fcf615a4bd5ed2da07ca3 1177 1176 2014-02-25T22:24:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Giant pandas <ref>Includes Qinling subspecies.</ref> *Osprey *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Steppe wolves *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Giant pandas *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Sika deer *Snow sheep *Steppe wolves *Tundra wolves *Wolverines '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 58369e440a09a2c80170d6c2093daea025c0816d 1178 1177 2014-02-25T22:25:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Giant pandas <ref>Includes Qinling subspecies.</ref> *Osprey *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Steppe wolves *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *European bison *Giant pandas *Irish elk *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Saiga *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Sika deer *Snow sheep *Steppe wolves *Tibetan wolves *Tundra wolves *Wolverines '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 425c4ae3070c98bae497818b03ed7d851c50bffd 1181 1178 2014-02-25T22:36:55Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *African Sea Eagle *Common Raven *Haast's Eagle <ref>on Sylvonesia, the small, westernmost islands in the image above.</ref> *Giant pandas <ref>Includes Qinling subspecies.</ref> *Osprey *Banded flying snake <ref>also native to Sylvonesia, not Omoserica proper.</ref> *King Vulture *Steppe wolves *Moa <ref>native to Sylvonesia and is the main food source for Haast's Eagles.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *Giant pandas *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep *Steppe wolves *Tibetan wolves *Tundra wolves *Wolverines '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4de805f58032a6b6bcd21664c4a34a78d3598e63 Dateline 0 87 1179 1121 2014-02-25T22:29:46Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *American lions *Bighorn sheep *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gambel's quails *Grizzly bears <ref>California and Mexican subspecies.</ref> *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Mule deer *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} faf5eeb3a15093b61aeaa37aefd5f449a697db67 1182 1179 2014-02-25T22:39:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *American lions *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gambel's quails *Grizzly bears <ref>California and Mexican subspecies.</ref> *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American bison <ref>Arrived from Omoserica when there was still a land bridge between the continents.</ref> *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Elk *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *Harlan's muskoxen *Moose *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *North American beavers *Pronghorns *Saiga *Short-faced bears *Shrub-oxen <ref>Also arrived from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} af43fab14317014f2937146b552b7cba2445bb7b 1183 1182 2014-02-25T22:40:17Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *American lions *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gambel's quails *Grizzly bears <ref>California and Mexican subspecies.</ref> *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American black bears *American cheetahs *American lions *American zebras *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Giant beavers *Grizzly bears *North American beavers *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9bd92599e98c082ff80eba362d3c4da3719ba4ac Originalia 0 43 1184 1171 2014-02-25T22:43:38Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Ospreys *Peacocks '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses <ref>Domesticated into Donkeys.</ref> *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into Cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Horses *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *African leopards *African wild dogs *Arabian wolves *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Cheetahs *Ethiopian wolves *Gazelles *Giraffes *Grévy's zebras *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Mountain zebras *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Pelorovis *Plains zebras *Quaggas *Sivatheriums *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>inhabits the island off the northern coast.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c5a6768d964a723ad21fc2ab502cfd4404be6b3d 1185 1184 2014-02-25T22:45:03Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Ospreys *Peacocks '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Gazelles *Giraffes *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Dogs *Horses *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves *Bats *Foxes *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice *Chalicotheriums *Serows *Wild Boars '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 167c6eb902408a6093210a11fd620e7bc9ab9ab7 1186 1185 2014-02-25T22:46:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Ospreys *Peacocks '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African elephants <ref> also includes North African elephants.</ref> *Baboons *Black Rhinoceroses *Bluebucks *Bubal hartebeests *Gazelles *Giraffes *Hippos *Hyenas *Lions *Nubian ibexes *Ostriches *Warthogs *White Rhinoceroses *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} be88f04b2f81235bc27b6b3917807d20474c6ca3 1187 1186 2014-02-25T23:12:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Ospreys *Peacocks '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Impalas *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild boars <ref>domesticated into pigs.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Otter *Common Shelduck *Little Tern *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> *Common Raven *Osprey *Shrews *Hedgehogs *Moles *Rabbits *Bats *Dormice *Wood mice '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 992714ac9a0a9263ec72722df1f3b92405860f15 1189 1187 2014-02-26T02:05:46Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Ospreys *Peacocks '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Impalas *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Bongos *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} fd556491567ee8fae6943a08fb19b4fa1faef8ea 1190 1189 2014-02-26T02:08:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Ospreys *Peacocks *Saola '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Impalas *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Bongos *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f5b56c08f05f1301bf96df36becd69097beb44e5 1191 1190 2014-02-26T02:51:55Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Ospreys *Peacocks *Saola '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Impalas *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3fb5ee3039682c3684d6d6d513e809fafda8b9a4 1192 1191 2014-02-26T02:57:05Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Ospreys *Peacocks *Saola '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Impalas *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Deinotherium *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6ff250f7490d2e8ee8681be7c0fd79ee05da5cbe 1206 1192 2014-02-27T00:53:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Ospreys *Peacocks *Saola '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Deinotherium *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} be57e506beae5607739579e25d2dd2a0447fe401 1207 1206 2014-02-27T01:00:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Ospreys *Peacocks *Saola '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Deinotherium *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 895fe7859cffdcf1acbcd7af5e6653c3a8705a41 1208 1207 2014-02-27T03:39:59Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian Ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>also includes Syrian elephants.</ref> *Bald Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Common Kingfishers <ref>along the east coast, moves inland when breeding; those in the south move north to breed.</ref> *Common Ravens *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Golden Eagles <ref>only in the winter.</ref> *Indian cobras *Lion-tailed Macaques *Ospreys *Peacocks *Saola '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Deinotherium *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cd6b17f693953dbe775508621774edace8564614 1209 1208 2014-02-27T03:59:38Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Ospreys *Saolas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into Sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into Goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Wildebeests '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Deinotherium *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 62916f5b88fddd2a17831594d29e63f5883f7112 1210 1209 2014-02-27T04:12:34Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Golden Eagle <ref>In the mountains all year; breeds in the tundra.</ref> *Osprey '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Ospreys *Saolas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Caracals *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Deinotherium *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 332d96cb714a0a673c22a45db4621ad156152581 1211 1210 2014-02-27T04:14:53Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Ospreys *Saolas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Caracals *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Deinotherium *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} a43a69426692533f73555e853c17a098a8e3460d 1212 1211 2014-02-27T04:22:05Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Caracals *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Deinotherium *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 56adc17b084124be576dc8eda45af72adcfe79e9 1213 1212 2014-02-27T04:22:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Caracals *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Deinotherium *Bald Eagle <ref>during the summer.</ref> *Golden Eagle <ref>in the mountains, all year; winters further west.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 995d9e6e0d0d32442d95647d5d737b4b7112fbf1 1214 1213 2014-02-27T04:24:25Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Caracals *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} aaf214dca41fb76b06532ad64db0ee28864e3a45 1215 1214 2014-02-27T04:26:30Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Far Western Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Caracals *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c116bfe67779c1138feba192d0784d0ab32f58bc 1217 1215 2014-02-27T13:46:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7bb18f4127e76238ecd8d79fcd5b0b81c81fefe6 1218 1217 2014-02-27T13:49:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c5f98369b6245143102a207102c566a94777c016 1223 1218 2014-02-28T02:59:39Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Sicilian Fir *Silver Fir *Drosophyllaceae *Droseraceae *Soleirolia *Chamaerops *Cycas *Birch *Holm Oak *Spurge Olive *Myrtus <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 533743d54caea3c8c6f13ae4710eddb0da56ef4b 1224 1223 2014-02-28T03:30:51Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary macaques *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *African manatees *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f774c4d7b25c711913f3363629c078a9ae2bbd69 1225 1224 2014-02-28T04:03:11Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into Cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>domesticated into Gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Arabian ostriches *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary macaques *Deinotherium *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Transvaal lions *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 6d84a145b64195225517951dfc5f56accb7ffdc1 Proto-Kiapni language 0 179 1188 1145 2014-02-26T00:41:44Z 184.147.40.155 0 Added... something. I forget what I had this page open for a while. -The Majesty wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kiapni |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Kiapni |map = ProtoKiapni.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kiapni}} }} complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom] ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p~b pʰ~bʰ | style="text-align: center;"|t~d tʰ~dʰ | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ | style="text-align: center;"|ʔ |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Affricate''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t͜sʰ | style="text-align: center;"|k͜xʰ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"|x | style="text-align: center;"|h |} ====Allophony==== Allophones of /p/ are /β/, /ɸ/; allophones of /t/ are /ɾ/, /θ/; /g/ is an allophone of /k/; /z/ is an allophone of /s/. ===Clicks=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Dental</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Lateral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tenuis''' | style="text-align: center;"|ǀ | style="text-align: center;"|ǁ | style="text-align: center;"|ǃ | style="text-align: center;"|ǂ |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasalised''' | style="text-align: center;"|ᵑǀ | style="text-align: center;"|ᵑǁ | style="text-align: center;"|ᵑǃ | style="text-align: center;"|ᵑǂ |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i ĩ | style="text-align: center;"|u ũ |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e ẽ | style="text-align: center;"|o õ |- !Low | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|a~ɑ ã~ɑ |} ===Phonotactics=== '''C(C)V(V)(C)''' No consonant clusters of more than two consonants are allowed. Affricates, aspirates, and nasalised clicks count as a single consonant in this analysis. Nasalised vowels may not appear in a diphthong with an oral vowel. ==Grammar== Proto-Kiapni is highly agglutinating. ===Syntax=== Proto-Kiapni typically demonstrates Subject-Object-Verb word order. Prepositions, determiners, and adjectives normally precede the substantives they modify, and adverbs appear at the end of a clause. ===Verbs=== Verbs in Proto-Kiapni receive the most bound morphemes of any part of speech. The order of these is as follows: (Voice)+Verb+(Tense)+(Mood)+Subject OR Subject-Object == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6cdcf17aa3c4bf3746716341d04374484ee1c232 Proto-Ampayrù language 0 214 1193 1150 2014-02-26T12:09:19Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == p~ⁿp t̪~ⁿt̪ ʈ~ⁿʈ c~ⁿc k~ⁿk ʔ p͡ɸ~ⁿp͡ɸ t̪͡s~ⁿt̪͡s ʈ͡ʂ~ⁿʈ͡ʂ c͡ç~ⁿc͡ç k͡x~ⁿk͡x ɸ s̪ ʂ ç x ħ m n̪ ɳ ɲ ŋ l r̪ t̪͡ɬ~ⁿt̪͡ɬ ʈ͡ɭ̝~ⁿʈ͡ɭ̝ c͡ʎ~ⁿc͡ʎ k͡ʟ~ⁿk͡ʟ β̝ j i i ɨ u ɘ ɵ ɛ ɔ ä Prenasalized consonants are existing only in intervocalic position. '''Phonotactics:''' (C)(G)V(G/ʔ) === Grammar === ==== Accent ==== Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. ==== Tones ==== Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. ==== Nouns ==== * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * seven cases (suffixes): Nominative, Accusative, Absolutive, Pegative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative-Instrumental. * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) ==== Verbs ==== * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes ==== Pronouns ==== * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. ====Syntax ==== - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 930a4430e5d0ac44afb995fd1db2e1e4648d7863 1200 1193 2014-02-26T17:17:34Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == p~ⁿp t̪~ⁿt̪ ʈ~ⁿʈ c~ⁿc k~ⁿk ʔ p͡ɸ~ⁿp͡ɸ t̪͡s~ⁿt̪͡s ʈ͡ʂ~ⁿʈ͡ʂ c͡ç~ⁿc͡ç k͡x~ⁿk͡x ɸ s̪ ʂ ç x ħ m n̪ ɳ ɲ ŋ l r̪ t̪͡ɬ~ⁿt̪͡ɬ ʈ͡ɭ̝~ⁿʈ͡ɭ̝ c͡ʎ~ⁿc͡ʎ k͡ʟ~ⁿk͡ʟ β̝ j i i ɨ u ɘ ɵ ɛ ɔ ä Prenasalized consonants are existing only in intervocalic position. '''Phonotactics:''' (C)(G)V(G/ʔ) == Grammar == === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * seven cases (suffixes): Nominative, Accusative, Absolutive, Pegative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative-Instrumental. * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) === Verbs === * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} adfaa6aad3e5580e8d26cb84835b7f93da9458fb Proto-Tḷantali language 0 211 1194 1180 2014-02-26T16:08:44Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː |- ! Back | u uː o̞ o̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarure''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydín''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksi''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | ḷýdiḅ | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | ḷýd | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | ḷýdotḷ | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | ḷýdag | be said |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} c2a98cc60408f2b1bd66b6641060875dc7651ad2 1195 1194 2014-02-26T16:10:00Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vocalic harmony */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarure''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydín''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksi''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | ḷýdiḅ | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | ḷýd | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | ḷýdotḷ | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | ḷýdag | be said |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} cbf33a466e84809e376e9b6b41cec99bc213b590 1196 1195 2014-02-26T16:12:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Aspect */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarure''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydín''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksi''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | ḷýdyḅ | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | ḷýd | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | ḷýdotḷ | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | ḷýdag | be said |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 29fe75b0fabc651ff4bf8d14ba37008c0c2bbd9a 1197 1196 2014-02-26T16:50:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Definiteness */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydín''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksi''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | ḷýdyḅ | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | ḷýd | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | ḷýdotḷ | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | ḷýdag | be said |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 1bb82a1771c15bbef21bd861d762d18bcb94b4e5 1198 1197 2014-02-26T16:53:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Noun class */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | ḷýdyḅ | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | ḷýd | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | ḷýdotḷ | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | ḷýdag | be said |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} a28c47c7c49e66f872bbf4de887a2bb61870673d 1199 1198 2014-02-26T16:55:42Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷýdag''' | be said |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ef099fa008b39a8c8a4a55a7204a2a32110bd157 1201 1199 2014-02-26T20:38:13Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Aspect */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷədag''' | be said |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} a9d13da68fbcdf736858186b5c6117223e3eb50f 1202 1201 2014-02-26T20:39:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Aspect */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 1dc2ce196d8bf25d7b8718306b3455b7df05a556 1203 1202 2014-02-26T20:56:08Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Aspect */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e40e78f36d67825b774e8977de659c33a47cf176 1204 1203 2014-02-26T21:13:57Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * nouns not inflect by cases (these are substituted by circumstantial affixes on verbs) * Definiteness (suffixation): neutral, indefinite, definite * Class (preffixation): human masculine, human feminine, animal, vegetal, body parts, spirituals, substantials, others. * Number (tonalization by pitch accent) * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Verb:''' * Aspect (suffixation): completive vs incompletive and durative vs punctual (but something in this may be changed yet...). * Circumstantials ~ applicatives (suffixation): agentive, patientive, indirective, instrumental, benefactive, ablative, allative, vialis. * Evidentiality (by modal particles): visual, heard, other. [Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object] '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 818bb8f5763db71820f473943c9ef58d8796fac8 1205 1204 2014-02-26T21:15:25Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 5d5b9633a2f9f744e94d3f1856080094b93bf422 1219 1205 2014-02-27T19:26:28Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ca99317e4d63152e824faf33274ee9214fe8321b 1220 1219 2014-02-27T19:58:53Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2aeb8e397e78c0e49ac36fabbc015a0bf6b29556 1221 1220 2014-02-27T21:30:19Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Possession */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 1341ae68a0afdd22606544d2e2cc2eab030931f2 1226 1221 2014-02-28T16:38:01Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 980232a9ba5927bb5ff62f96f5fa7f931c100f0a 1227 1226 2014-02-28T17:21:19Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dogdaory | dogdasarah | dogdatóta | dogdawýn | dogdamak |- ! 11. | | | | | |- ! 20. | | | | | |- ! 21. | | | | | |- ! 100. | | | | | |- ! 101. | | | | | |- ! 120. | | | | | |- ! 121. | | | | | |- ! 200. | | | | | |- ! 1000. | | | | | |- ! 10.000. | | | | | |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 9b6cb59e7be6ee275d7807f4e77f6626b34f4d0b 1228 1227 2014-02-28T17:50:55Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Derived numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} a6b6d8688cc58756bd19983ebfc31ca9fda98785 1229 1228 2014-02-28T17:58:04Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | tíḷ | little |- | báġ | half |- | kalsarah | how many times ? |- | rəsarah | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f658b522f995fefec9e23dc15c781df9f106d52a 1230 1229 2014-02-28T17:58:35Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numeral adverbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Pronouns:''' * Honorific distinction: subordinating, subordinate, equal. * Pitch-accented plural number (singular pronouns don't have stress). '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 207bb3d01287eb7427bb9872a0f876bd49878758 1231 1230 2014-02-28T18:01:16Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e19924f602a114d876d4cacb9f445129a37d4d1d 1232 1231 2014-02-28T18:10:52Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Accent */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Noun:''' * Possession (suffixation) Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 3e96da5c20bdb7437110d1d60c7ddeb1da4b8711 1233 1232 2014-02-28T19:08:32Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 013904718b903fbb3ba4bef940023d6115deaa44 Omoserica 0 45 1216 1181 2014-02-27T13:38:16Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephant birds <ref>Elephant birds, falanoucs, fossas, Malagasy civets, and lemurs inhabit Sylvonesia (the southwestern islands) and are exclusively found there.</ref> *Falanouc *Fossas *Giant fossas *Malagasy civets '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *Giant pandas *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep *Steppe wolves *Tibetan wolves *Tundra wolves *Wolverines '''Other Flora''' *Birch <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7e0ceab41aff02aaa7c5e4d8c12f30b873957a84 Proto-Araqish language 0 138 1222 1128 2014-02-27T22:34:47Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numeral pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = /ɑɾɑqiʂ/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive | '''rè''' | oneself |- ! Reciprocal | '''ḍárè''' (← ''ḍaxá + rè'') | each other |- ! Cooperative | '''rèbyæ''' (← ''rè + byæ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | iv | in, inside ! Locative |- | from inside ! Ablative |- | to inside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ir | on ! Locative |- | from on ! Ablative |- | to on ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | súr | above ! Locative |- | from above ! Ablative |- | to above ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | du | under ! Locative |- | from under ! Ablative |- | to under ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | byæ | beside ! Locative |- | from beside ! Ablative |- | to beside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġó | away ! Locative |- | from away ! Ablative |- | to away ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ḍaxív | between ! Locative |- | from between ! Ablative |- | to between ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | só | behind ! Locative |- | from behind ! Ablative |- | to behind ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | sók | out ! Locative |- | from out ! Ablative |- | to out ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | keṇkiv | around ! Locative |- | from around ! Ablative |- | to around ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | phôr | before, opposite to ! Locative |- | from before, from opposite to ! Ablative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | mativ | during, in time of ! Locative |- | from time of ! Ablative |- | to time of ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ku | after ! Locative |- | from after ! Ablative |- | to after ! Allative |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''vóv''' (← vo-vá) | with ! Instrumental |- ! Material, substantion, origin | '''er''' | from ! Ablative |- ! Lack | '''môv''' (← ''mô-vá'') | without ! Genitive |- ! Alternative | '''deriv''' | instead ! Genitive |- ! Contrary | '''phôrer''' | against ! Allative |- ! Resistance | '''kúv''' (← ''ku-vo'') | despite, though ! Inactive |- ! Stylization | '''byǽv''' (← ''byæ-vo'') | along to, according to ! Instrumental |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-sí''' | '''kháṣá''' → '''kháṣásí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-dá''' | '''dǽr''' → '''dǽrdá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''mô-''' | '''min''' → '''mômin''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-rǽx''' | '''dumb''' → '''dumbrǽx''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-tyap''' | '''súg''' → '''súgtyap''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-næn''' | '''agô''' → '''agônæn''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-tan''' | '''bák''' → '''báktan''' | cow → cowman |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''xôg''' → '''xôgder''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-kant''' | '''bábá''' → '''bábákant''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-móg''' | '''samarand''' → '''samarandmóg''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-môgtan''' | '''samarandmóg''' → '''samarandmógtan''' | herbalism → herbalist |- ! Product | '''-vík''' | '''púrú''' → '''púrúvík''' | meal → bread |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-as''' | '''xvaq''' → '''xvaqas''' | horse → equine |- ! Originative | '''-er-as''' | '''deṇsu''' → '''deṇsuras''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-tyás''' (← ''-tí-as'') | '''meṣṭe''' → '''meṣtetyás''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-svas''' (← ''-su-as'') | '''mvar''' → '''mvarsvas''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-nyas''' (← ''-ni-as'') | '''ġáná''' → '''ġánányas''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''môv-...-as''' | '''thǽd''' → '''môvthǽdas''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-tan''' | '''kuṣṭ-''' → '''kuṣṭtan''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-mi''' | '''mǽd-'''- → '''mǽdmi''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ma''' | '''qub'''- → '''qubma''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-pê''' | '''iṣ-''' → '''iṣpê''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-kep''' | '''bá-''' → '''bákep''' | (to) beat → hammer |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''gon-''' → '''gonder''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=3 | Reaction | rowspan=3 | '''tu-''' | '''bá-''' → '''tubá-''' | (to) beat → (to) shield against beatings |- | '''bábá-''' → '''tubábá-''' | (to) war → (to) repel attack |- | '''iṣ-''' → '''tviṣ-''' | (to) speak → (to) reply |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''bá-''' → '''bábá-''' | (to) beat → (to) war |} ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-næn''' | '''bônd''' → '''bôndnæn''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-dyem''' | '''tǽt''' → '''tǽtdyǽm''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''ġab''' → '''ġaġab''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-ġab''' | '''tís''' → '''tísġab''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{LanguageNav}} 2a6864022304f339065b45b510f77da1f1f0409d Proto-Tḷantali language 0 211 1234 1233 2014-02-28T21:42:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ===Prepositions=== ===Particles=== '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e80e3bab50145f760598824be71068173ddfca61 1248 1234 2014-03-01T17:29:31Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Prepositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 176f221e3f0e0bd2636d4bfb1bf99e9c327a8d7a 1249 1248 2014-03-01T20:04:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7528477801a1f111d07ef50d996981993061c685 1250 1249 2014-03-01T20:05:11Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Modifiers */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I, we | amí | me | meru |- ! you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7fdea6e16f48a0ba569f8c5d4c101b5fc703bfe7 1251 1250 2014-03-01T20:08:32Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Personal pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2e2b43750a5ef9122636e972f9ab6876ca33ac29 1252 1251 2014-03-01T20:43:40Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 32ed62d826694fb87585bddc9daae0a98f60d779 1253 1252 2014-03-02T15:00:25Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Demonstrative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 321580c86971888ca023047238728da011eeb3d8 1254 1253 2014-03-02T16:27:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''lat'əzə''' | someone | '''lat'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | where ? | '''lat'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''lat'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''laátt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''laátt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | whither ? | '''layḷt'əbozə''' | to somewhere | '''layḷt'əbowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | which way ? | '''layst'əbozə''' | via some way | '''layst'əbowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | when ? | '''lat'əġámzə''' | once | '''lat'əġámwákə''' | ever |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | how ? | '''lat'əbənzə''' | somehow | '''lat'əbənwákə''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | how much ? | '''lat'əlyzə''' | somehow much | '''lat'əlywákə''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''lat'ərə''' | which one ? | '''lat'ərəzə''' | some | '''lat'ərəwákə''' | any |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 91ddcfcbafb1b61af837ca8d303939a7c88166d1 1255 1254 2014-03-02T16:38:02Z Artaxes 3370985 Undo revision 1254 by [[Special:Contributions/Artaxes|Artaxes]] ([[User talk:Artaxes|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 321580c86971888ca023047238728da011eeb3d8 1256 1255 2014-03-02T17:04:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 033bcc10e9fbcdb8c9dd8b0e26f0a34c298db331 1257 1256 2014-03-02T18:47:35Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Negative, universal and alternative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} c01d209398a31b488a17db19212f1ce6a897555f 1258 1257 2014-03-02T18:53:09Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numeral pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e69b6dfde2f699f753e0e7cd9127a5a47c294111 1259 1258 2014-03-02T20:49:32Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Polarity particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== ===Copular verbs ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Potentional | '''nád''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''móh''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Precative | '''jíl''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''fó''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ġúl''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''xǽs''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''gata''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''jét''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''kóda''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e5454330704e83276c74c172b5a09763de823be5 1260 1259 2014-03-02T21:28:36Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Syntax */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== ===Copular verb=== Copular roots are combined with evidentiality. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! Visual | '''vǽv''' (← ''vǽ + ve'') | be (because something is visible) |- ! Heard | '''ḷóves''' (← ''ḷós + ve'') | be (because something is heard) |- ! Other | '''ve''' | be (because knowledge has another origin) |} ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Potentional | '''nád''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''móh''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Precative | '''jíl''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''fó''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ġúl''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''xǽs''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''gata''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''jét''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''kóḍa''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |} '''Adjective:''' * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. '''Syntax:''' * SVO (with other features typical to this order). == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6c11b4260fe14b0b337740532b3aee8088b28985 1261 1260 2014-03-02T21:40:20Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Syntax */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Word order is '''SVO''', and is not free. Subject of a clause is always first before an object. Reversing of order of subject and object means replacing the theta roles between those. ===Copular verb=== Copular roots are combined with evidentiality. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! Visual | '''vǽv''' (← ''vǽ + ve'') | be (because something is visible) |- ! Heard | '''ḷóves''' (← ''ḷós + ve'') | be (because something is heard) |- ! Other | '''ve''' | be (because knowledge has another origin) |} ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Potentional | '''nád''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''móh''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Precative | '''jíl''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''fó''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ġúl''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''xǽs''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''gata''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''jét''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''kóḍa''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |} ==Notes== * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 96aba0d98683b1d3cca7384617a367e7208209de Originalia 0 43 1235 1225 2014-03-01T01:37:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Bananas <ref>balbisiana variety.</ref> *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary macaques *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Transvaal lions *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7f8024e6cf3847863dbd3bb403874473dfc18da2 1236 1235 2014-03-01T01:54:44Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Arabian leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary macaques *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Transvaal lions *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} dd6e3173f8da6f01435c3675dd9ca638f870447a 1237 1236 2014-03-01T02:02:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat <ref>Emmer and Einkorn varieties.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Transvaal lions *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d715f1a778cae1740cbfa0f586f51f54275db036 1238 1237 2014-03-01T02:20:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Barbary lions *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Transvaal lions *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} da37483dd508df3b143b889e421fd7a4f689fde9 1239 1238 2014-03-01T02:22:35Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f1fae5973315abb0468de2885ecf7b621cbdd40f 1240 1239 2014-03-01T02:35:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cotton *Cherries *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Olives *Mustard *Palm Oil *Plums *Sorghum *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Syrian firs <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e3c9c3395c0de7972961b5ab79637ccf850ceee3 1241 1240 2014-03-01T02:48:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Includes Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Syrian firs <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 0906282f36c4aa199b3274e793a7b5aec801f8bd 1242 1241 2014-03-01T03:20:42Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Syrian firs <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>Includes North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b2019929ba20ffc29f3d371a85fda39e740202e3 1243 1242 2014-03-01T03:21:19Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Syrian firs <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Bitter vetches *Coffee *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7af2b871a50113b1706ec5c61011e9fac77f67f6 1244 1243 2014-03-01T04:19:58Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Syrian firs <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcat <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Northwest African cheetahs *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 0cffda1bb7b9d61a933ba86c3381f1c3bc27fefd 1246 1244 2014-03-01T15:23:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Bull Shark *Saltwater Crocodiles '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Syrian firs <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 74b6130f580375dab1c40adf36031847a903683a 1247 1246 2014-03-01T15:39:13Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Syrian firs <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} ca24fe18f15f5a5c853650ac4a7ab7533cbbb04b 1263 1247 2014-03-03T03:53:40Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 45d7769c2f660deb7a0d4ff7cea8873454872553 Proto-Œkhen language 0 175 1245 1144 2014-03-01T15:09:07Z 184.147.40.155 0 /* Verb Particles */ Added evidentiality and mood -The Majesty wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. Note 2: /ø/ is written œ ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/ Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Noun Cases=== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Inducive | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, indirect object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isabeleny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ===Noun Declension=== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''INDUCIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. ====Number==== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} ===Verbs=== The vast majority of verbs end in a short rounded vowel (ie y, œ, o, or u). Proto-Œkhen verbs are primarily modified by particles, which are ultimately totally optional. The only required verbal inflection in Proto-Œkhen is for verbs of motion. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Standard Gefall | '''eeli ditru''' | a/the horse walks |- ! Uberfall | '''eeli diitru''' | a/the horse walks across (object in locative) |- ! Eintrefall | '''eeli diβotru''' | a/the horse walks in(to) (object in locative) |- ! Ausfall | '''eeli noditru''' | a/the horse walks out (of) (object in locative) |- ! Obenfall | '''eeli ditruus''' | a/the horse walks over/above (object in genitive) |- ! Unterfall | '''eeli ditroos''' | a/the horse walks below/under (object in genitive) |} The vowels added in eintrefall, ausfall, and unterfall are determined with the table below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! When the final vowel is... ! The affixed vowel is... |- |y |i |- |u |o |- |œ |e |- |o |a |- |} ====Verb Particles==== There are several bound and unbound particles that modify various features of a verb phrase. ("Bound" and "unbound" in this article refer to the freedom of position the particle has with respect to the verb it modifies, ie bound particles must appear either before or after the verb, as dictated by the category of particle, but unbound particles may appear before or after.) The generally assumed version of each category is marked with †. =====Tense===== Tense particles are unbounded, meaning that they need only appear immediately adjacent to the verb they modify. "eeli ditru baj" and "eeli baj ditru" are equally valid constructions for the phrase "a/the horse will walk". * Distant Past - '''spola''' * Today Past - '''ehes''' * Present/Habitual† - '''βii''' * Future - '''baj''' =====Aspect===== Aspect particles are bounded to the front of the verb. Stress still falls on the first syllable of the verb proper. *Habitual (the action described occurs frequently, but no particular instance is under consideration) - '''ku-''' *Imperfective† (only a portion of the action is being considered, the action extends beyond the tense boundaries) - '''ynde-''' *Perfective (the action of the verb exists in its entirety within the tense boundary) - '''ten-''' =====Evidentiality===== Evidential particles are unbounded. *Direct Evidence† - '''faa''' *Inferential (the speaker saw circumstantial evidence) - '''dʷidet''' *Hearsay - '''ʒœr''' *Imagined/Dreamed - '''hined''' =====Mood===== Mood particles are bounded to the end of the verb. *Conditional - '''-fiinge''' *Imperative - '''-sa''' *Subjunctive (used in dependent clauses and negatives, and with the perfective aspect to form the future tense) - '''-der''' == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 5b7672d1de049eeddfb2e36cbd7fd221def78619 Proto-Araqish language 0 138 1262 1222 2014-03-02T22:06:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Syntax */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = /ɑɾɑqiʂ/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive | '''rè''' | oneself |- ! Reciprocal | '''ḍárè''' (← ''ḍaxá + rè'') | each other |- ! Cooperative | '''rèbyæ''' (← ''rè + byæ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | iv | in, inside ! Locative |- | from inside ! Ablative |- | to inside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ir | on ! Locative |- | from on ! Ablative |- | to on ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | súr | above ! Locative |- | from above ! Ablative |- | to above ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | du | under ! Locative |- | from under ! Ablative |- | to under ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | byæ | beside ! Locative |- | from beside ! Ablative |- | to beside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġó | away ! Locative |- | from away ! Ablative |- | to away ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ḍaxív | between ! Locative |- | from between ! Ablative |- | to between ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | só | behind ! Locative |- | from behind ! Ablative |- | to behind ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | sók | out ! Locative |- | from out ! Ablative |- | to out ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | keṇkiv | around ! Locative |- | from around ! Ablative |- | to around ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | phôr | before, opposite to ! Locative |- | from before, from opposite to ! Ablative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | mativ | during, in time of ! Locative |- | from time of ! Ablative |- | to time of ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ku | after ! Locative |- | from after ! Ablative |- | to after ! Allative |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''vóv''' (← vo-vá) | with ! Instrumental |- ! Material, substantion, origin | '''er''' | from ! Ablative |- ! Lack | '''môv''' (← ''mô-vá'') | without ! Genitive |- ! Alternative | '''deriv''' | instead ! Genitive |- ! Contrary | '''phôrer''' | against ! Allative |- ! Resistance | '''kúv''' (← ''ku-vo'') | despite, though ! Inactive |- ! Stylization | '''byǽv''' (← ''byæ-vo'') | along to, according to ! Instrumental |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-sí''' | '''kháṣá''' → '''kháṣásí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-dá''' | '''dǽr''' → '''dǽrdá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''mô-''' | '''min''' → '''mômin''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-rǽx''' | '''dumb''' → '''dumbrǽx''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-tyap''' | '''súg''' → '''súgtyap''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-næn''' | '''agô''' → '''agônæn''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-tan''' | '''bák''' → '''báktan''' | cow → cowman |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''xôg''' → '''xôgder''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-kant''' | '''bábá''' → '''bábákant''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-móg''' | '''samarand''' → '''samarandmóg''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-môgtan''' | '''samarandmóg''' → '''samarandmógtan''' | herbalism → herbalist |- ! Product | '''-vík''' | '''púrú''' → '''púrúvík''' | meal → bread |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-as''' | '''xvaq''' → '''xvaqas''' | horse → equine |- ! Originative | '''-er-as''' | '''deṇsu''' → '''deṇsuras''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-tyás''' (← ''-tí-as'') | '''meṣṭe''' → '''meṣtetyás''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-svas''' (← ''-su-as'') | '''mvar''' → '''mvarsvas''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-nyas''' (← ''-ni-as'') | '''ġáná''' → '''ġánányas''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''môv-...-as''' | '''thǽd''' → '''môvthǽdas''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-tan''' | '''kuṣṭ-''' → '''kuṣṭtan''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-mi''' | '''mǽd-'''- → '''mǽdmi''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ma''' | '''qub'''- → '''qubma''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-pê''' | '''iṣ-''' → '''iṣpê''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-kep''' | '''bá-''' → '''bákep''' | (to) beat → hammer |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''gon-''' → '''gonder''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=3 | Reaction | rowspan=3 | '''tu-''' | '''bá-''' → '''tubá-''' | (to) beat → (to) shield against beatings |- | '''bábá-''' → '''tubábá-''' | (to) war → (to) repel attack |- | '''iṣ-''' → '''tviṣ-''' | (to) speak → (to) reply |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''bá-''' → '''bábá-''' | (to) beat → (to) war |} ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-næn''' | '''bônd''' → '''bôndnæn''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-dyem''' | '''tǽt''' → '''tǽtdyǽm''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''ġab''' → '''ġaġab''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-ġab''' | '''tís''' → '''tísġab''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Main word order is '''SOV'''. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change. ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Positive ! colspan=2 | Negative |- ! Translative | '''ar''' | became | '''már''' | don't became |- ! Essive | '''êṭ''' | be | '''môṭ''' | don't be |- ! Excessive | '''èb''' | cease to be | '''im''' | don't cease to be |} == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{LanguageNav}} 4e7708189dd324cb03e38d2ec602ae122053f75b Language 0 126 1264 1165 2014-03-04T00:57:36Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|New Language 9}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 463e9ef33c2e1843f91024d2ee1f0ec7d345a5b0 1270 1264 2014-03-05T15:39:47Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {| style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:5px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" |[[File:language2.png]] |} <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 798730aec057475f27d18373d4e2fd26e91621c6 Template:LanguageArticles 10 152 1265 1148 2014-03-04T00:58:00Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]], [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]], [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]], [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]], New Language 8, New Language 9</small> d6c6115afabba8ce87f5446618e9b5384f79ed01 1271 1265 2014-03-05T15:40:35Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' New Laguage 9</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]], [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]], [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]], [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]], New Language 8, [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]]</small> 1c8757d2ebe61e6def32fcace3c44aeb8679de9e 1276 1271 2014-03-05T15:48:18Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], New Language 2, New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]], [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]], [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]], [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]], New Language 8, [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]]</small> 13ee6bfb6705680193ae230a19fb32f9fe51b232 Template:LanguageNav 10 176 1266 1147 2014-03-04T00:59:21Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = New Language 9 | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] {{small|([[Proto-Araqish dialects|dialects]])}} • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] • [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] • New Language 8 • New Language 9 • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} 15cb91cdb20f6ca604b4a1dd57602ed1d5d78c5c 1272 1266 2014-03-05T15:41:03Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = New Language 9 | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] {{small|([[Proto-Araqish dialects|dialects]])}} • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] • [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] • New Language 8 • [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} b7399ee9e1506be0c704b7725ec67c179115e329 1275 1272 2014-03-05T15:47:37Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] {{small|([[Proto-Araqish dialects|dialects]])}} • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] • [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] • New Language 8 • [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} 236a4206896c892cb26983e62095448e7f9a889c Proto-Nnadū language 0 218 1267 2014-03-04T01:01:32Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#00..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == p t c cᵝ k kᵝ /p t c cw k kw/ pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/ b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ /b d ġ ġw g gw/ ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/ s sʼ x /s sʼ h/ m n ɲ ŋ /m n ṇ ŋ/ l ʎ ʟ /l ḷ ł/ j β̝ /j w/ iː ɨː uː /ī ȳ ū/ äː /ā/ e ɪ̈ ʊ /i y u/ ə /a/ Also phonemic nasalized and breathy voiced contrasts in vocalic system. === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). I - noun stress II - adjectival stress III - adverbial stress === Nouns === - tripartite and three-way patient alignment - only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. - tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. - definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. - two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. - possessor (preffixal). - number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === - polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. - gender-number suffixes. - three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. - three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. - three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. - pronominal persons before verb. - subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. - evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect] === Pronouns === - tense marker - gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === - OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 5e2be49741ea448360f17dba590d8b9025e84bc7 1269 1267 2014-03-04T11:40:04Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonology */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== p t c cᵝ k kᵝ /p t c cw k kw/<br> pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> s sʼ x /s sʼ h/<br> m n ɲ ŋ /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> l ʎ ʟ /l ḷ ł/<br> j β̝ /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== iː ɨː uː /ī ȳ ū/<br> äː /ā/<br> e ɪ̈ ʊ /i y u/<br> ə /a/<br> Also phonemic nasalized and breathy voiced contrasts in vocalic system. === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 0c188a1b71813b1de62e6b498819302796e40008 Template:Infobox language/family-color 10 150 1268 1028 2014-03-04T01:02:51Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-blaiti | proto-blaiti| proto-blaiti= <nowiki>#00FA9A</nowiki> | proto-efeip| proto-efeip| proto-efeip= <nowiki>#5588BA</nowiki> | proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu= <nowiki>#1E59A6</nowiki> | proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni= <nowiki>#1CD59A</nowiki> | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ = <nowiki>#1EB5A6</nowiki> | proto-nnadū| proto-nnadū| proto-nnadū= <nowiki>#55AA27</nowiki> | proto-ampayrù| proto-ampayrù| proto-ampayrù= <nowiki>#32CD32</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 51e8a27938978e3f491e72124cfef0c2312b0569 1273 1268 2014-03-05T15:42:42Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-blaiti | proto-blaiti| proto-blaiti= <nowiki>#00FA9A</nowiki> | proto-efeip| proto-efeip| proto-efeip= <nowiki>#5588BA</nowiki> | proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu= <nowiki>#1E59A6</nowiki> | proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni= <nowiki>#1CD59A</nowiki> | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ = <nowiki>#1EB5A6</nowiki> | proto-nnadū| proto-nnadū| proto-nnadū= <nowiki>#55AA27</nowiki> | proto-ampayrù| proto-ampayrù| proto-ampayrù= <nowiki>#32CD32</nowiki> | proto-qanday| proto-qanday| proto-qanday= <nowiki>#9ACD32</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> be537be8a6e3671673cfcf1341d9ebeefcb77b4c Proto-Qanday language 0 219 1274 2014-03-05T15:44:52Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption =..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s' ś ś' h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r ṛ/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i in y yn u un/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a an/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /í ín ý ýn ú ún/ eː ɤː oː /é ə́ ó/ äː ä̃ː /á án/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)(V)(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Gender system (suffixal): animate (human: masculine, feminine; non-human) vs inaminate (transportable, untransportable). * Case system (suffixal): Absolutive, Ergative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Abessive. * Number (cliticized particle): singular, dual, plural. * Irrealis moods pre-marked in nominal class by using suffix. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 215247e352cc6639472737f6bc84f6ab9d341a55 Proto-Ampayrù language 0 214 1277 1200 2014-03-05T19:11:56Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonology */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Alveolar ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | | <sup>ɳ</sup>c | <sup>ɲ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | | ʈ | c | k | | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | | ʂ | ç | x | | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | | j | | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== (C)(G)V(G/ʔ) C = any consonant G = glide V = any vowel ʔ = glottal stop == Grammar == === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * seven cases (suffixes): Nominative, Accusative, Absolutive, Pegative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative-Instrumental. * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) === Verbs === * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 60be33eb3785f1d10e8fc84c9c5dd151f8a743c5 1278 1277 2014-03-05T19:14:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonotactics */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Alveolar ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | | <sup>ɳ</sup>c | <sup>ɲ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | | ʈ | c | k | | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | | ʂ | ç | x | | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | | j | | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop == Grammar == === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * seven cases (suffixes): Nominative, Accusative, Absolutive, Pegative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative-Instrumental. * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) === Verbs === * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 745fdd71c8d7adbd5103d0c38788fed843375652 1279 1278 2014-03-05T19:17:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Alveolar ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | | ʈ | c | k | | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | | ʂ | ç | x | | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | | j | | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop == Grammar == === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * seven cases (suffixes): Nominative, Accusative, Absolutive, Pegative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative-Instrumental. * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) === Verbs === * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 018facfbd05e2b3cb1d00f3f0f8f34c1e577bf01 1280 1279 2014-03-05T19:21:10Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop == Grammar == === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * seven cases (suffixes): Nominative, Accusative, Absolutive, Pegative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative-Instrumental. * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) === Verbs === * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 25bb1cc6bb539a49adeafe74786326ad12b25304 1281 1280 2014-03-05T19:24:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Grammar */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * seven cases (suffixes): Nominative, Accusative, Absolutive, Pegative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative-Instrumental. * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) === Verbs === * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2718dd4c6c46a5961521719e6c39ed53a016074f 1282 1281 2014-03-05T23:16:20Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''barâkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''barâkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''barâkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''barâkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''barâkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''barâkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''barâkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''barâkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * eight cases (suffixes): Nominative, Accusative, Absolutive, Pegative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative-Instrumental. * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) === Verbs === * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} dc0f87127f900711ee1397f4db44d55f4c00536c 1283 1282 2014-03-06T12:38:52Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * eight cases (suffixes): Nominative, Accusative, Absolutive, Pegative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Locative-Instrumental. * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) === Verbs === * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 31b228130f17a52499ecda36d6c9be976ffac3f5 Proto-Ampayrù language 0 214 1284 1283 2014-03-06T14:50:17Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | water |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) === Verbs === * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 0ac111cc42aeb96bf9b165879b2408c66d51f820 1285 1284 2014-03-06T14:59:19Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Noun class */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * number only by independent or clitic particle. * possessor (preffixes). * class system: human (divided into feminine and masculine) vs non-human (strong and weak) === Verbs === * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} c540045f5eb0503752cdab2bffe166f24d0a924b 1325 1285 2014-03-06T16:33:36Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Grammar */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === * double aspectual distinction: completive vs incompletive and intentional vs unintentional. * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ed38b127e014b1b84d4b075ca8b4ac52a40ca0f2 1327 1325 2014-03-06T16:57:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 8f9f97bd0fb68ec416fce6b5f658eaf1cdba4215 1328 1327 2014-03-06T17:01:20Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} * remote past, recent past, present ~ habitual, recent future, remote future, conditional. * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 887b4fed632ad75fb60c3ca30c5aae2a2e15a3b8 1329 1328 2014-03-06T18:53:19Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} * four voices: active, reflexive, causative, reflexive-causative. * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 702457be2dc969f49a2a18d557104c1948a64f0d 1330 1329 2014-03-06T20:31:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | -śì | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} cafda6a1e9be1cc85c86bf66ebf3432d0228bb81 1331 1330 2014-03-06T22:17:50Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} * evidentiality: visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential. * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. * interrogative and negative preffixes === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 1b4e129eae7f530051402a27e1ee491fa02dd585 1332 1331 2014-03-06T22:34:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 4493587e551d77089305d7bf548b77d6f8eb8088 1333 1332 2014-03-06T23:05:14Z Artaxes 3370985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 046048b14dd97945f7cff701f4bb96e25b44e189 Proto-Dwaripje language 0 168 1286 1015 2014-03-06T15:22:41Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Dwaripje |pronunciation = |region = Originalia/Omoserica/Dateline |familycolor = Proto-Dwaripje |map = ProtoDwaripje.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Dwaripje}} }} == Phonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} === Vowels === {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} === Phonotactics === (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. === Grammar === Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. === Lexicon === *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 5e6bde289ca448889cbf47a38f409b7087ef482f 1300 1286 2014-03-06T15:45:11Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Dwaripje |pronunciation = |region = Originalia/Omoserica/Dateline |familycolor = Proto-Dwaripje |map = ProtoDwaripje.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Dwaripje}} }} == Phonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Bilabial ! scope="col"| Labiodental ! scope="col"| Alveolar ! scope="col"| Postalveolar(Palato-alveolar) ! scope="col"| Palatal ! scope="col"| Palatalized velar ! scope="col"| Velar ! scope="col"| Labialized velar |- ! scope="row"| Plosive | p, b, p<sup>w</sup>, b<sup>w</sup>, p<sup>j</sup>, b<sup>j</sup> | | t, d, t<sup>w</sup>, d<sup>w</sup>, t<sup>j</sup>, d<sup>j</sup> | | | k<sup>j</sup>, g<sup>j</sup> | k, g | k<sup>w</sup>, g<sup>w</sup> |- ! scope="row"| Affricate | | | | dʒ, dʒ<sup>w</sup>, dʒ<sup>j</sup> | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Fricative | | f, f<sup>w</sup>, f<sup>j</sup> | s, z | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Trill | | | r | | | | | |- ! scope="row"| Approximant | | | | | j | | | w |- ! scope="row"| Lateral approximant | | | l | | | | | |} === Vowels === {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front |- ! scope="row"| Close | i, iː |- ! scope="row"| Close-mid | e, eː |- ! scope="row"| Open | a, aː |} === Phonotactics === (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long. === Grammar === Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future). [[File:Proto-dwaripje extent.png|500px]] Expansion from the urheimat. === Lexicon === *[ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech *[ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow *[ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe *[ˈlaː] - man *[ˈriː] - woman *[ˈgʲaːni] - dog *[ˈbʲaːta] - horse *[ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] 19c9b2865d9cd8d7dc3fe67d59aaa2a80a870cb7 Template:Cat main 10 220 1287 2014-03-06T15:34:59Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{rellink|extraclasses=relarticle mainarticle|The main {{#ifeq:{{{article|}}}|no|page|article}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}} for this [[Help:Categories|category]] {{#if:{{{2|}}}|are|is}}..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{rellink|extraclasses=relarticle mainarticle|The main {{#ifeq:{{{article|}}}|no|page|article}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}} for this [[Help:Categories|category]] {{#if:{{{2|}}}|are|is}} '''[[{{{1<includeonly>|{{PAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}]]'''{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|, |&nbsp;and }} '''[[{{{2}}}]]'''{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|, |&nbsp;and }} '''[[{{{3}}}]]'''{{#if:{{{4|}}}|{{#if:{{{5|}}}|, |&nbsp;and }} '''[[{{{4}}}]]'''{{#if:{{{5|}}}|&nbsp;and '''[[{{{5}}}]]'''}}}}}}}}.{{#if:{{{6|}}}|<br/>&mdash; '''Error: [[Template:cat main|Too many links specified (maximum is 5)]]'''}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 0ff0f39f5201801bb241c479b7e11e9453a47e9f Template:Rellink 10 221 1288 2014-03-06T15:35:31Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<div class="rellink{{#if:{{{extraclasses|}}}|<nowiki> </nowiki>{{{extraclasses}}}}}">{{{1}}}</div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="rellink{{#if:{{{extraclasses|}}}|<nowiki> </nowiki>{{{extraclasses}}}}}">{{{1}}}</div><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 11d95fa01969ac274ff0cde27483e6494a48cef7 Template:Commons category 10 222 1289 2014-03-06T15:36:30Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Commons | position = {{{position|}}} <!-- {{#if:x|}} strips whitespace from parameter 1, in case it is fed like this: {{Commons category| Some cat }}. --> |Categor..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons | position = {{{position|}}} <!-- {{#if:x|}} strips whitespace from parameter 1, in case it is fed like this: {{Commons category| Some cat }}. --> |Category:{{#if:x| {{{1| {{PAGENAME}} }}} }}<!-- -->|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}<!-- -->}}<includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}||[[Category:Commons category template with no category set]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude><includeonly><!-- Some tracking categories to see if we're ready to switch to Wikidata --> {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}||{{ns:14}}=<!-- Only articles and categories. --> {{#if:{{#property:P373}} | {{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{#property:P373}}|{{#invoke:StringReplace|encode wiki page name|{{{1|}}}}} | [[Category:Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata]] <!-- We want to end up here --> | [[Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata]] <!-- Figure out the best link --> }} | {{#ifeq:{{#property:P373}}|{{PAGENAME}} | [[Category:Commons category with page title same as on Wikidata]] <!-- Ending up here is just fine --> | [[Category:Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata]] <!-- Figure out the best link here too --> }} }} | [[Category:Commons category without a link on Wikidata]] <!-- These we still need to import --> }} }}</includeonly> de42607756229c01d194c22979781054d622f74e Template:Commons 10 223 1290 2014-03-06T15:36:53Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{ sister | position = {{{position|}}} | project = commons | text = Wikimedia Commons has {{{alt-term|media related to}}} '''''commons:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{ sister | position = {{{position|}}} | project = commons | text = Wikimedia Commons has {{{alt-term|media related to}}} '''''[[commons:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''''. }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc sub-page and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> 2da49aac951c7e6e8031afcda668e2ac2f580063 1320 1290 2014-03-06T16:22:55Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc sub-page and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> f6bc3f69aa0f7899ead1112911a44d1727f850ce Template:Sister 10 224 1291 2014-03-06T15:37:15Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Side box | position = {{{position|}}} | image = {{#switch: {{{image|}}} | none = <!-- "image=none", do nothing --> | = <!-- No image fed, select an imag..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Side box | position = {{{position|}}} | image = {{#switch: {{{image|}}} | none = <!-- "image=none", do nothing --> | = <!-- No image fed, select an image --> [[Image:{{#switch: {{lc: {{{project|}}} }} | commons = Commons-logo.svg | meta|metawiki|m = Wikimedia Community Logo.svg | wikibooks|wbk|wb|b = Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg | wikidata|data = Wikidata-logo.svg | wikiquote|quote|wqt|q = Wikiquote-logo-en.svg | wikipedia|wp|w = Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg | wikisource|source|ws|s = Wikisource-logo.svg | wiktionary|wkt|wdy|d = Wiktionary-logo-en.svg | wikinews|news|wnw|n = Wikinews-logo.svg | wikispecies|species = Wikispecies-logo.svg | wikiversity|wvy|v = Wikiversity-logo.svg | wikivoyage|voyage|voy = Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg | mediawiki|mw = Mediawiki.png | outreachwiki|outreach = Wikimedia Outreach.png | incubator = Incubator-notext.svg | #default = Wikimedia-logo.svg }}|40x40px|link=|alt= ]] | #default = {{{image|}}} }} | text = {{{text}}} | below = {{{below|}}} | imageright = {{{imageright|}}} | class = plainlinks }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> f0c2772edb3f990c70e5cb2ef2f717e5ed7fb11c Template:Side box 10 225 1292 2014-03-06T15:37:37Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<table class="{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{metadata|}}}}}|no||metadata}} mbox-small{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{position|}}}}}|left|-left}} {{{class|}}}" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:..." wikitext text/x-wiki <table class="{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{metadata|}}}}}|no||metadata}} mbox-small{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{position|}}}}}|left|-left}} {{{class|}}}" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; {{{style|}}}"> {{#if:{{{above|}}} | <tr><td colspan={{#if:{{{imageright|}}}|3|2}} class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}{{{abovestyle|}}}"> {{{above}}}</td></tr> }} <tr> {{#switch:{{{image|}}} |<!--BLANK-->|none={{td}} |#default=<td class="mbox-image">{{{image}}}</td> }} <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="{{{textstyle|}}}">{{{text}}}</td> {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} | <td class="mbox-imageright">{{{imageright}}}</td> }} </tr> {{#if:{{{below|}}} | <tr><td colspan={{#if:{{{imageright|}}}|3|2}} class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}">{{{below}}}</td></tr> }} </table><noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage --></noinclude> e7adcc7e843509e2dce7b5288c5d4234a93f4e35 Template:Td 10 226 1293 2014-03-06T15:37:54Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<includeonly><td style="width:1px;"></td></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><td style="width:1px;"></td></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 49707fa6962670221b18aa750111ad296cef101b Category:Originalia 14 227 1294 2014-03-06T15:38:40Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Cat main|Originalia}} [[Category:Continents]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cat main|Originalia}} [[Category:Continents]] 3017901d35191b23b59981c4dea38b860fffb2d8 Category:Originalian languages 14 228 1295 2014-03-06T15:40:51Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{wiktionarycat|type=Originalian languages|category=Originalian languages}} [[Category:Originalia|Languages]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{wiktionarycat|type=Originalian languages|category=Originalian languages}} [[Category:Originalia|Languages]] 9fe7a1770bfa8d66ed5b35b859355ae93ad5b6c7 1297 1295 2014-03-06T15:42:08Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Originalia|Languages]] 0db4868d0af4a0c0e763b1baf97452ae9a1dbace Template:Wiktionarycat 10 229 1296 2014-03-06T15:41:33Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{sister |project=wiktionary |text=For {{{moredescriptivetext|a list of words relating to {{{type|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}, see the wiktionary:Category:{{{category|{{PAGENAME}}}}}..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{sister |project=wiktionary |text=For {{{moredescriptivetext|a list of words relating to {{{type|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}, see the [[wiktionary:Category:{{{category|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|'''''{{{category|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''''' category of words]] in [[Wiktionary]], the free dictionary. }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 1a90af1ee31426bf6e21c03e6cd2dc7929f43125 Proto-Araqish language 0 138 1298 1262 2014-03-06T15:43:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = /ɑɾɑqiʂ/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive | '''rè''' | oneself |- ! Reciprocal | '''ḍárè''' (← ''ḍaxá + rè'') | each other |- ! Cooperative | '''rèbyæ''' (← ''rè + byæ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | iv | in, inside ! Locative |- | from inside ! Ablative |- | to inside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ir | on ! Locative |- | from on ! Ablative |- | to on ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | súr | above ! Locative |- | from above ! Ablative |- | to above ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | du | under ! Locative |- | from under ! Ablative |- | to under ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | byæ | beside ! Locative |- | from beside ! Ablative |- | to beside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġó | away ! Locative |- | from away ! Ablative |- | to away ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ḍaxív | between ! Locative |- | from between ! Ablative |- | to between ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | só | behind ! Locative |- | from behind ! Ablative |- | to behind ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | sók | out ! Locative |- | from out ! Ablative |- | to out ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | keṇkiv | around ! Locative |- | from around ! Ablative |- | to around ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | phôr | before, opposite to ! Locative |- | from before, from opposite to ! Ablative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | mativ | during, in time of ! Locative |- | from time of ! Ablative |- | to time of ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ku | after ! Locative |- | from after ! Ablative |- | to after ! Allative |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''vóv''' (← vo-vá) | with ! Instrumental |- ! Material, substantion, origin | '''er''' | from ! Ablative |- ! Lack | '''môv''' (← ''mô-vá'') | without ! Genitive |- ! Alternative | '''deriv''' | instead ! Genitive |- ! Contrary | '''phôrer''' | against ! Allative |- ! Resistance | '''kúv''' (← ''ku-vo'') | despite, though ! Inactive |- ! Stylization | '''byǽv''' (← ''byæ-vo'') | along to, according to ! Instrumental |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-sí''' | '''kháṣá''' → '''kháṣásí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-dá''' | '''dǽr''' → '''dǽrdá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''mô-''' | '''min''' → '''mômin''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-rǽx''' | '''dumb''' → '''dumbrǽx''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-tyap''' | '''súg''' → '''súgtyap''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-næn''' | '''agô''' → '''agônæn''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-tan''' | '''bák''' → '''báktan''' | cow → cowman |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''xôg''' → '''xôgder''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-kant''' | '''bábá''' → '''bábákant''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-móg''' | '''samarand''' → '''samarandmóg''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-môgtan''' | '''samarandmóg''' → '''samarandmógtan''' | herbalism → herbalist |- ! Product | '''-vík''' | '''púrú''' → '''púrúvík''' | meal → bread |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-as''' | '''xvaq''' → '''xvaqas''' | horse → equine |- ! Originative | '''-er-as''' | '''deṇsu''' → '''deṇsuras''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-tyás''' (← ''-tí-as'') | '''meṣṭe''' → '''meṣtetyás''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-svas''' (← ''-su-as'') | '''mvar''' → '''mvarsvas''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-nyas''' (← ''-ni-as'') | '''ġáná''' → '''ġánányas''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''môv-...-as''' | '''thǽd''' → '''môvthǽdas''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-tan''' | '''kuṣṭ-''' → '''kuṣṭtan''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-mi''' | '''mǽd-'''- → '''mǽdmi''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ma''' | '''qub'''- → '''qubma''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-pê''' | '''iṣ-''' → '''iṣpê''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-kep''' | '''bá-''' → '''bákep''' | (to) beat → hammer |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''gon-''' → '''gonder''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=3 | Reaction | rowspan=3 | '''tu-''' | '''bá-''' → '''tubá-''' | (to) beat → (to) shield against beatings |- | '''bábá-''' → '''tubábá-''' | (to) war → (to) repel attack |- | '''iṣ-''' → '''tviṣ-''' | (to) speak → (to) reply |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''bá-''' → '''bábá-''' | (to) beat → (to) war |} ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-næn''' | '''bônd''' → '''bôndnæn''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-dyem''' | '''tǽt''' → '''tǽtdyǽm''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''ġab''' → '''ġaġab''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-ġab''' | '''tís''' → '''tísġab''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Main word order is '''SOV'''. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change. ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Positive ! colspan=2 | Negative |- ! Translative | '''ar''' | became | '''már''' | don't became |- ! Essive | '''êṭ''' | be | '''môṭ''' | don't be |- ! Excessive | '''èb''' | cease to be | '''im''' | don't cease to be |} == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] 287acc8d696630fa784d6cc956cd8b7233c7dee3 Proto-Œkhen language 0 175 1299 1245 2014-03-06T15:44:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. Note 2: /ø/ is written œ ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/ Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Noun Cases=== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Inducive | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, indirect object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isabeleny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ===Noun Declension=== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''INDUCIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. ====Number==== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} ===Verbs=== The vast majority of verbs end in a short rounded vowel (ie y, œ, o, or u). Proto-Œkhen verbs are primarily modified by particles, which are ultimately totally optional. The only required verbal inflection in Proto-Œkhen is for verbs of motion. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Standard Gefall | '''eeli ditru''' | a/the horse walks |- ! Uberfall | '''eeli diitru''' | a/the horse walks across (object in locative) |- ! Eintrefall | '''eeli diβotru''' | a/the horse walks in(to) (object in locative) |- ! Ausfall | '''eeli noditru''' | a/the horse walks out (of) (object in locative) |- ! Obenfall | '''eeli ditruus''' | a/the horse walks over/above (object in genitive) |- ! Unterfall | '''eeli ditroos''' | a/the horse walks below/under (object in genitive) |} The vowels added in eintrefall, ausfall, and unterfall are determined with the table below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! When the final vowel is... ! The affixed vowel is... |- |y |i |- |u |o |- |œ |e |- |o |a |- |} ====Verb Particles==== There are several bound and unbound particles that modify various features of a verb phrase. ("Bound" and "unbound" in this article refer to the freedom of position the particle has with respect to the verb it modifies, ie bound particles must appear either before or after the verb, as dictated by the category of particle, but unbound particles may appear before or after.) The generally assumed version of each category is marked with †. =====Tense===== Tense particles are unbounded, meaning that they need only appear immediately adjacent to the verb they modify. "eeli ditru baj" and "eeli baj ditru" are equally valid constructions for the phrase "a/the horse will walk". * Distant Past - '''spola''' * Today Past - '''ehes''' * Present/Habitual† - '''βii''' * Future - '''baj''' =====Aspect===== Aspect particles are bounded to the front of the verb. Stress still falls on the first syllable of the verb proper. *Habitual (the action described occurs frequently, but no particular instance is under consideration) - '''ku-''' *Imperfective† (only a portion of the action is being considered, the action extends beyond the tense boundaries) - '''ynde-''' *Perfective (the action of the verb exists in its entirety within the tense boundary) - '''ten-''' =====Evidentiality===== Evidential particles are unbounded. *Direct Evidence† - '''faa''' *Inferential (the speaker saw circumstantial evidence) - '''dʷidet''' *Hearsay - '''ʒœr''' *Imagined/Dreamed - '''hined''' =====Mood===== Mood particles are bounded to the end of the verb. *Conditional - '''-fiinge''' *Imperative - '''-sa''' *Subjunctive (used in dependent clauses and negatives, and with the perfective aspect to form the future tense) - '''-der''' == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] fc4f57c412e6b214343b162cd50306aee7ff8798 Proto-Hatlh language 0 171 1301 925 2014-03-06T15:45:28Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Hatlh |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Hatlh |map = ProtoHatlh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Hatlh}} }} ''Klingon'' '''Phonology & Phonotactics''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language#Phonology See here] '''Grammar''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_grammar See here] '''Lexicon''' [https://sites.google.com/a/klingonword.org/klv/klv-klingon-standard-vocabulary See here] [[File:Halth.png|500px]] == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] 255db237500790beab19ebff2635f995f82ef211 Proto-Sazāzasōj language 0 173 1302 927 2014-03-06T15:45:44Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Sazāzasōj |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Sazāzasōj |map = ProtoSazāzasōj.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Sazāzasōj }} }} == Phonology == consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] fefa29fd513c6c1de0c667c996cb42019529000d Proto-Tḷantali language 0 211 1303 1261 2014-03-06T15:47:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Word order is '''SVO''', and is not free. Subject of a clause is always first before an object. Reversing of order of subject and object means replacing the theta roles between those. ===Copular verb=== Copular roots are combined with evidentiality. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! Visual | '''vǽv''' (← ''vǽ + ve'') | be (because something is visible) |- ! Heard | '''ḷóves''' (← ''ḷós + ve'') | be (because something is heard) |- ! Other | '''ve''' | be (because knowledge has another origin) |} ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Potentional | '''nád''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''móh''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Precative | '''jíl''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''fó''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ġúl''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''xǽs''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''gata''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''jét''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''kóḍa''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |} ==Notes== * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] 5a4d427d4e0e2c4c82c0a57adfdf9ddeeebaf7a5 1304 1303 2014-03-06T15:50:15Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Word order is '''SVO''', and is not free. Subject of a clause is always first before an object. Reversing of order of subject and object means replacing the theta roles between those. ===Copular verb=== Copular roots are combined with evidentiality. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! Visual | '''vǽv''' (← ''vǽ + ve'') | be (because something is visible) |- ! Heard | '''ḷóves''' (← ''ḷós + ve'') | be (because something is heard) |- ! Other | '''ve''' | be (because knowledge has another origin) |} ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Potentional | '''nád''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''móh''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Precative | '''jíl''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''fó''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ġúl''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''xǽs''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''gata''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''jét''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''kóḍa''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |} ==Notes== * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] [[Category:Originalia| languages]] 54a8697f751c011c2ee0271852b689c255491b93 1305 1304 2014-03-06T15:55:38Z Manomow 3365071 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Word order is '''SVO''', and is not free. Subject of a clause is always first before an object. Reversing of order of subject and object means replacing the theta roles between those. ===Copular verb=== Copular roots are combined with evidentiality. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! Visual | '''vǽv''' (← ''vǽ + ve'') | be (because something is visible) |- ! Heard | '''ḷóves''' (← ''ḷós + ve'') | be (because something is heard) |- ! Other | '''ve''' | be (because knowledge has another origin) |} ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Potentional | '''nád''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''móh''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Precative | '''jíl''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''fó''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ġúl''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''xǽs''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''gata''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''jét''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''kóḍa''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |} ==Notes== * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] 5a4d427d4e0e2c4c82c0a57adfdf9ddeeebaf7a5 Template:Documentation/end box2 10 230 1306 2014-03-06T15:59:42Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<noinclude><div></noinclude><div style="clear: both;"></div><!--So right or left floating items don't stick out of the doc box.--> </div><!--End of green doc box--><!-- Link..." wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude><div></noinclude><div style="clear: both;"></div><!--So right or left floating items don't stick out of the doc box.--> </div><!--End of green doc box--><!-- Link box below for the doc meta-data: -->{{documentation/end box | preload = {{{preload|}}} <!--Allow custom preloads--> | content = {{{content|}}} | link box = {{{link box|}}} <!--So "link box=off" works--> | docpage = {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | doc exist = {{#ifexist: {{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{{1|}}} <!--Other docname fed--> | {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/doc }} | yes }} | docname fed = {{#if: {{{1|}}} | yes }} | sandbox = {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/sandbox | testcases = {{{docspace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}}/testcases | template page = {{NAMESPACE}}:{{{template page|{{PAGENAME}}}}} }}<noinclude> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 2be685c0ce0db3113039d7f1f2ef1690c92a1d8c Template:Documentation/end box 10 231 1307 2014-03-06T16:00:07Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<!-- Link box below for the doc meta-data: -->{{#if: <!--Check if we should show the link box--> {{#ifeq: {{{link box|}}} | off | | {{{doc exist|yes}}}{{ #switc..." wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Link box below for the doc meta-data: -->{{#if: <!--Check if we should show the link box--> {{#ifeq: {{{link box|}}} | off | | {{{doc exist|yes}}}{{ #switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:Module}} | {{ns:Template}} = yes }} }} | {{fmbox | id = documentation-meta-data | image = none | style = background-color: #ecfcf4; | textstyle = font-style: italic; | text = {{#if: {{{link box|}}} | {{{link box}}} <!--Use custom link box content--> | {{#if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | <!--/doc exists, link to it--> The above [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] is [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transcluded]] from [[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}]]. <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} edit] &#124; [{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=history}} history])</small> <br /> |<!-- /doc does not exist, ask to create one? 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If you make a change to this template, please update the print version as well.[[Category:Templates with print versions]] }} }} }}<!--End link box--><!-- Detect and report strange usage: -->{{#if: <!--Check if {{documentation}} is transcluded on a /doc or /testcases page--> {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | doc | testcases = strange }} <!--More checks can be added here, just return anything to make the surrounding if-case trigger--> | <includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedia pages with strange ((documentation)) usage|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- Sort on namespace --></includeonly> }} 68aaa11634b2dfeda0ca070e4ecee9590cf5815c 1316 1307 2014-03-06T16:14:25Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Link box below for the doc meta-data: -->{{#if: <!--Check if we should show the link box--> {{#ifeq: {{{link box|}}} | off | | {{{doc exist|yes}}}{{ #switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:Module}} | {{ns:Template}} = yes }} }} | {{fmbox | id = documentation-meta-data | image = none | style = background-color: #ecfcf4; | textstyle = font-style: italic; | text = {{#if: {{{link box|}}} | {{{link box}}} <!--Use custom link box content--> | {{#if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | <!--/doc exists, link to it--> The above [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] is [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transcluded]] from [[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}]]. <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} edit] &#124; [{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=history}} history])</small> <br /> |<!-- /doc does not exist, ask to create one? -->{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Module}} = You might want to [{{fullurl: {{{docpage| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-module-doc }} create] a documentation page for this [[Wikipedia:Lua|Scribunto module]]<br> | #default = }} }}<!-- Add links to /sandbox and /testcases when appropriate: -->{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:Module}} | {{ns:Template}} = Editors can experiment in this {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:module}} = module's | #default = template's}} {{ #ifexist: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | [[{{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}}|sandbox]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit }} edit] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [{{fullurl:Special:ComparePages | page1={{urlencode:{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}&page2={{urlencode:{{{sandbox|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox}}}}}}} diff])</small> | sandbox <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-{{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}}|{{ns:Module}}|module-}}sandbox }} create] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit&preload={{urlencode:{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}&summary={{urlencode:Create sandbox version of [[{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}]]}} }} mirror])</small> }} and {{ #ifexist: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | [[{{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}}|testcases]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | action=edit }} edit])</small> | testcases <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-{{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}}|{{ns:Module}}|module-}}testcases&summary={{urlencode:Create testcases page for [[{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}]]}} }} create])</small> }} pages. <br /> }}<!-- Show the cats text, but not if "content" fed or "docname fed" since then it is unclear where to add the cats. 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If you make a change to this template, please update the print version as well.[[Category:Templates with print versions]] }} }} }}<!--End link box--><!-- Detect and report strange usage: -->{{#if: <!--Check if {{documentation}} is transcluded on a /doc or /testcases page--> {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | doc | testcases = strange }} <!--More checks can be added here, just return anything to make the surrounding if-case trigger--> | <includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedia pages with strange ((documentation)) usage|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- Sort on namespace --></includeonly> }} debbe77fe9f1361ceb8101380087111408fb1cce Template:Documentation/docspace 10 232 1308 2014-03-06T16:01:16Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | {{ns:File}} | {{ns:MediaWiki}} | {{ns:Category}} = {{TALKSPACE}} | #default = {{SUBJECTSPACE}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | {{ns:File}} | {{ns:MediaWiki}} | {{ns:Category}} = {{TALKSPACE}} | #default = {{SUBJECTSPACE}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation|content= This subtemplate of {{tl|documentation}} is used to determine the namespace of the documentation page. }}</noinclude> 3f8c9307e17e8c27c28733376f3ed4d8e04df50f Template:Tl 10 233 1309 2014-03-06T16:01:59Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki {{[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> d277314774e23fd4e1da2c410504bf62d84a7c7b Template:Documentation/template page 10 234 1310 2014-03-06T16:03:19Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | testcases = {{BASEPAGENAME}} | #default = {{PAGENAME}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation|content= This subtemplate of {{tl|documentation}} is..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | sandbox | testcases = {{BASEPAGENAME}} | #default = {{PAGENAME}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation|content= This subtemplate of {{tl|documentation}} is used to determine the template page name. }}</noinclude> 83e55011b2f99551c294b68cb14f363d67bd2917 Category:Pages with broken file links 14 235 1311 2014-03-06T16:04:34Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "Broken Links" wikitext text/x-wiki Broken Links 495105dcf3fd9c2cb5cabda1b848c9fae1f37c56 1318 1311 2014-03-06T16:18:27Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki Broken </div><noinclude> {{documentation}} {{purgepage}} </noinclude> 702658f58d8dcbe6b5616e532f6c9010e976cdaf 1319 1318 2014-03-06T16:18:36Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki Broken </div><noinclude> {{purgepage}} </noinclude> c172806f66df029695b28806a1bcbb271f71b783 File:Example.jpg 6 236 1312 2014-03-06T16:05:20Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:Template-info.png 6 237 1313 2014-03-06T16:06:46Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Template:Documentation/start box 10 116 1314 238 2014-03-06T16:09:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki Start of green doc box --><div id="template-documentation" class="template-documentation iezoomfix"><!-- Add the heading at the top of the doc box: -->{{#ifeq: {{{heading|¬}}} | <!--Defined but empty--> | <!--"heading=", do nothing--> | <div style="padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: 1ex;"><span style="{{#if: {{{heading-style|}}} | {{{heading-style|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} | font-weight: bold; font-size: 125% | font-size: 150% }} }}">{{#switch: {{{heading|¬}}} | ¬ = <!--"heading" not defined in this or previous level--> {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} = [[File:Template-info.png|50px|link=|alt=Documentation icon]] Template documentation | {{ns:Module}} = [[File:Template-info.png|50px|link=|alt=Documentation icon]] Module documentation | {{ns:File}} = Summary | #default = Documentation }} | #default = <!--"heading" has data or is empty but defined--> {{{heading|}}} }}</span>{{ #if: {{{content|}}} | | <!--Add the [view][edit][history][purge] or [create] links--> <span class="mw-editsection plainlinks" id="doc_editlinks">{{ #if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | &#91;[[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|view]]&#93; [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} edit]] [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=history}} history]] [{{purge|purge}}] | <!--/doc doesn't exist--> [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}| action=edit&preload={{ #if: {{{preload|}}} | {{urlencode:{{{preload}}}}} | {{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:File}} | Template:Documentation/preload-filespace | Template:Documentation/preload }} }} }} create]] }}</span> }}</div> }}<noinclude><!-- close the div --></div> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> fc27a1388359b692d06691ef6da6c61b73b14523 1315 1314 2014-03-06T16:12:31Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <div id="template-documentation" class="template-documentation iezoomfix"><!-- Add the heading at the top of the doc box: -->{{#ifeq: {{{heading|¬}}} | <!--Defined but empty--> | <!--"heading=", do nothing--> | <div style="padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: 1ex;"><span style="{{#if: {{{heading-style|}}} | {{{heading-style|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} | font-weight: bold; font-size: 125% | font-size: 150% }} }}">{{#switch: {{{heading|¬}}} | ¬ = <!--"heading" not defined in this or previous level--> {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} = [[File:Template-info.png|50px|link=|alt=Documentation icon]] Template documentation | {{ns:Module}} = [[File:Template-info.png|50px|link=|alt=Documentation icon]] Module documentation | {{ns:File}} = Summary | #default = Documentation }} | #default = <!--"heading" has data or is empty but defined--> {{{heading|}}} }}</span>{{ #if: {{{content|}}} | | <!--Add the [view][edit][history][purge] or [create] links--> <span class="mw-editsection plainlinks" id="doc_editlinks">{{ #if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | &#91;[[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|view]]&#93; [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} edit]] [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=history}} history]] [{{purge|purge}}] | <!--/doc doesn't exist--> [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}| action=edit&preload={{ #if: {{{preload|}}} | {{urlencode:{{{preload}}}}} | {{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:File}} | Template:Documentation/preload-filespace | Template:Documentation/preload }} }} }} create]] }}</span> }}</div> }}<noinclude><!-- close the div --></div> {{pp-template}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 729a95cbe58e26ff41f62185999047355c49b27f Template:Purgepage 10 238 1317 2014-03-06T16:16:51Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<i class="noprint plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=purge}} <small {{#if: {{{color|}}} |style="color:{{{color}}}"}}>Purge server cache</small>]</i><noinclude>{{do..." wikitext text/x-wiki <i class="noprint plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=purge}} <small {{#if: {{{color|}}} |style="color:{{{color}}}"}}>Purge server cache</small>]</i><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 49f105378c3c03491ea48bc722e3d5e92fc720b7 Category:Continents 14 239 1321 2014-03-06T16:24:33Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "Continents of Gaia" wikitext text/x-wiki Continents of Gaia 5f4b4b257aff5a43006d2ea7860109eb6ee5ed47 File:ProtoAmpayrù.png 6 240 1322 2014-03-06T16:29:06Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:ProtoQanday.png 6 241 1323 2014-03-06T16:30:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:ProtoTḷantali.png 6 242 1324 2014-03-06T16:32:11Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 File:ProtoNnadū.png 6 243 1326 2014-03-06T16:33:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 Originalia 0 43 1334 1263 2014-03-07T01:52:49Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Gaurs <ref>Domesticated into gayals.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2a30ca8c8f8765de1a4a0282d0ecfae5ff008f81 1336 1334 2014-03-07T19:10:05Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Gaurs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats <ref>Domesticated into cats.</ref> *Aurochs <ref>Domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>Domesticated into sheep.</ref> *Wild goats <ref>Domesticated into goats.</ref> '''Cultivatable Flora''' *African wild rice *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 78f4341ed37c4de56b8aa519151a1ace8da48a6f 1337 1336 2014-03-07T19:12:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *Salix planifolia *Reindeer Lichen *Tufted Saxifrage *Western hemlock *Gowen cypress *Dawn redwood *Birch <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Gaurs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1e83ac3630991fdaadb24f4bbf38019fd83d9d1a 1338 1337 2014-03-07T19:26:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Gaurs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 426a4f4f3831084290b5d580cda50095b391ad2f 1339 1338 2014-03-07T19:35:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} c6ed1d1bcaa50d98aa12f74f3d671f57a0772303 1340 1339 2014-03-07T19:42:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} abe945f9c0ea133e0f23ada19487a26ccf401e52 1341 1340 2014-03-07T20:12:59Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Home to an urban culture which speaks Araqish and numbers 5,000. Cattle, dogs, donkeys, and horses have been domesticated by the people of the city. Their main food source is fish obtained from the nearby coastline with the use of dugout canoes (though cultivation of Sorghum and Wheat is present). Hunting is also a source of food for the people of Qhápgoṣ with the help of hunting dogs. Animals commonly hunted are elephants, sivatheriums, and zebras. Ivory from elephants are carved into beautiful art works and religious objects. Olives are mainly grown as a source of food and commerce. Qhápgoṣ trades ivory goods and olives with Zaghāj in exchange for pottery and other trade goods. The city's architecture is similar to Zaghāj's as both use sandstone to build different structures. Sailing has been invented here and is spreading to other cities. The wheel has also been invented here and has spread to other cities along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8d329c541dfa5be9189c71220f8589a1c3998dd1 1343 1341 2014-03-07T21:48:19Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city located on the western coastline Eastern Originalia. The city's inhabitants have domesticated cats, cattle, goats, and sheep to provide food and transportation across large distances. Agriculture is the main source of food in Qhápgoṣ as the inhabitants have cultivated numerous crops and wild cereals. The main crops grown are barley, grapes, olives, watermelons, and wheat. Hunting is the secondary source of food and numerous animals are hunted with the using bows, clubs, and slings. Animals commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Houses are constructed out of mud bricks and cedar wood obtained from the forests. Some houses within the city contain hearths used to cook meat from hunts and other meals. Other structures such as cemeteries, granaries, markets, and temples are constructed with similar building materials. The city's market is full of goods produced and obtained from the city and local villages. The goods mainly produced from the city are grapes, ivory, jewelry, meat, and pottery. Grapes are fermented to make wine at local wineries and are stored in clay jars for later consumption. Ivory is used to make carved artworks and religious objects for temples. Jewelry is commonly made of copper and are worn extensively throughout the city. Pottery is used extensively in the city for storing milk, water, and wine. The shaping of pottery has been made easier with the development of early potter's wheels within the city. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e178233db2fc86a6ee42d77b5aac6217f975e5ab 1344 1343 2014-03-07T22:23:06Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city located on the northwestern coastline Eastern Originalia with a population of 3,000. The city's inhabitants have domesticated cats, cattle, goats, honey bees, and sheep to provide food and transportation across large distances. Agriculture is the main source of food in Qhápgoṣ as the inhabitants have cultivated numerous crops and wild cereals. The main crops grown are barley, grapes, olives, watermelons, and wheat. Hunting is the secondary source of food and numerous animals are hunted with the using bows, clubs, and slings. Animals commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Houses are constructed out of mud bricks and cedar wood obtained from the mountain forests. Some houses within the city contain hearths used to cook meat from hunts and other meals. Other structures such as cemeteries, granaries, markets, and temples are constructed with similar building materials. The city's market is full of goods produced and obtained from the city and local villages. The goods mainly produced from the city are grapes, ivory, jewelry, meat, and pottery. Grapes are fermented to make wine at local wineries and are stored in clay jars for later consumption. Ivory is used to make carved artworks and religious objects for temples. Jewelry is commonly made of copper and is worn extensively throughout the city. Pottery is used extensively in the city for storing food, honey, milk, water, and wine and is decorated with bands of different colors. A trade network exists between Qhápgoṣ, Hǽynigoṣ, and other villages along the same stretch of coastline as goods produced from those areas are traded among themselves. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3d2eba05790fdf9f07e118fb1b00564d5506f743 1345 1344 2014-03-08T03:09:06Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city located on the northwestern coastline Eastern Originalia with a population of 3,000. The city's inhabitants have domesticated cats, cattle, goats, honey bees, and sheep to provide food and transportation across large distances. Agriculture is the main source of food in Qhápgoṣ as the inhabitants have cultivated numerous cultivars and wild cereals. The main cultivars grown in Qhápgoṣ are barley, grapes, peas, olives, watermelons, and wheat. Hunting is the secondary source of food and numerous animals are hunted with the using bows, clubs, slings, and spears. Animals commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Houses are constructed out of mud bricks and cedar wood obtained from the mountain forests. Some houses within the city contain hearths used to cook meat from hunts and other meals. Other structures such as cemeteries, granaries, markets, and temples are constructed with similar building materials. The city's market is full of goods produced and obtained from the city and local villages. The goods mainly produced from the city are grapes, ivory, jewelry, meat, and pottery. Grapes are fermented to make wine at local wineries and are stored in clay jars for later consumption. Ivory is used to make carved artworks and religious objects for temples. Jewelry is commonly made of copper and is worn extensively throughout the city. Pottery is used extensively in the city for storing food, honey, milk, water, and wine and is decorated with bands of different colors. A trade network exists between Qhápgoṣ, Hǽynigoṣ, and other villages along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cf140b6a536d53a7f068c7e0cefb0c2460635d7e 1346 1345 2014-03-08T03:53:41Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city located on the northwestern coastline Eastern Originalia with a population of 3,000 inhabitants. The city's inhabitants have domesticated cats, cattle, goats, honey bees, and sheep to provide food and transportation across large distances. Agriculture is the main source of food in Qhápgoṣ as the inhabitants have cultivated numerous cultivars and wild cereals. The main cultivars grown in Qhápgoṣ are barley, grapes, peas, olives, watermelons, and wheat. Hunting is the secondary source of food and numerous animals are hunted with the using bows, clubs, slings, and spears. Animals commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Houses are constructed out of mud bricks and cedar wood obtained from the mountain forests. Some houses within the city contain hearths used to cook meat from hunts and other meals. Other structures such as cemeteries, granaries, markets, and temples are constructed with similar building materials. The city's market is full of goods produced and obtained from the city and local villages. The goods mainly produced from the city are grapes, ivory, jewelry, meat, and pottery. Grapes are fermented to make wine at local wineries and are stored in clay jars for later consumption. Ivory is used to make carved artworks and religious objects for temples. Jewelry is commonly made of beads and copper and is worn extensively throughout the city. Pottery is used in the city for storing food, honey, milk, water, and wine. With the development of the potter's wheel specialized potters can now meet the expanding needs of the city. A trade network exists between Qhápgoṣ, Hǽynigoṣ, and other villages along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b42b83f294197a907848e1667bff1e3f0d8bc93d 1347 1346 2014-03-08T04:13:03Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Zaghāj''' is a city on the eastern coast of '''Central Originalia'''. The city of 7,000 relies heavily on the nearby river for irrigation. grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat are staple crops, but the city relies equally on the hunting of wild goats and zebras, primarily using hand axes and spears made of flint. Domestication of cattle, dogs, donkeys, horses, and sheep has occurred, providing valuable transportation and food. Zaghāj has developed a particular type of small, circular housing, implying a relatively small average family size. The main city is built in an almost circular shape itself, with the outermost houses and buildings much closer together than others, and more heavily reinforced with sandstone. The sandstone is mined from the surrounding region and slabs of it are stacked on top of each other to build specialised buildings, such as the "guard houses", communal granaries, and cemeteries-- wider and deeper-floored buildings where the dead are buried. Pottery is usually plain or decorated in bands of solid colors, representing various aspects of the environment. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city located on the northwestern coastline Eastern Originalia with a population of 3,000 inhabitants. The city's inhabitants have domesticated cats, cattle, goats, honey bees, and sheep to provide food and transportation across large distances. Agriculture is the main source of food in Qhápgoṣ as the inhabitants have cultivated numerous cultivars and wild cereals. The main cultivars grown in Qhápgoṣ are barley, grapes, peas, olives, watermelons, and wheat. Hunting is the secondary source of food and numerous animals are hunted with the using bows, clubs, slings, and spears. Animals commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Houses are constructed out of mud bricks and cedar wood obtained from the mountain forests. Some houses within the city contain hearths used to cook meat from hunts and other meals. Other structures such as cemeteries, granaries, markets, and temples are constructed with similar building materials. The city's market is full of goods produced and obtained from the city and local villages. The goods mainly produced from the city are grapes, ivory, jewelry, meat, and pottery. Grapes are fermented to make wine at local wineries and are stored in clay jars for later consumption. Ivory is used to make carved artworks and religious objects for temples. Jewelry is commonly made of beads and copper and is worn extensively throughout the city. Pottery is used in the city for storing food, honey, milk, water, and wine. With the development of the potter's wheel specialized potters can now meet the expanding needs of the city. A trade network exists between Qhápgoṣ, Hǽynigoṣ, and other villages along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7e1d84eb62b00092185fbbe8bec24cb5306a3ebb 1350 1347 2014-03-08T20:01:18Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* History */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are circular shaped, and are commonly built of sun dried mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Silver is much desired precious metal imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Silver is difficult to obtain due to the cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idols. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. Many laborers wear very little clothing in their daily lives. Caravans that use cattle to pull carts carry goods between cities and are protected by escorts from any marauding peoples. Writing has begun to emerge independently from the cultures in Seforma. Bronze is used for tools and weapons. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other. The boundaries between the cities are marked by their farmland. There are social classes that are not linked to economic status. Priests compose of a majority of the literate citizens in cities. Higher ranking priests have longer beards while the lowest ranking priests have no facial hair at all. Merchants that utilize cattle caravans are being established in this period. Warriors use bronze spears and shields made of animal hides. The bow and arrow is also a common weapon. Each city has its own patron god. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Meat from hunters is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. The '''Œkhii Culture''' is the name of the relatively large urban culture located on the western coast of '''Eastern Originalia'''. Located in a fairly fertile region, the Œkhii rely on agriculture and the domestication of the aurochs, wild ass, and mouflon. Houses are built out of carved sandstone bricks and primarily Holm Oak logs. Most houses contain a hearth or roasting area for cooking. The buildings of Œkhii, the central settlement of the culture (there are many smaller settlements of the Œkhii culture built further north along the river and south into the desert), are often insulated with various skins and furs, and it is to this city that the outer settlers immigrate during the winter, staying with family members and living off of built-up stores of food until the next spring. In the middle of the winter, the city can have a population of up to 10,000. Pottery has been developed and large jugs are used to store food and water, as well as for ornamentation. The dead are highly respected, and often a small jar is made in which the dead person's hands are stored, which is buried with the body in one of several burial mound sites outside the central city. Rudimentary smelting of copper ore has been developed and is currently used to make plates worn as armour for those living in the outer city. [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''Qhápgoṣ''' is a city located on the northwestern coastline Eastern Originalia with a population of 3,000 inhabitants. The city's inhabitants have domesticated cats, cattle, goats, honey bees, and sheep to provide food and transportation across large distances. Agriculture is the main source of food in Qhápgoṣ as the inhabitants have cultivated numerous cultivars and wild cereals. The main cultivars grown in Qhápgoṣ are barley, grapes, peas, olives, watermelons, and wheat. Hunting is the secondary source of food and numerous animals are hunted with the using bows, clubs, slings, and spears. Animals commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Houses are constructed out of mud bricks and cedar wood obtained from the mountain forests. Some houses within the city contain hearths used to cook meat from hunts and other meals. Other structures such as cemeteries, granaries, markets, and temples are constructed with similar building materials. The city's market is full of goods produced and obtained from the city and local villages. The goods mainly produced from the city are grapes, ivory, jewelry, meat, and pottery. Grapes are fermented to make wine at local wineries and are stored in clay jars for later consumption. Ivory is used to make carved artworks and religious objects for temples. Jewelry is commonly made of beads and copper and is worn extensively throughout the city. Pottery is used in the city for storing food, honey, milk, water, and wine. With the development of the potter's wheel specialized potters can now meet the expanding needs of the city. A trade network exists between Qhápgoṣ, Hǽynigoṣ, and other villages along the same stretch of coastline. '''Hǽynigoṣ''' is located on the northwestern coast of '''Eastern Originalia''' and is part of the Araqish language group. The city numbers 3,000 and the inhabitants make use of cattle, dogs, donkeys, goats, and horses for their needs. Cultivation of barley, grapes, olives, sorghum, and wheat is prevalent. The grapes that are grown are fermented to make wine at a primitive winery which is stored in clay jars. Hǽynigoṣ trades with other cities along the coastline for many important products such as copper, ivory, and pottery. Sandstone is the main building material used to construct urban dwellings and other important structures. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e330c811fc851e20cac63bd58610cab7eb926570 1351 1350 2014-03-08T20:02:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] '''~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are circular shaped, and are commonly built of sun dried mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Silver is much desired precious metal imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Silver is difficult to obtain due to the cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idols. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. Many laborers wear very little clothing in their daily lives. Caravans that use cattle to pull carts carry goods between cities and are protected by escorts from any marauding peoples. Writing has begun to emerge independently from the cultures in Seforma. Bronze is used for tools and weapons. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other. The boundaries between the cities are marked by their farmland. There are social classes that are not linked to economic status. Priests compose of a majority of the literate citizens in cities. Higher ranking priests have longer beards while the lowest ranking priests have no facial hair at all. Merchants that utilize cattle caravans are being established in this period. Warriors use bronze spears and shields made of animal hides. The bow and arrow is also a common weapon. Each city has its own patron god. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Meat from hunters is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} fff45e0239c3f9ea105f61fcede938eeec28ede8 1353 1351 2014-03-08T20:32:04Z Manomow 3365071 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are circular shaped, and are commonly built of sun dried mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Silver is much desired precious metal imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Silver is difficult to obtain due to the cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idols. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. Many laborers wear very little clothing in their daily lives. Caravans that use cattle to pull carts carry goods between cities and are protected by escorts from any marauding peoples. Writing has begun to emerge independently from the cultures in Seforma. Bronze is used for tools and weapons. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other. The boundaries between the cities are marked by their farmland. There are social classes that are not linked to economic status. Priests compose of a majority of the literate citizens in cities. Higher ranking priests have longer beards while the lowest ranking priests have no facial hair at all. Merchants that utilize cattle caravans are being established in this period. Warriors use bronze spears and shields made of animal hides. The bow and arrow is also a common weapon. Each city has its own patron god. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Meat from hunters is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 1d1bb6fb978636d89f30f78046f1117f8a114793 1354 1353 2014-03-08T20:33:29Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are circular shaped, and are commonly built of sun dried mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Silver is much desired precious metal imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Silver is difficult to obtain due to the cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idols. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. Many laborers wear very little clothing in their daily lives. Caravans that use cattle to pull carts carry goods between cities and are protected by escorts from any marauding peoples. Writing has begun to emerge independently from the cultures in Seforma. Bronze is used for tools and weapons. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other. The boundaries between the cities are marked by their farmland. There are social classes that are not linked to economic status. Priests compose of a majority of the literate citizens in cities. Higher ranking priests have longer beards while the lowest ranking priests have no facial hair at all. Merchants that utilize cattle caravans are being established in this period. Warriors use bronze spears and shields made of animal hides. The bow and arrow is also a common weapon. Each city has its own patron god. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Meat from hunters is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Oontinents]] e57a463b1aa787874eda2dbe738e2be98d4f4d59 1355 1354 2014-03-08T20:33:46Z Manomow 3365071 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are circular shaped, and are commonly built of sun dried mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Silver is much desired precious metal imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Silver is difficult to obtain due to the cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idols. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. Many laborers wear very little clothing in their daily lives. Caravans that use cattle to pull carts carry goods between cities and are protected by escorts from any marauding peoples. Writing has begun to emerge independently from the cultures in Seforma. Bronze is used for tools and weapons. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other. The boundaries between the cities are marked by their farmland. There are social classes that are not linked to economic status. Priests compose of a majority of the literate citizens in cities. Higher ranking priests have longer beards while the lowest ranking priests have no facial hair at all. Merchants that utilize cattle caravans are being established in this period. Warriors use bronze spears and shields made of animal hides. The bow and arrow is also a common weapon. Each city has its own patron god. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Meat from hunters is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 425739ada775fb756ed5fe470341786c60945472 1357 1355 2014-03-09T00:00:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are circular shaped, and are commonly built of sun dried mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Silver is much desired precious metal imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Silver is difficult to obtain due to the cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. Many laborers wear very little clothing. Caravans carry goods between cities and are protected by armed escorts from any marauding bandits. Writing has begun to emerge independently from the cultures in Seforma. Bronze is used for tools and weapons. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Meat from hunters is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] a96677d221d118ab8fac9fa0118832edbd103790 1358 1357 2014-03-09T03:25:53Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are circular shaped, and are commonly built of sun dried mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Silver is much desired precious metal imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Silver is difficult to obtain due to the cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities use water wells in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. Laborers wear very little clothing. Caravans carry goods between cities and are protected by armed escorts. Writing has begun to emerge independently from the cultures in Seforma. Bronze is used for tools and weapons. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Meat from hunters is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] dda3b3c3b3f14aaff2a5d29dcfd2457d534dcc05 1359 1358 2014-03-09T03:39:17Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of sun dried mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Silver is much desired precious metal imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Silver is difficult to obtain due to the cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities use water wells in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. Laborers wear very little clothing. Caravans carry goods between cities and are protected by armed escorts. Writing has begun to emerge independently from the cultures in Seforma. Bronze is used for tools and weapons. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 41805c2969a660c941cdb7cca33346087552f28b 1368 1359 2014-03-09T14:47:47Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Œkhii Chalcolithic''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of sun dried mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Silver is much desired precious metal imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Silver is difficult to obtain due to the cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities use water wells in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. Laborers wear very little clothing. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] e15e555c998cc51a296bc204fa8632d1823e6d85 1372 1368 2014-03-09T16:58:29Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of sun dried mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Silver is much desired precious metal imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Silver is difficult to obtain due to the cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities use water wells in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. Laborers wear very little clothing. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] b1aee6afdcd2f70066f2b333c31a5409927cfbcc 1373 1372 2014-03-09T17:12:16Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of sun dried mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Silver is much desired precious metal imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Silver is difficult to obtain due to the cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities use water wells in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. Laborers wear very little clothing. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 0de7e81eebfbfbb822e43edfb0da4550c923df24 1376 1373 2014-03-09T17:52:35Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities use water wells in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite of the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 1ccd39d78dbb86842702554d88fa7b076fe70d65 1377 1376 2014-03-09T18:02:43Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 3623e74dd079accaaf52a98c81568c773e25c809 1378 1377 2014-03-09T18:37:05Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city and is depicted as an ibex. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] b3e3636fe717e485f13d0025122377e6bb723605 Omoserica 0 45 1335 1216 2014-03-07T17:41:26Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephant birds <ref>Elephant birds, falanoucs, fossas, Malagasy civets, and lemurs inhabit Sylvonesia (the southwestern islands) and are exclusively found there.</ref> *Falanouc *Fossas *Giant fossas *Malagasy civets '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic wolves *Cave bears *Cave hyenas *Cave lions *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian brown bears *Eurasian lynxes *Eurasian wolves *Giant pandas *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Siberian roe deer *Siberian tigers *Snow sheep *Steppe wolves *Tibetan wolves *Tundra wolves *Wolverines '''Other Flora''' *Dahurian larches *Siberian larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} bcd5fca36a47285fcbac7216ff2fa924d185af7e Proto-Ampayrù language 0 214 1342 1333 2014-03-07T20:53:00Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Affirmativity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral, High, Low, Rising, Falling. Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 51ec3156c1399859a5ec487446a9afac0eb196ee 1349 1342 2014-03-08T17:32:17Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Tones */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 26353d22ca008b1472425ee251581ffa66cc63a4 1352 1349 2014-03-08T20:05:32Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Non-finite verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} a7739cd9d9ad1de992d2e3bb6e650bc9dce9fe90 1356 1352 2014-03-08T22:41:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Adverb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 459247acdd5a30dd050825064e5817503a36c4f6 Proto-Œkhen language 0 175 1348 1299 2014-03-08T11:40:04Z 78.151.243.198 0 Added substantive particles. Gotta go, computer dying. -The Majesty wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} Verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. Note 2: /ø/ is written œ ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/ Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Noun Cases=== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Inducive | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, indirect object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isabeleny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ===Noun Declension=== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''INDUCIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. ====Number==== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} ===Verbs=== The vast majority of verbs end in a short rounded vowel (ie y, œ, o, or u). Proto-Œkhen verbs are primarily modified by particles, which are ultimately totally optional. The only required verbal inflection in Proto-Œkhen is for verbs of motion. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Standard Gefall | '''eeli ditru''' | a/the horse walks |- ! Uberfall | '''eeli diitru''' | a/the horse walks across (object in locative) |- ! Eintrefall | '''eeli diβotru''' | a/the horse walks in(to) (object in locative) |- ! Ausfall | '''eeli noditru''' | a/the horse walks out (of) (object in locative) |- ! Obenfall | '''eeli ditruus''' | a/the horse walks over/above (object in genitive) |- ! Unterfall | '''eeli ditroos''' | a/the horse walks below/under (object in genitive) |} The vowels added in eintrefall, ausfall, and unterfall are determined with the table below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! When the final vowel is... ! The affixed vowel is... |- |y |i |- |u |o |- |œ |e |- |o |a |- |} ====Verb Particles==== There are several bound and unbound particles that modify various features of a verb phrase. ("Bound" and "unbound" in this article refer to the freedom of position the particle has with respect to the verb it modifies, ie bound particles must appear either before or after the verb, as dictated by the category of particle, but unbound particles may appear before or after.) The generally assumed version of each category is marked with †. =====Tense===== Tense particles are unbounded, meaning that they need only appear immediately adjacent to the verb they modify. "eeli ditru baj" and "eeli baj ditru" are equally valid constructions for the phrase "a/the horse will walk". * Distant Past - '''spola''' * Today Past - '''ehes''' * Present/Habitual† - '''βii''' * Future - '''baj''' =====Aspect===== Aspect particles are bounded to the front of the verb. Stress still falls on the first syllable of the verb proper. *Habitual (the action described occurs frequently, but no particular instance is under consideration) - '''ku-''' *Imperfective† (only a portion of the action is being considered, the action extends beyond the tense boundaries) - '''ynde-''' *Perfective (the action of the verb exists in its entirety within the tense boundary) - '''ten-''' =====Evidentiality===== Evidential particles are unbounded. *Direct Evidence† - '''faa''' *Inferential (the speaker saw circumstantial evidence) - '''dʷidet''' *Hearsay - '''ʒœr''' *Imagined/Dreamed - '''hined''' =====Mood===== Mood particles are bounded to the end of the verb. *Conditional - '''-fiinge''' *Imperative - '''-sa''' *Subjunctive (used in dependent clauses and negatives, and with the perfective aspect to form the future tense) - '''-der''' ====Substantive Prefixes==== Six prefixes may be added to verbs to form substantives based on factors involved in the verb, as follows. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | '''çy-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are different) | '''çykro''' | a/the person that kills |- ! Accusative | '''an-''' | That which is Xed | '''anhevmy''' | what is spoken (ie a speech) |- ! Inducive | '''bidi-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are the same) | '''bididitru''' | a/the thing that walks |- ! Genitive | '''ma-''' | instrument used to perform a specific action, or the indirect object | '''mamejœ''' | to whom/what something is given OR by what means something is given |- ! Locative | '''kazi-''' | where something occurs | '''kaziheritsu''' | place of eating |} These can be combined with any of the above verb particles, as well as nouns and pronouns, to substantivise more complex verb phrases. For example: =====Relative Clauses===== These are also used in relative clauses, with the relative particle '''afees'''. For example: duujuj afees spola ankro ʒaa - person RELATIVE DIST.PAST ACC-kill 1s - the person who I killed. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] fe6768e5f94ee1615df5803fbd264c798de9a857 Template:Continents of the world 10 136 1360 945 2014-03-09T03:48:04Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Continents of the world |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |title = Continents of the [[Gaia|world]] |bodyclass = hlist |liststyle = border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid; |list9style = border-bottom: 0; |groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; |list1 = <!-- Continents -->{{Navbox with columns|child |colwidth = 14% |colstyle = text-align:center; |col1 = [[File:Antarctic.png|85px|link=Antarctic]]<br />[[Antarctic]] |col2 = [[File:Archipelago.png|85px|link=Archipelago]]<br />[[Archipelago]] |col3 = [[File:Arctica.png|85px|link=Arctica]]<br />[[Arctica]] |col4 = [[File:Dateline.png|85px|link=Dateline]]<br />[[Dateline]] |col5 = [[File:Islandchain.png|85px|link=Island Chain]]<br />[[Island Chain]] |col6 = [[File:Omoserica.png|85px|link=Omoserica]]<br />[[Omoserica]] |col7 = [[File:Originalia.png|85px|link=Originalia]]<br />[[Originalia]] |col8 = [[File:Seforma.png|85px|link=Seforma]]<br />[[Seforma]] }} | group2='''[[Originalia]]''' | list2=[[Originalia#Climate|Climate]] • [[Originalia#Geology|Geology]] • [[Originalia#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Originalia#History|History]] | group3='''[[Omoserica]]''' | list3=[[Omoserica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Omoserica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Omoserica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group4='''[[Seforma]]''' | list4=[[Seforma#Climate|Climate]] • [[Seforma#Geology|Geology]] • [[Seforma#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] • [[Seforma#History|History]] | group5='''[[Dateline]]''' | list5=[[Dateline#Climate|Climate]] • [[Dateline#Geology|Geology]] • [[Dateline#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group6='''[[Archipelago]]''' | list6=[[Archipelago#Climate|Climate]] • [[Archipelago#Geology|Geology]] • [[Archipelago#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group7='''[[Island Chain]]''' | list7=[[Island Chain#Climate|Climate]] • [[Island Chain#Geology|Geology]] • [[Island Chain#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group8='''[[Arctica]]''' | list8=[[Arctica#Climate|Climate]] • [[Arctica#Geology|Geology]] • [[Arctica#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] | group9='''[[Antarctic]]''' | list9=[[Antarctic#Climate|Climate]] • [[Antarctic#Geology|Geology]] • [[Antarctic#Biodiversity|Biodiversity]] }} <noinclude> {{documentation}} <!---Please add metadata to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of the /doc subpage---> </noinclude> ea756e16a529a7dd036bae9326049a51931ffad4 Arctica 0 95 1361 1096 2014-03-09T03:49:49Z Manomow 3365071 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer <ref>Barren-ground caribou and Peary caribou.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Bog cotton *Dandelions *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Reindeer lichen <ref>Used to make Akvavit, glass decorations, and medicinal remedies.</ref> *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A small population of Woolly mammoths inhabit Thule (the island to the southwest) and are in the process of dying out due to the disappearance of their preferred habitat.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Arctic chars *Atlantic cod *Atlantic Puffins *Atlantic salmon *Atlantic wolffish *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks <ref>Found on the southern coast of the continent. Breeds on isolated rocky islands to discourage visitations by Polar bears and other predators.</ref> *Greenland cod *Greenland halibuts *Greenland sharks *Halibuts *Harbor seals *Harp seals *Humpback whales *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Rose fish *Trouts *Walruses <ref>Other populations exist off the northern coast of Dateline and Omoserica.</ref> *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Norway spruces *Siberian Spruces <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox 6b174d958d31f8170efd96adde76dcfe7024a57e 1362 1361 2014-03-09T03:50:06Z Manomow 3365071 /* See Also */ testing something wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer <ref>Barren-ground caribou and Peary caribou.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Bog cotton *Dandelions *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Reindeer lichen <ref>Used to make Akvavit, glass decorations, and medicinal remedies.</ref> *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Arctic ground squirrels *Arctic hares *Arctic Terns <ref>Migrate to Arctica every summer during their breeding season.</ref> *Arctic wolves *Ermines *Lemmings *Muskoxen <ref>Could potentially be domesticated to obtain Qiviut.</ref> *Polar bears *Snow Geese *Snowy Owls <ref>Extends into the tundra during breeding.</ref> *Tundra voles *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths <ref>A small population of Woolly mammoths inhabit Thule (the island to the southwest) and are in the process of dying out due to the disappearance of their preferred habitat.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Arctic chars *Atlantic cod *Atlantic Puffins *Atlantic salmon *Atlantic wolffish *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks <ref>Found on the southern coast of the continent. Breeds on isolated rocky islands to discourage visitations by Polar bears and other predators.</ref> *Greenland cod *Greenland halibuts *Greenland sharks *Halibuts *Harbor seals *Harp seals *Humpback whales *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Rose fish *Trouts *Walruses <ref>Other populations exist off the northern coast of Dateline and Omoserica.</ref> *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Norway spruces *Siberian Spruces <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 237cf671480c366c1b70f634604b7e2b2f1e3e2e Proto-Araqish dialects 0 213 1363 1152 2014-03-09T13:24:35Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Most distinctive features */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xaṣva''' [hɑʂʋɑ] | sea | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} b8e71ba933cbd9bb71d4d7fb2efb2fc5fc10df03 1364 1363 2014-03-09T13:45:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xaṣva''' [hɑʂʋɑ] | sea | | | | | | |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | | | | | | |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | | | | | | |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛg] | wolf | | | | | | |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | | | | | | |- | '''goṣ''' [goʂ] | coast, bank, edge | | | | | | |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | | | | | | |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | | | | | | |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | | | | | | |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | | | | | | |- | '''deṇsu''' [deŋsu] | sky | | | | | | |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | | | | | | |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | | | | | | |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | | | | | | |- | '''ġab''' [ɢɑb] | big, great | | | | | | |- | '''dôm''' [dɔːm] | thunder | | | | | | |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | | | | | | |- | '''dyǽr''' [djaːl] | mountain | | | | | | |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | | | | | | |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | | | | | | |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑnd] | source, spring | | | | | | |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e3fde28b79eefdad496d818a58db91f72ecd4b3e 1365 1364 2014-03-09T14:02:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xaṣva''' [hɑʂʋɑ] | sea | | | | | | |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | | | | | | |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | | | | | | |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛg] | wolf | | | | | | |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | | | | | | |- | '''goṣ''' [goʂ] | coast, bank, edge | | | | | | |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | | | | | | |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | | | | | | |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | | | | | | |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | | | | | | |- | '''deṇsu''' [deŋsu] | sky | | | | | | |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | | | | | | |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | | | | | | |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | | | | | | |- | '''ġab''' [ɢɑb] | big, great | | | | | | |- | '''dôm''' [dɔːm] | thunder | | | | | | |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | | | | | | |- | '''dyǽr''' [djaːl] | mountain | | | | | | |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | | | | | | |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | | | | | | |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑnd] | source, spring | | | | | | |- | '''min''' [] | man | | | | | | |- | '''tǽt''' [] | good | | | | | | |- | '''òr''' [] | one | | | | | | |- | '''ḍaxá''' [] | two | | | | | | |- | '''taryú''' [] | three | | | | | | |- | '''ambuqi''' [] | four | | | | | |- | '''khadru''' [] | five | | | | | | |- | '''khaṣdu''' [] | six | | | | | | |- | '''tôqtu''' [] | seven | | | | | | |- | '''kyáskhu''' [] | eight | | | | | | |- | '''davsu''' [] | nine | | | | | | |- | '''máthu''' [] | ten | | | | | | |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [] | twenty | | | | | | |- | '''mamêth''' [] | (one) hundred | | | | | | |- | '''varmêth''' [] | (one) thousand | | | | | | |- | '''meṣṭe''' [] | cat | | | | | | |- | '''xôg''' [] | fire | | | | | | |- | '''dumb''' [] | tree | | | | | | |- | '''bák''' [] | cow | | | | | | |- | '''agô''' [] | brother | | | | | | |- | '''súg''' [] | dog | | | | | | |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} bd6da209f937d7026259f97be19e0470915060a5 1366 1365 2014-03-09T14:09:14Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xaṣva''' [hɑʂʋɑ] | sea | | | | | | |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | | | | | | |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | | | | | | |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | | | | | | |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | | | | | | |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | | | | | | |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | | | | | | |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | | | | | | |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | | | | | | |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | | | | | | |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | | | | | | |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | | | | | | |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | | | | | | |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | | | | | | |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | | | | | | |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | | | | | | |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | | | | | | |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | | | | | | |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | | | | | | |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | | | | | | |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | | | | | | |- | '''min''' [min] | man | | | | | | |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | | | | | | |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | | | | | | |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | | | | | | |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | | | | | | |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | | | | | |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | | | | | | |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | | | | | | |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | | | | | | |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | | | | | | |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | | | | | | |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | | | | | | |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | | | | | | |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | | | | | | |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | | | | | | |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | | | | | | |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | | | | | | |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | | | | | | |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | | | | | | |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | | | | | | |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | | | | | | |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 855245233bdf152caebc68caf7bf3c0bd494869f 1367 1366 2014-03-09T14:23:01Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xaṣva''' [hɑʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːʂʋä] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6a4f9fe1063550bea414a018e6b7efd0db34f711 1369 1367 2014-03-09T14:50:38Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xaṣva''' [hɑʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðɔːm] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäl] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [eʂä] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} c97c25ac6adb8d8acc72515716516ee10c41b891 1370 1369 2014-03-09T15:03:36Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xaṣva''' [hɑʂʋɑ] | sea | [äsʋä] | [häʂʋä] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [] | [] | [] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f551439013dc5c5f4be629eb9dbf4f8e3d2d9d19 1371 1370 2014-03-09T15:56:19Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xaṣva''' [hɑʂʋɑ] | sea | [äsʋä] | [häʂʋä] | [ɔsʋɔ] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [densu] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [] | [] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 401f57e4a9fb87c2b197b8eac2084a6fd164b2be 1374 1371 2014-03-09T17:15:38Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xaṣva''' [hɑʂʋɑ] | sea | [äsʋä] | [häʂʋä] | [ɔsʋɔ] | [ɑʂʋɑ] | [] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛg] | [] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [densu] | [] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ae4fd7922e47923ee082eb19d22441106f1374be 1375 1374 2014-03-09T17:41:57Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [densu] | [dʰensu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} eeb91beb6c358fde2a98b849bb4b3a03b603540a Language 0 126 1379 1270 2014-03-09T22:54:18Z Manomow 3365071 started work on a clickable imagemap wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Araqish language|Araqish]] </imagemap> <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 6aed78c015b775ac64cac425e19fcedb9267ee66 1380 1379 2014-03-09T22:55:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Araqish languages|Araqish]] </imagemap> <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 4a899aaec4129508f87b944597fec9111a178d94 1381 1380 2014-03-09T22:56:41Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish languages|Araqish]] </imagemap> <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 8f3de57e1fec1aa86e6bcee56b713fa27393f506 1382 1381 2014-03-09T22:57:02Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] </imagemap> <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 22ac33dd89d11b6699c68d9ce2a058cb2d8ac88c 1383 1382 2014-03-09T23:04:42Z Manomow 3365071 added tinvok and hatlh wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] </imagemap> <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 668b5db618fa3bf0b6b433f8d97ae91e2bd042d7 Language 0 126 1384 1383 2014-03-09T23:35:57Z Manomow 3365071 originalia wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 356 352 482 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] </imagemap> <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 91c29d0dede9d47c250c0852634250fe74c9709d 1385 1384 2014-03-09T23:41:09Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] </imagemap> <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} f602966b7e7835fb31f9f3dd623f692d71e1dfde 1386 1385 2014-03-10T00:27:17Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] </imagemap> <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} b7620ed426f576d307e5239a05dfcd8723dddc99 1391 1386 2014-03-10T15:44:50Z Manomow 3365071 Omoserica Mapping wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 286 215 290 192 278 177 268 156 270 143 255 89 247 92 232 98 220 103 179 64 185 46 145 71 132 106 112 114 100 131 85 129 76 135 70 181 75 183 130 157 176 148 193 165 225 185 282 215 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 282 215 275 239 283 251 335 259 441 252 457 226 [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 290 192 277 177 279 169 296 174 301 156 320 138 331 150 344 143 363 149 396 156 [[New Language 2]] poly 344 143 363 149 396 156 433 154 441 153 466 138 467 129 449 130 420 120 406 121 394 124 379 115 365 124 351 122 343 128 [[New Language 1]] </imagemap> <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 8c9e1f3f695fa0fbc4efe38b1a9143cca9369bc5 1392 1391 2014-03-10T16:04:09Z Manomow 3365071 Eastern Seforma wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 286 215 290 192 278 177 268 156 270 143 255 89 247 92 232 98 220 103 179 64 185 46 145 71 132 106 112 114 100 131 85 129 76 135 70 181 75 183 130 157 176 148 193 165 225 185 282 215 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 282 215 275 239 283 251 335 259 441 252 457 226 [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 290 192 277 177 279 169 296 174 301 156 320 138 331 150 344 143 363 149 396 156 [[New Language 2]] poly 344 143 363 149 396 156 433 154 441 153 466 138 467 129 449 130 420 120 406 121 394 124 379 115 365 124 351 122 343 128 [[New Language 1]] poly 750 295 746 311 748 323 756 313 773 311781 320 788 336 796 361 791 366 773 364 752 351 751 344 733 327 733 311 736 308 731 293 735 286 [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] poly 750 295 774 287 778 293 773 302 763 307 746 311 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 744 226 738 225 729 231 719 247 719 299 733 311 737 308 731 293 735 286 738 281 731 274 739 265 741 248 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 773 302 779 293 798 303 819 300 843 310 863 330 874 352 868 370 829 378 820 373 819 359 823 347 807 341 786 320 [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] poly 820 373 819 359 816 351 807 349 796 366 803 374 805 384 [[New Language 8]] poly 805 384 803 374 791 366 773 364 759 364 752 370 738 367 727 360 721 359 716 370 718 375 733 377 741 380 771 381 793 397 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 811 418 785 407 786 417 795 423 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] </imagemap> <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} de40e738c7882fcf3096c19eefdfc565ad21e565 1393 1392 2014-03-10T16:05:57Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 286 215 290 192 278 177 268 156 270 143 255 89 247 92 232 98 220 103 179 64 185 46 145 71 132 106 112 114 100 131 85 129 76 135 70 181 75 183 130 157 176 148 193 165 225 185 282 215 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 282 215 275 239 283 251 335 259 441 252 457 226 [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 290 192 277 177 279 169 296 174 301 156 320 138 331 150 344 143 363 149 396 156 [[New Language 2]] poly 344 143 363 149 396 156 433 154 441 153 466 138 467 129 449 130 420 120 406 121 394 124 379 115 365 124 351 122 343 128 [[New Language 1]] poly 750 295 746 311 748 323 756 313 773 311 781 320 788 336 796 361 791 366 773 364 752 351 751 344 733 327 733 311 736 308 731 293 735 286 [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] poly 750 295 774 287 778 293 773 302 763 307 746 311 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 744 226 738 225 729 231 719 247 719 299 733 311 737 308 731 293 735 286 738 281 731 274 739 265 741 248 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 773 302 779 293 798 303 819 300 843 310 863 330 874 352 868 370 829 378 820 373 819 359 823 347 807 341 786 320 [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] poly 820 373 819 359 816 351 807 349 796 366 803 374 805 384 [[New Language 8]] poly 805 384 803 374 791 366 773 364 759 364 752 370 738 367 727 360 721 359 716 370 718 375 733 377 741 380 771 381 793 397 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 811 418 785 407 786 417 795 423 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] </imagemap> <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 6239e511fe1e91fd41f226fd492e4a96c148f8e5 1395 1393 2014-03-10T16:08:31Z Manomow 3365071 Gave Imagemap its own template wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {{LanguageImageMap}} <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} e46407d857fd3cce56fee8cb386bd938655cd6d3 1414 1395 2014-03-11T18:06:07Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {{LanguageImageMap}} <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|New Language 2}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 7b2ed06d2bb36ebaa6ece0ea33e99b6b08bc9db5 Proto-Œkhen language 0 175 1387 1348 2014-03-10T12:08:18Z 78.151.243.198 0 Added pronouns -The Majesty wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. Note 2: /ø/ is written œ ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/. Two different vowels appear adjacent to each other. Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Nouns=== ====Noun Cases==== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Inducive | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, indirect object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isabeleny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ====Noun Declension==== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''INDUCIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. =====Number===== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} ===Verbs=== The vast majority of verbs end in a short rounded vowel (ie y, œ, o, or u). Proto-Œkhen verbs are primarily modified by particles, which are ultimately totally optional. The only required verbal inflection in Proto-Œkhen is for verbs of motion. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Standard Gefall | '''eeli ditru''' | a/the horse walks |- ! Uberfall | '''eeli diitru''' | a/the horse walks across (object in locative) |- ! Eintrefall | '''eeli diβotru''' | a/the horse walks in(to) (object in locative) |- ! Ausfall | '''eeli noditru''' | a/the horse walks out (of) (object in locative) |- ! Obenfall | '''eeli ditruus''' | a/the horse walks over/above (object in genitive) |- ! Unterfall | '''eeli ditroos''' | a/the horse walks below/under (object in genitive) |} The vowels added in eintrefall, ausfall, and unterfall are determined with the table below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! When the final vowel is... ! The affixed vowel is... |- |y |i |- |u |o |- |œ |e |- |o |a |- |} ====Verb Particles==== There are several bound and unbound particles that modify various features of a verb phrase. ("Bound" and "unbound" in this article refer to the freedom of position the particle has with respect to the verb it modifies, ie bound particles must appear either before or after the verb, as dictated by the category of particle, but unbound particles may appear before or after.) The generally assumed version of each category is marked with †. =====Tense===== Tense particles are unbounded, meaning that they need only appear immediately adjacent to the verb they modify. "eeli ditru baj" and "eeli baj ditru" are equally valid constructions for the phrase "a/the horse will walk". * Distant Past - '''spola''' * Today Past - '''ehes''' * Present/Habitual† - '''βii''' * Future - '''baj''' =====Aspect===== Aspect particles are bounded to the front of the verb. Stress still falls on the first syllable of the verb proper. *Habitual (the action described occurs frequently, but no particular instance is under consideration) - '''ku-''' *Imperfective† (only a portion of the action is being considered, the action extends beyond the tense boundaries) - '''ynde-''' *Perfective (the action of the verb exists in its entirety within the tense boundary) - '''ten-''' =====Evidentiality===== Evidential particles are unbounded. *Direct Evidence† - '''faa''' *Inferential (the speaker saw circumstantial evidence) - '''dʷidet''' *Hearsay - '''ʒœr''' *Imagined/Dreamed - '''hined''' =====Mood===== Mood particles are bounded to the end of the verb. *Conditional - '''-fiinge''' *Imperative - '''-sa''' *Subjunctive (used in dependent clauses and negatives, and with the perfective aspect to form the future tense) - '''-der''' ====Substantive Prefixes==== Six prefixes may be added to verbs to form substantives based on factors involved in the verb, as follows. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | '''çy-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are different) | '''çykro''' | a/the person that kills |- ! Accusative | '''an-''' | That which is Xed | '''anhevmy''' | what is spoken (ie a speech) |- ! Inducive | '''bidi-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are the same) | '''bididitru''' | a/the thing that walks |- ! Genitive | '''ma-''' | instrument used to perform a specific action, or the indirect object | '''mamejœ''' | to whom/what something is given OR by what means something is given |- ! Locative | '''kazi-''' | where something occurs | '''kaziheritsu''' | place of eating |} These can be combined with any of the above verb particles, as well as nouns and pronouns, to substantivise more complex verb phrases. For example: =====Relative Clauses===== These are also used in relative clauses, with the relative particle '''afees'''. For example: :Duujuj afees spola ankro ʒaa - person RELATIVE DIST.PAST ACC-kill 1s - the person who I killed. ===Pronouns=== ====Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;" ! rowspan=2 | Person ! rowspan=2 | First ! rowspan=2 |Second ! colspan=2 | Third Animate ! colspan=2 | Third Inanimate |- ! Proximal ! Distal ! Proximal ! Distal |- ! Nominative | fee | ma | lika | dwaaj | istee | harma |- ! Accusative | fekwa | meβe | reegsa | dvas | isese | haalma |- ! Inducive | fin | ma | ele | tu | ysta | ataz |- ! Genitive | vœz | baan | arii | tuu | iizden | hetsam |- ! Locative | fyky | mahœ | el | dwany | istœœ | aham |- ! Vocative | we | oma | yka | dwaaj | isteste | halalam |} NOTE: "Inanimate" refers to the grouping of Vegetal and Mineral classes, while "animate" refers to the grouping of Animal and Spiritual. Substantive prefix ma- and kazi- may be added to the inanimate pronouns to form "in this/that manner", and "here/there". ====Interrogative Pronouns==== Interrogative clauses are formed using verbs affixed by the substantive prefixes described above, along with the interrogative particle '''avi'''. For example: :Ankro ehes avi? - ACC-kill PAST IRGV - Who was killed? :Fini kazidiβotru baj avi? - 1pl.IDC LOC-walk.EIN FUTR IRGV - Whither will we walk? :Dwaaj mahevmy avi? - 3sn.DIST.NOM GEN-speak IRGV - How did he speak? (ie using which language did he speak?) When there is no verb to assign a substantive prefix to, and also when the verb can be inferred, the verb can be elided and the prefix can be bound directly to the interrogative particle. For example, the second line in this short conversation: :'''A:''' Tu noβojsœ kaziistee - He ran out of here. :'''B:''' Bidavi? - Who [ran out of here]? == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] c394eb8663bced4ae19209a4acd06d56ff0c6489 1388 1387 2014-03-10T12:11:56Z 78.151.243.198 0 /* Phonotactics */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. Note 2: /ø/ is written œ ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/. Two different vowels may not appear adjacent to each other. Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Nouns=== ====Noun Cases==== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Inducive | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, indirect object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isabeleny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ====Noun Declension==== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''INDUCIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. =====Number===== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} ===Verbs=== The vast majority of verbs end in a short rounded vowel (ie y, œ, o, or u). Proto-Œkhen verbs are primarily modified by particles, which are ultimately totally optional. The only required verbal inflection in Proto-Œkhen is for verbs of motion. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Standard Gefall | '''eeli ditru''' | a/the horse walks |- ! Uberfall | '''eeli diitru''' | a/the horse walks across (object in locative) |- ! Eintrefall | '''eeli diβotru''' | a/the horse walks in(to) (object in locative) |- ! Ausfall | '''eeli noditru''' | a/the horse walks out (of) (object in locative) |- ! Obenfall | '''eeli ditruus''' | a/the horse walks over/above (object in genitive) |- ! Unterfall | '''eeli ditroos''' | a/the horse walks below/under (object in genitive) |} The vowels added in eintrefall, ausfall, and unterfall are determined with the table below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! When the final vowel is... ! The affixed vowel is... |- |y |i |- |u |o |- |œ |e |- |o |a |- |} ====Verb Particles==== There are several bound and unbound particles that modify various features of a verb phrase. ("Bound" and "unbound" in this article refer to the freedom of position the particle has with respect to the verb it modifies, ie bound particles must appear either before or after the verb, as dictated by the category of particle, but unbound particles may appear before or after.) The generally assumed version of each category is marked with †. =====Tense===== Tense particles are unbounded, meaning that they need only appear immediately adjacent to the verb they modify. "eeli ditru baj" and "eeli baj ditru" are equally valid constructions for the phrase "a/the horse will walk". * Distant Past - '''spola''' * Today Past - '''ehes''' * Present/Habitual† - '''βii''' * Future - '''baj''' =====Aspect===== Aspect particles are bounded to the front of the verb. Stress still falls on the first syllable of the verb proper. *Habitual (the action described occurs frequently, but no particular instance is under consideration) - '''ku-''' *Imperfective† (only a portion of the action is being considered, the action extends beyond the tense boundaries) - '''ynde-''' *Perfective (the action of the verb exists in its entirety within the tense boundary) - '''ten-''' =====Evidentiality===== Evidential particles are unbounded. *Direct Evidence† - '''faa''' *Inferential (the speaker saw circumstantial evidence) - '''dʷidet''' *Hearsay - '''ʒœr''' *Imagined/Dreamed - '''hined''' =====Mood===== Mood particles are bounded to the end of the verb. *Conditional - '''-fiinge''' *Imperative - '''-sa''' *Subjunctive (used in dependent clauses and negatives, and with the perfective aspect to form the future tense) - '''-der''' ====Substantive Prefixes==== Six prefixes may be added to verbs to form substantives based on factors involved in the verb, as follows. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | '''çy-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are different) | '''çykro''' | a/the person that kills |- ! Accusative | '''an-''' | That which is Xed | '''anhevmy''' | what is spoken (ie a speech) |- ! Inducive | '''bidi-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are the same) | '''bididitru''' | a/the thing that walks |- ! Genitive | '''ma-''' | instrument used to perform a specific action, or the indirect object | '''mamejœ''' | to whom/what something is given OR by what means something is given |- ! Locative | '''kazi-''' | where something occurs | '''kaziheritsu''' | place of eating |} These can be combined with any of the above verb particles, as well as nouns and pronouns, to substantivise more complex verb phrases. For example: =====Relative Clauses===== These are also used in relative clauses, with the relative particle '''afees'''. For example: :Duujuj afees spola ankro ʒaa - person RELATIVE DIST.PAST ACC-kill 1s - the person who I killed. ===Pronouns=== ====Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;" ! rowspan=2 | Person ! rowspan=2 | First ! rowspan=2 |Second ! colspan=2 | Third Animate ! colspan=2 | Third Inanimate |- ! Proximal ! Distal ! Proximal ! Distal |- ! Nominative | fee | ma | lika | dwaaj | istee | harma |- ! Accusative | fekwa | meβe | reegsa | dvas | isese | haalma |- ! Inducive | fin | ma | ele | tu | ysta | ataz |- ! Genitive | vœz | baan | arii | tuu | iizden | hetsam |- ! Locative | fyky | mahœ | el | dwany | istœœ | aham |- ! Vocative | we | oma | yka | dwaaj | isteste | halalam |} NOTE: "Inanimate" refers to the grouping of Vegetal and Mineral classes, while "animate" refers to the grouping of Animal and Spiritual. Substantive prefix ma- and kazi- may be added to the inanimate pronouns to form "in this/that manner", and "here/there". ====Interrogative Pronouns==== Interrogative clauses are formed using verbs affixed by the substantive prefixes described above, along with the interrogative particle '''avi'''. For example: :Ankro ehes avi? - ACC-kill PAST IRGV - Who was killed? :Fini kazidiβotru baj avi? - 1pl.IDC LOC-walk.EIN FUTR IRGV - Whither will we walk? :Dwaaj mahevmy avi? - 3sn.DIST.NOM GEN-speak IRGV - How did he speak? (ie using which language did he speak?) When there is no verb to assign a substantive prefix to, and also when the verb can be inferred, the verb can be elided and the prefix can be bound directly to the interrogative particle. For example, the second line in this short conversation: :'''A:''' Tu noβojsœ kaziistee - He ran out of here. :'''B:''' Bidavi? - Who [ran out of here]? == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] 5e21b3506bfb73f864c3d80ea5633543fac80bc5 1416 1388 2014-03-11T18:07:04Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoSazāzasōj.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. Note 2: /ø/ is written œ ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/. Two different vowels may not appear adjacent to each other. Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Nouns=== ====Noun Cases==== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Inducive | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, indirect object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isabeleny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ====Noun Declension==== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''INDUCIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. =====Number===== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} ===Verbs=== The vast majority of verbs end in a short rounded vowel (ie y, œ, o, or u). Proto-Œkhen verbs are primarily modified by particles, which are ultimately totally optional. The only required verbal inflection in Proto-Œkhen is for verbs of motion. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Standard Gefall | '''eeli ditru''' | a/the horse walks |- ! Uberfall | '''eeli diitru''' | a/the horse walks across (object in locative) |- ! Eintrefall | '''eeli diβotru''' | a/the horse walks in(to) (object in locative) |- ! Ausfall | '''eeli noditru''' | a/the horse walks out (of) (object in locative) |- ! Obenfall | '''eeli ditruus''' | a/the horse walks over/above (object in genitive) |- ! Unterfall | '''eeli ditroos''' | a/the horse walks below/under (object in genitive) |} The vowels added in eintrefall, ausfall, and unterfall are determined with the table below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! When the final vowel is... ! The affixed vowel is... |- |y |i |- |u |o |- |œ |e |- |o |a |- |} ====Verb Particles==== There are several bound and unbound particles that modify various features of a verb phrase. ("Bound" and "unbound" in this article refer to the freedom of position the particle has with respect to the verb it modifies, ie bound particles must appear either before or after the verb, as dictated by the category of particle, but unbound particles may appear before or after.) The generally assumed version of each category is marked with †. =====Tense===== Tense particles are unbounded, meaning that they need only appear immediately adjacent to the verb they modify. "eeli ditru baj" and "eeli baj ditru" are equally valid constructions for the phrase "a/the horse will walk". * Distant Past - '''spola''' * Today Past - '''ehes''' * Present/Habitual† - '''βii''' * Future - '''baj''' =====Aspect===== Aspect particles are bounded to the front of the verb. Stress still falls on the first syllable of the verb proper. *Habitual (the action described occurs frequently, but no particular instance is under consideration) - '''ku-''' *Imperfective† (only a portion of the action is being considered, the action extends beyond the tense boundaries) - '''ynde-''' *Perfective (the action of the verb exists in its entirety within the tense boundary) - '''ten-''' =====Evidentiality===== Evidential particles are unbounded. *Direct Evidence† - '''faa''' *Inferential (the speaker saw circumstantial evidence) - '''dʷidet''' *Hearsay - '''ʒœr''' *Imagined/Dreamed - '''hined''' =====Mood===== Mood particles are bounded to the end of the verb. *Conditional - '''-fiinge''' *Imperative - '''-sa''' *Subjunctive (used in dependent clauses and negatives, and with the perfective aspect to form the future tense) - '''-der''' ====Substantive Prefixes==== Six prefixes may be added to verbs to form substantives based on factors involved in the verb, as follows. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | '''çy-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are different) | '''çykro''' | a/the person that kills |- ! Accusative | '''an-''' | That which is Xed | '''anhevmy''' | what is spoken (ie a speech) |- ! Inducive | '''bidi-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are the same) | '''bididitru''' | a/the thing that walks |- ! Genitive | '''ma-''' | instrument used to perform a specific action, or the indirect object | '''mamejœ''' | to whom/what something is given OR by what means something is given |- ! Locative | '''kazi-''' | where something occurs | '''kaziheritsu''' | place of eating |} These can be combined with any of the above verb particles, as well as nouns and pronouns, to substantivise more complex verb phrases. For example: =====Relative Clauses===== These are also used in relative clauses, with the relative particle '''afees'''. For example: :Duujuj afees spola ankro ʒaa - person RELATIVE DIST.PAST ACC-kill 1s - the person who I killed. ===Pronouns=== ====Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;" ! rowspan=2 | Person ! rowspan=2 | First ! rowspan=2 |Second ! colspan=2 | Third Animate ! colspan=2 | Third Inanimate |- ! Proximal ! Distal ! Proximal ! Distal |- ! Nominative | fee | ma | lika | dwaaj | istee | harma |- ! Accusative | fekwa | meβe | reegsa | dvas | isese | haalma |- ! Inducive | fin | ma | ele | tu | ysta | ataz |- ! Genitive | vœz | baan | arii | tuu | iizden | hetsam |- ! Locative | fyky | mahœ | el | dwany | istœœ | aham |- ! Vocative | we | oma | yka | dwaaj | isteste | halalam |} NOTE: "Inanimate" refers to the grouping of Vegetal and Mineral classes, while "animate" refers to the grouping of Animal and Spiritual. Substantive prefix ma- and kazi- may be added to the inanimate pronouns to form "in this/that manner", and "here/there". ====Interrogative Pronouns==== Interrogative clauses are formed using verbs affixed by the substantive prefixes described above, along with the interrogative particle '''avi'''. For example: :Ankro ehes avi? - ACC-kill PAST IRGV - Who was killed? :Fini kazidiβotru baj avi? - 1pl.IDC LOC-walk.EIN FUTR IRGV - Whither will we walk? :Dwaaj mahevmy avi? - 3sn.DIST.NOM GEN-speak IRGV - How did he speak? (ie using which language did he speak?) When there is no verb to assign a substantive prefix to, and also when the verb can be inferred, the verb can be elided and the prefix can be bound directly to the interrogative particle. For example, the second line in this short conversation: :'''A:''' Tu noβojsœ kaziistee - He ran out of here. :'''B:''' Bidavi? - Who [ran out of here]? == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] cb21409213f2d8ae3024a1b5cb0a6b0b72448b6b Proto-Araqish dialects 0 213 1389 1375 2014-03-10T14:36:50Z Artaxes 3370985 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [densu] | [dʰensu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} 3dd709d1243408a1161ad9ccdcae2b8d6e0a50b3 1397 1389 2014-03-10T16:50:17Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == ''/Wordlist is still under construction./'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [densu] | [dʰensu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰyos] | wise | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ala''' [ɑlɑ] | eye | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢoːl] | round, globular object | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} 9ee527d961f98fb29007fecbd7a1e539839f79ed 1398 1397 2014-03-10T19:33:52Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == ''/Wordlist is still under construction./'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [densu] | [dʰensu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [nä] | [nä] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] | [nɔ] | [] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [kuː] | [] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːx] | [] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [säː] | [ʂäː] | [sɔː] | [ʂɑː] | [xɔː] | [] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢɔː] | [gɑː] | [gʰɔː] | [] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] | [] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [oːmä] | [oːmä] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] | [oːmɔ] | [] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːhä] | [ɛːsä] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] | [ɛːsɔ] | [] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [moːðʰ] | [moːdʰ] | [moːd] | [moːd] | [moːdʰ] | [] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bɔːbɔː] | [bɑːbɑː] | [bʰɔːbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [quːn] | [ʔuːn] | [quːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] | [] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰjos] | wise | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [] |- | '''ala''' [ɑɾɑ] | eye | [äɾä] | [äɾä] | [ɔrɔ] | [ɑrɑ] | [ɔɺɔ] | [] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [gʰint] | [gʰint] | [gint] | [ɟint] | [ɟʰint] | [] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] | round, globular object | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢoːl] | [goːl] | [gʰoːɺ] | [] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢɔːnɔː] | [gɑːnɑː] | [gʰɔːnɔː] | [] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [θʰäːðʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːdʰ] | [] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [mʋäl] | [mʋäl] | [mʋɔl] | [mʋɑl] | [mʋɔɺ] | [] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [qubʰmä] | [ʔubʰmä] | [qubmɔ] | [kubmɑ] | [kuːbʰmɔ] | [] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ixpɛː] | [] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [bʰäːkep] | [bʰäːkep] | [bɔkep] | [bʰɑːcep] | [bʰɔːcep] | [] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [bʰäkθän] | [bʰäktän] | [bɔktɔn] | [bɑktɑn] | [bʰɔctɔn] | [] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [puːɾuː] | [puːɾuː] | [puːruː] | [puːruː] | [puːɺuː] | [] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [mɔːʋθʰäːðʰäh] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰäs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɑs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɔs] | [] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːnðʰ] | [bɔːnd] | [bɔːnd] | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [gʰonðʰel] | [gʰondʰel] | [gondel] | [ɟondel] | [ɟʰondʰeɺ] | [] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [ɔːgʰðʰel] | [hɔːgʰdʰel] | [ɔːgdel] | [ɔːɟdel] | [ɔːɟʰdʰel] | [] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [ägʰɔːnän] | [ägʰɔːnɛn] | [ɔgɔːnan] | [ɑɟɔːnan] | [ɔɟʰɔːnan] | [] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [mäːθθʰän] | [mɛːtʰtʰän] | [maːddɔn] | [maːddɑn] | [maːddʰɔn] | [] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [mäːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdʰmi] | [] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [huːkt͡sʰäp] | [suːkʰt͡sʰäp] | [suːktʰjɔp] | [suːctjɑp] | [suːɟdʰjɔp] | [] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [bʰäːbʰäːkänθ] | [bʰäbʰäːkänt] | [bɔːbɔːkɔnt] | [bɑːbɑːcɑnt] | [bʰɔːbʰɔːcɔnt] | [] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːc] | [puːɺuːʋiːc] | [] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [d͡zʰäːldʰäː] | [d͡zʰɛːldʰäː] | [djaːldɔː] | [djaːldɑː] | [dʰjaːɺdʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [kʰäːsäː] | [kʰäːʂäː] | [kʰɔːsɔː] | [cʰɑːʂɑː] | [cʰɔːxɔː] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [sʋäːlnän] | [ʂʋäːlnɛn] | [sʋaːlnan] | [ʂʋaːlnan] | [xʋaːɺnan] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [sʋäːl] | [ʂʋäːl] | [sʋaːl] | [ʂʋaːl] | [xʋaːl] | [] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} 67bd2c8692028719f1bf5e81a5b4c33ac61dd846 1401 1398 2014-03-10T20:37:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == ''/Wordlist is still under construction./'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [deɲsu] | [dʰeɲsu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [nä] | [nä] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] | [nɔ] | [] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [kuː] | [] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːx] | [] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [säː] | [ʂäː] | [sɔː] | [ʂɑː] | [xɔː] | [] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢɔː] | [gɑː] | [gʰɔː] | [] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] | [] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [oːmä] | [oːmä] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] | [oːmɔ] | [] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːhä] | [ɛːsä] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] | [ɛːsɔ] | [] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [moːðʰ] | [moːdʰ] | [moːd] | [moːd] | [moːdʰ] | [] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bɔːbɔː] | [bɑːbɑː] | [bʰɔːbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [quːn] | [ʔuːn] | [quːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] | [] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰjos] | wise | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [] |- | '''ala''' [ɑɾɑ] | eye | [äɾä] | [äɾä] | [ɔrɔ] | [ɑrɑ] | [ɔɺɔ] | [] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [gʰint] | [gʰint] | [gint] | [ɟint] | [ɟʰint] | [] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] | round, globular object | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢoːl] | [goːl] | [gʰoːɺ] | [] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢɔːnɔː] | [gɑːnɑː] | [gʰɔːnɔː] | [] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [θʰäːðʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːdʰ] | [] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [mʋäl] | [mʋäl] | [mʋɔl] | [mʋɑl] | [mʋɔɺ] | [] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [qubʰmä] | [ʔubʰmä] | [qubmɔ] | [kubmɑ] | [kuːbʰmɔ] | [] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ixpɛː] | [] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [bʰäːkep] | [bʰäːkep] | [bɔkep] | [bʰɑːcep] | [bʰɔːcep] | [] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [bʰäkθän] | [bʰäktän] | [bɔktɔn] | [bɑktɑn] | [bʰɔctɔn] | [] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [puːɾuː] | [puːɾuː] | [puːruː] | [puːruː] | [puːɺuː] | [] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [mɔːʋθʰäːðʰäh] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰäs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɑs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɔs] | [] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːnðʰ] | [bɔːnd] | [bɔːnd] | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [gʰonðʰel] | [gʰondʰel] | [gondel] | [ɟondel] | [ɟʰondʰeɺ] | [] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [ɔːgʰðʰel] | [hɔːgʰdʰel] | [ɔːgdel] | [ɔːɟdel] | [ɔːɟʰdʰel] | [] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [ägʰɔːnän] | [ägʰɔːnɛn] | [ɔgɔːnan] | [ɑɟɔːnan] | [ɔɟʰɔːnan] | [] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [mäːθθʰän] | [mɛːtʰtʰän] | [maːddɔn] | [maːddɑn] | [maːddʰɔn] | [] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [mäːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdʰmi] | [] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [huːkt͡sʰäp] | [suːkʰt͡sʰäp] | [suːktʰjɔp] | [suːctjɑp] | [suːɟdʰjɔp] | [] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [bʰäːbʰäːkänθ] | [bʰäbʰäːkänt] | [bɔːbɔːkɔnt] | [bɑːbɑːcɑnt] | [bʰɔːbʰɔːcɔnt] | [] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːc] | [puːɺuːʋiːc] | [] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [d͡zʰäːldʰäː] | [d͡zʰɛːldʰäː] | [djaːldɔː] | [djaːldɑː] | [dʰjaːɺdʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [kʰäːsäː] | [kʰäːʂäː] | [kʰɔːsɔː] | [cʰɑːʂɑː] | [cʰɔːxɔː] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [sʋäːlnän] | [ʂʋäːlnɛn] | [sʋaːlnan] | [ʂʋaːlnan] | [xʋaːɺnan] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [sʋäːl] | [ʂʋäːl] | [sʋaːl] | [ʂʋaːl] | [xʋaːl] | [] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] | [] |- | '''keṇk''' [keŋk] | wheel | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [ceɲc] | [ceɲc] | [] |- | '''phôr''' [pʰɔːl] | front | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] | side of body | [bʰjäːh] | [bʰjɛːs] | [bjaːs] | [bjaːs] | [bʰjaːs] | [] |- | '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] | high | [ɢʰiːθʰ] | [ɢʰiːtʰ] | [ɢiːtʰ] | [giːtʰ] | [gʰiːtʰ] | [] |- | '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑː] | deity | [ɢʰiːððʰäː] | [ɢʰiːdʰdʰäː] | [ɢiːddɔː] | [giːddɑː] | [gʰiːddʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] | shooter | [kustθän] | [kuʂʈtän] | [kusttɔn] | [kuʂʈtɑn] | [kuxktɔn] | [] |- | '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] | flower | [ɾänθeː] | [ɾänteː] | [rɔnteː] | [rɑnteː] | [ɺɔnteː] | [] |- | '''rár''' [rɑːl] | sunshine | [ɾäːl] | [ɾäːl] | [rɔːl] | [rɑːl] | [ɺɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''xǽy''' [haːj] | warm | [äːj] | [hɛːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [] |- | '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] | full | [qʰäːp] | [qʰäːp] | [qʰɔːp] | [kʰɑːp] | [kʰɔːp] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} 69765470715f7a54c631586b4c752f0d5c1280d0 1402 1401 2014-03-10T21:37:17Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == ''/Wordlist is still under construction./'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [deɲsu] | [dʰeɲsu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [nä] | [nä] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] | [nɔ] | [] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [kuː] | [] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːx] | [] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [säː] | [ʂäː] | [sɔː] | [ʂɑː] | [xɔː] | [] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢɔː] | [gɑː] | [gʰɔː] | [] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] | [] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [oːmä] | [oːmä] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] | [oːmɔ] | [] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːhä] | [ɛːsä] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] | [ɛːsɔ] | [] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [moːðʰ] | [moːdʰ] | [moːd] | [moːd] | [moːdʰ] | [] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bɔːbɔː] | [bɑːbɑː] | [bʰɔːbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [quːn] | [ʔuːn] | [quːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] | [] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰjos] | wise | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [] |- | '''ala''' [ɑɾɑ] | eye | [äɾä] | [äɾä] | [ɔrɔ] | [ɑrɑ] | [ɔɺɔ] | [] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [gʰint] | [gʰint] | [gint] | [ɟint] | [ɟʰint] | [] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] | round, globular object | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢoːl] | [goːl] | [gʰoːɺ] | [] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢɔːnɔː] | [gɑːnɑː] | [gʰɔːnɔː] | [] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [θʰäːðʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːdʰ] | [] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [mʋäl] | [mʋäl] | [mʋɔl] | [mʋɑl] | [mʋɔɺ] | [] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [qubʰmä] | [ʔubʰmä] | [qubmɔ] | [kubmɑ] | [kuːbʰmɔ] | [] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ixpɛː] | [] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [bʰäːkep] | [bʰäːkep] | [bɔkep] | [bʰɑːcep] | [bʰɔːcep] | [] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [bʰäkθän] | [bʰäktän] | [bɔktɔn] | [bɑktɑn] | [bʰɔctɔn] | [] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [puːɾuː] | [puːɾuː] | [puːruː] | [puːruː] | [puːɺuː] | [] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [mɔːʋθʰäːðʰäh] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰäs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɑs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɔs] | [] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːnðʰ] | [bɔːnd] | [bɔːnd] | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [gʰonðʰel] | [gʰondʰel] | [gondel] | [ɟondel] | [ɟʰondʰeɺ] | [] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [ɔːgʰðʰel] | [hɔːgʰdʰel] | [ɔːgdel] | [ɔːɟdel] | [ɔːɟʰdʰel] | [] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [ägʰɔːnän] | [ägʰɔːnɛn] | [ɔgɔːnan] | [ɑɟɔːnan] | [ɔɟʰɔːnan] | [] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [mäːθθʰän] | [mɛːtʰtʰän] | [maːddɔn] | [maːddɑn] | [maːddʰɔn] | [] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [mäːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdʰmi] | [] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [huːkt͡sʰäp] | [suːkʰt͡sʰäp] | [suːktʰjɔp] | [suːctjɑp] | [suːɟdʰjɔp] | [] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [bʰäːbʰäːkänθ] | [bʰäbʰäːkänt] | [bɔːbɔːkɔnt] | [bɑːbɑːcɑnt] | [bʰɔːbʰɔːcɔnt] | [] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːc] | [puːɺuːʋiːc] | [] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [d͡zʰäːldʰäː] | [d͡zʰɛːldʰäː] | [djaːldɔː] | [djaːldɑː] | [dʰjaːɺdʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [kʰäːsäː] | [kʰäːʂäː] | [kʰɔːsɔː] | [cʰɑːʂɑː] | [cʰɔːxɔː] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [sʋäːlnän] | [ʂʋäːlnɛn] | [sʋaːlnan] | [ʂʋaːlnan] | [xʋaːɺnan] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [sʋäːl] | [ʂʋäːl] | [sʋaːl] | [ʂʋaːl] | [xʋaːl] | [] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] | [] |- | '''keṇk''' [keŋk] | wheel | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [ceɲc] | [ceɲc] | [] |- | '''phôr''' [pʰɔːl] | front | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] | side of body | [bʰjäːh] | [bʰjɛːs] | [bjaːs] | [bjaːs] | [bʰjaːs] | [] |- | '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] | high | [ɢʰiːθʰ] | [ɢʰiːtʰ] | [ɢiːtʰ] | [giːtʰ] | [gʰiːtʰ] | [] |- | '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑː] | deity | [ɢʰiːððʰäː] | [ɢʰiːdʰdʰäː] | [ɢiːddɔː] | [giːddɑː] | [gʰiːddʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] | shooter | [kustθän] | [kuʂʈtän] | [kusttɔn] | [kuʂʈtɑn] | [kuxktɔn] | [] |- | '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] | flower | [ɾänθeː] | [ɾänteː] | [rɔnteː] | [rɑnteː] | [ɺɔnteː] | [] |- | '''rár''' [rɑːl] | sunshine | [ɾäːl] | [ɾäːl] | [rɔːl] | [rɑːl] | [ɺɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''xǽy''' [haːj] | warm | [äːj] | [hɛːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [] |- | '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] | full | [qʰäːp] | [qʰäːp] | [qʰɔːp] | [kʰɑːp] | [kʰɔːp] | [] |- | '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] | word | [ɾ̝äːs] | [ɾ̝ɛːʂ] | [r̝aːs] | [raːʂ] | [ɺaːx] | [] |- | '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | wild | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʋɔlɢ] | [gʋɔlg] | [gʰʋɔɺg] | [] |- | '''kasik''' [kɑsik] | garlic | [kähik] | [käsik] | [kɔsik] | [cɑsic] | [cɔsic] | [] |- | '''mesin''' [mesin] | cherry | [mehin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [] |- | '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] | olive | [θʰɔqi] | [tʰɔʔi] | [tʰɔqi] | [tʰɔki] | [tʰɔki] | [] |- | '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] | cotton | [ʋätʰäː] | [ʋɛtʰɛː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [] |- | '''bís''' [bʰiːs] | bee | [bʰiːh] | [bʰiːs] | [biːs] | [biːs] | [bʰiːs] | [] |- | '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] | plum | [t͡sʰɛs] | [t͡sʰɛʂ] | [tʰjɛs] | [tʰjɛʂ] | [tʰjɛx] | [] |- | '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] | flax | [ɛmɛ] | [hɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [] |- | '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] | dhole | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gɔːˈɔn] | [ɟɑːˈɔn] | [ɟɔːˈɔn] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} 113394a757375eb40f810244a87e5373ab707e84 1403 1402 2014-03-10T22:08:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == ''/Wordlist is still under construction./'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [deɲsu] | [dʰeɲsu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [nä] | [nä] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] | [nɔ] | [] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [kuː] | [] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːx] | [] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [säː] | [ʂäː] | [sɔː] | [ʂɑː] | [xɔː] | [] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢɔː] | [gɑː] | [gʰɔː] | [] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] | [] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [oːmä] | [oːmä] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] | [oːmɔ] | [] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːhä] | [ɛːsä] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] | [ɛːsɔ] | [] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [moːðʰ] | [moːdʰ] | [moːd] | [moːd] | [moːdʰ] | [] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bɔːbɔː] | [bɑːbɑː] | [bʰɔːbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [quːn] | [ʔuːn] | [quːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] | [] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰjos] | wise | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [] |- | '''ala''' [ɑɾɑ] | eye | [äɾä] | [äɾä] | [ɔrɔ] | [ɑrɑ] | [ɔɺɔ] | [] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [gʰint] | [gʰint] | [gint] | [ɟint] | [ɟʰint] | [] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] | round, globular object | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢoːl] | [goːl] | [gʰoːɺ] | [] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢɔːnɔː] | [gɑːnɑː] | [gʰɔːnɔː] | [] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [θʰäːðʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːdʰ] | [] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [mʋäl] | [mʋäl] | [mʋɔl] | [mʋɑl] | [mʋɔɺ] | [] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [qubʰmä] | [ʔubʰmä] | [qubmɔ] | [kubmɑ] | [kuːbʰmɔ] | [] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ixpɛː] | [] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [bʰäːkep] | [bʰäːkep] | [bɔkep] | [bʰɑːcep] | [bʰɔːcep] | [] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [bʰäkθän] | [bʰäktän] | [bɔktɔn] | [bɑktɑn] | [bʰɔctɔn] | [] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [puːɾuː] | [puːɾuː] | [puːruː] | [puːruː] | [puːɺuː] | [] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [mɔːʋθʰäːðʰäh] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰäs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɑs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɔs] | [] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːnðʰ] | [bɔːnd] | [bɔːnd] | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [gʰonðʰel] | [gʰondʰel] | [gondel] | [ɟondel] | [ɟʰondʰeɺ] | [] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [ɔːgʰðʰel] | [hɔːgʰdʰel] | [ɔːgdel] | [ɔːɟdel] | [ɔːɟʰdʰel] | [] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [ägʰɔːnän] | [ägʰɔːnɛn] | [ɔgɔːnan] | [ɑɟɔːnan] | [ɔɟʰɔːnan] | [] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [mäːθθʰän] | [mɛːtʰtʰän] | [maːddɔn] | [maːddɑn] | [maːddʰɔn] | [] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [mäːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdʰmi] | [] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [huːkt͡sʰäp] | [suːkʰt͡sʰäp] | [suːktʰjɔp] | [suːctjɑp] | [suːɟdʰjɔp] | [] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [bʰäːbʰäːkänθ] | [bʰäbʰäːkänt] | [bɔːbɔːkɔnt] | [bɑːbɑːcɑnt] | [bʰɔːbʰɔːcɔnt] | [] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːc] | [puːɺuːʋiːc] | [] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [d͡zʰäːldʰäː] | [d͡zʰɛːldʰäː] | [djaːldɔː] | [djaːldɑː] | [dʰjaːɺdʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [kʰäːsäː] | [kʰäːʂäː] | [kʰɔːsɔː] | [cʰɑːʂɑː] | [cʰɔːxɔː] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [sʋäːlnän] | [ʂʋäːlnɛn] | [sʋaːlnan] | [ʂʋaːlnan] | [xʋaːɺnan] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [sʋäːl] | [ʂʋäːl] | [sʋaːl] | [ʂʋaːl] | [xʋaːl] | [] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] | [] |- | '''keṇk''' [keŋk] | wheel | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [ceɲc] | [ceɲc] | [] |- | '''phôr''' [pʰɔːl] | front | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] | side of body | [bʰjäːh] | [bʰjɛːs] | [bjaːs] | [bjaːs] | [bʰjaːs] | [] |- | '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] | high | [ɢʰiːθʰ] | [ɢʰiːtʰ] | [ɢiːtʰ] | [giːtʰ] | [gʰiːtʰ] | [] |- | '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑː] | deity | [ɢʰiːððʰäː] | [ɢʰiːdʰdʰäː] | [ɢiːddɔː] | [giːddɑː] | [gʰiːddʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] | shooter | [kustθän] | [kuʂʈtän] | [kusttɔn] | [kuʂʈtɑn] | [kuxktɔn] | [] |- | '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] | flower | [ɾänθeː] | [ɾänteː] | [rɔnteː] | [rɑnteː] | [ɺɔnteː] | [] |- | '''rár''' [rɑːl] | sunshine | [ɾäːl] | [ɾäːl] | [rɔːl] | [rɑːl] | [ɺɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''xǽy''' [haːj] | warm | [äːj] | [hɛːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [] |- | '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] | full | [qʰäːp] | [qʰäːp] | [qʰɔːp] | [kʰɑːp] | [kʰɔːp] | [] |- | '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] | word | [ɾ̝äːs] | [ɾ̝ɛːʂ] | [r̝aːs] | [raːʂ] | [ɺaːx] | [] |- | '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | wild | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʋɔlɢ] | [gʋɔlg] | [gʰʋɔɺg] | [] |- | '''kasik''' [kɑsik] | garlic | [kähik] | [käsik] | [kɔsik] | [cɑsic] | [cɔsic] | [] |- | '''mesin''' [mesin] | cherry | [mehin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [] |- | '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] | olive | [θʰɔqi] | [tʰɔʔi] | [tʰɔqi] | [tʰɔki] | [tʰɔki] | [] |- | '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] | cotton | [ʋätʰäː] | [ʋɛtʰɛː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [] |- | '''bís''' [bʰiːs] | bee | [bʰiːh] | [bʰiːs] | [biːs] | [biːs] | [bʰiːs] | [] |- | '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] | plum | [t͡sʰɛs] | [t͡sʰɛʂ] | [tʰjɛs] | [tʰjɛʂ] | [tʰjɛx] | [] |- | '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] | flax | [ɛmɛ] | [hɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [] |- | '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] | dhole | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gɔːˈɔn] | [ɟɑːˈɔn] | [ɟɔːˈɔn] | [] |- | '''phárs''' [pʰɑːls] | leopard | [pʰäːlh] | [pʰäːls] | [pʰɔls] | [pʰɑls] | [pʰɔls] | [] |- | '''pínté''' [piːnteː] | cheetah | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [] |- | '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] | lion | [ɢʰäːldʰ] | [ɢʰäɭɖʰ] | [ɢɔld] | [gɑɭɖ] | [gʰɔːɺgʰ] | [] |- | '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] | snake | [häːˈokʰ] | [sɛːˈokʰ] | [saːˈokʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [] |- | '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] | cobra | [mäbʰuː] | [mäbʰuː] | [mɔbuː] | [mɑbuː] | [mɔbʰuː] | [] |- | '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] | mongoose | [ähkäs] | [häskäʂ] | [ɔskɔs] | [ɑscɑʂ] | [ɔscɔx] | [] |- | '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] | fish | [gʰepʰjo] | [gʰepʰjo] | [gepʰjo] | [ɟepʰjo] | [ɟʰepʰjo] | [] |- | '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] | hyaena | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [] |- | '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] | civet | [kʰutä] | [kʰuʈä] | [kʰutɔ] | [cʰuʈɑ] | [cʰukɔ] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} 718a8209d053c6d017f1208230d8d29b9602bc29 1404 1403 2014-03-10T22:20:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == ''/Wordlist is still under construction./'' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [deɲsu] | [dʰeɲsu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [nä] | [nä] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] | [nɔ] | [] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [kuː] | [] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːx] | [] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [säː] | [ʂäː] | [sɔː] | [ʂɑː] | [xɔː] | [] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢɔː] | [gɑː] | [gʰɔː] | [] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] | [] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [oːmä] | [oːmä] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] | [oːmɔ] | [] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːhä] | [ɛːsä] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] | [ɛːsɔ] | [] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [moːðʰ] | [moːdʰ] | [moːd] | [moːd] | [moːdʰ] | [] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bɔːbɔː] | [bɑːbɑː] | [bʰɔːbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [quːn] | [ʔuːn] | [quːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] | [] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰjos] | wise | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [] |- | '''ala''' [ɑɾɑ] | eye | [äɾä] | [äɾä] | [ɔrɔ] | [ɑrɑ] | [ɔɺɔ] | [] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [gʰint] | [gʰint] | [gint] | [ɟint] | [ɟʰint] | [] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] | round, globular object | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢoːl] | [goːl] | [gʰoːɺ] | [] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢɔːnɔː] | [gɑːnɑː] | [gʰɔːnɔː] | [] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [θʰäːðʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːdʰ] | [] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [mʋäl] | [mʋäl] | [mʋɔl] | [mʋɑl] | [mʋɔɺ] | [] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [qubʰmä] | [ʔubʰmä] | [qubmɔ] | [kubmɑ] | [kuːbʰmɔ] | [] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ixpɛː] | [] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [bʰäːkep] | [bʰäːkep] | [bɔkep] | [bʰɑːcep] | [bʰɔːcep] | [] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [bʰäkθän] | [bʰäktän] | [bɔktɔn] | [bɑktɑn] | [bʰɔctɔn] | [] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [puːɾuː] | [puːɾuː] | [puːruː] | [puːruː] | [puːɺuː] | [] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [mɔːʋθʰäːðʰäh] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰäs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɑs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɔs] | [] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːnðʰ] | [bɔːnd] | [bɔːnd] | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [gʰonðʰel] | [gʰondʰel] | [gondel] | [ɟondel] | [ɟʰondʰeɺ] | [] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [ɔːgʰðʰel] | [hɔːgʰdʰel] | [ɔːgdel] | [ɔːɟdel] | [ɔːɟʰdʰel] | [] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [ägʰɔːnän] | [ägʰɔːnɛn] | [ɔgɔːnan] | [ɑɟɔːnan] | [ɔɟʰɔːnan] | [] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [mäːθθʰän] | [mɛːtʰtʰän] | [maːddɔn] | [maːddɑn] | [maːddʰɔn] | [] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [mäːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdʰmi] | [] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [huːkt͡sʰäp] | [suːkʰt͡sʰäp] | [suːktʰjɔp] | [suːctjɑp] | [suːɟdʰjɔp] | [] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [bʰäːbʰäːkänθ] | [bʰäbʰäːkänt] | [bɔːbɔːkɔnt] | [bɑːbɑːcɑnt] | [bʰɔːbʰɔːcɔnt] | [] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːc] | [puːɺuːʋiːc] | [] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [d͡zʰäːldʰäː] | [d͡zʰɛːldʰäː] | [djaːldɔː] | [djaːldɑː] | [dʰjaːɺdʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [kʰäːsäː] | [kʰäːʂäː] | [kʰɔːsɔː] | [cʰɑːʂɑː] | [cʰɔːxɔː] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [sʋäːlnän] | [ʂʋäːlnɛn] | [sʋaːlnan] | [ʂʋaːlnan] | [xʋaːɺnan] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [sʋäːl] | [ʂʋäːl] | [sʋaːl] | [ʂʋaːl] | [xʋaːl] | [] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] | [] |- | '''keṇk''' [keŋk] | wheel | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [ceɲc] | [ceɲc] | [] |- | '''phôr''' [pʰɔːl] | front | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] | side of body | [bʰjäːh] | [bʰjɛːs] | [bjaːs] | [bjaːs] | [bʰjaːs] | [] |- | '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] | high | [ɢʰiːθʰ] | [ɢʰiːtʰ] | [ɢiːtʰ] | [giːtʰ] | [gʰiːtʰ] | [] |- | '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑː] | deity | [ɢʰiːððʰäː] | [ɢʰiːdʰdʰäː] | [ɢiːddɔː] | [giːddɑː] | [gʰiːddʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] | shooter | [kustθän] | [kuʂʈtän] | [kusttɔn] | [kuʂʈtɑn] | [kuxktɔn] | [] |- | '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] | flower | [ɾänθeː] | [ɾänteː] | [rɔnteː] | [rɑnteː] | [ɺɔnteː] | [] |- | '''rár''' [rɑːl] | sunshine | [ɾäːl] | [ɾäːl] | [rɔːl] | [rɑːl] | [ɺɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''xǽy''' [haːj] | warm | [äːj] | [hɛːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [] |- | '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] | full | [qʰäːp] | [qʰäːp] | [qʰɔːp] | [kʰɑːp] | [kʰɔːp] | [] |- | '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] | word | [ɾ̝äːs] | [ɾ̝ɛːʂ] | [r̝aːs] | [raːʂ] | [ɺaːx] | [] |- | '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | wild | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʋɔlɢ] | [gʋɔlg] | [gʰʋɔɺg] | [] |- | '''kasik''' [kɑsik] | garlic | [kähik] | [käsik] | [kɔsik] | [cɑsic] | [cɔsic] | [] |- | '''mesin''' [mesin] | cherry | [mehin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [] |- | '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] | olive | [θʰɔqi] | [tʰɔʔi] | [tʰɔqi] | [tʰɔki] | [tʰɔki] | [] |- | '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] | cotton | [ʋätʰäː] | [ʋɛtʰɛː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [] |- | '''bís''' [bʰiːs] | bee | [bʰiːh] | [bʰiːs] | [biːs] | [biːs] | [bʰiːs] | [] |- | '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] | plum | [t͡sʰɛs] | [t͡sʰɛʂ] | [tʰjɛs] | [tʰjɛʂ] | [tʰjɛx] | [] |- | '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] | flax | [ɛmɛ] | [hɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [] |- | '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] | dhole | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gɔːˈɔn] | [ɟɑːˈɔn] | [ɟɔːˈɔn] | [] |- | '''phárs''' [pʰɑːls] | leopard | [pʰäːlh] | [pʰäːls] | [pʰɔls] | [pʰɑls] | [pʰɔls] | [] |- | '''pínté''' [piːnteː] | cheetah | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [] |- | '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] | lion | [ɢʰäːldʰ] | [ɢʰäɭɖʰ] | [ɢɔld] | [gɑɭɖ] | [gʰɔːɺgʰ] | [] |- | '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] | snake | [häːˈokʰ] | [sɛːˈokʰ] | [saːˈokʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [] |- | '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] | cobra | [mäbʰuː] | [mäbʰuː] | [mɔbuː] | [mɑbuː] | [mɔbʰuː] | [] |- | '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] | mongoose | [ähkäs] | [häskäʂ] | [ɔskɔs] | [ɑscɑʂ] | [ɔscɔx] | [] |- | '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] | fish | [gʰepʰjo] | [gʰepʰjo] | [gepʰjo] | [ɟepʰjo] | [ɟʰepʰjo] | [] |- | '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] | hyaena | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [] |- | '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] | civet | [kʰutä] | [kʰuʈä] | [kʰutɔ] | [cʰuʈɑ] | [cʰukɔ] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} 1a786847f3061aa722f0fe927fc56bb950e67e59 1421 1404 2014-03-11T18:13:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == ''/Wordlist is still under construction./'' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [deɲsu] | [dʰeɲsu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [nä] | [nä] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] | [nɔ] | [] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [kuː] | [] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːx] | [] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [säː] | [ʂäː] | [sɔː] | [ʂɑː] | [xɔː] | [] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢɔː] | [gɑː] | [gʰɔː] | [] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] | [] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [oːmä] | [oːmä] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] | [oːmɔ] | [] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːhä] | [ɛːsä] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] | [ɛːsɔ] | [] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [moːðʰ] | [moːdʰ] | [moːd] | [moːd] | [moːdʰ] | [] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bɔːbɔː] | [bɑːbɑː] | [bʰɔːbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [quːn] | [ʔuːn] | [quːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] | [] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰjos] | wise | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [] |- | '''ala''' [ɑɾɑ] | eye | [äɾä] | [äɾä] | [ɔrɔ] | [ɑrɑ] | [ɔɺɔ] | [] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [gʰint] | [gʰint] | [gint] | [ɟint] | [ɟʰint] | [] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] | round, globular object | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢoːl] | [goːl] | [gʰoːɺ] | [] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢɔːnɔː] | [gɑːnɑː] | [gʰɔːnɔː] | [] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [θʰäːðʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːdʰ] | [] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [mʋäl] | [mʋäl] | [mʋɔl] | [mʋɑl] | [mʋɔɺ] | [] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [qubʰmä] | [ʔubʰmä] | [qubmɔ] | [kubmɑ] | [kuːbʰmɔ] | [] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ixpɛː] | [] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [bʰäːkep] | [bʰäːkep] | [bɔkep] | [bʰɑːcep] | [bʰɔːcep] | [] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [bʰäkθän] | [bʰäktän] | [bɔktɔn] | [bɑktɑn] | [bʰɔctɔn] | [] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [puːɾuː] | [puːɾuː] | [puːruː] | [puːruː] | [puːɺuː] | [] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [mɔːʋθʰäːðʰäh] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰäs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɑs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɔs] | [] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːnðʰ] | [bɔːnd] | [bɔːnd] | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [gʰonðʰel] | [gʰondʰel] | [gondel] | [ɟondel] | [ɟʰondʰeɺ] | [] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [ɔːgʰðʰel] | [hɔːgʰdʰel] | [ɔːgdel] | [ɔːɟdel] | [ɔːɟʰdʰel] | [] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [ägʰɔːnän] | [ägʰɔːnɛn] | [ɔgɔːnan] | [ɑɟɔːnan] | [ɔɟʰɔːnan] | [] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [mäːθθʰän] | [mɛːtʰtʰän] | [maːddɔn] | [maːddɑn] | [maːddʰɔn] | [] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [mäːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdʰmi] | [] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [huːkt͡sʰäp] | [suːkʰt͡sʰäp] | [suːktʰjɔp] | [suːctjɑp] | [suːɟdʰjɔp] | [] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [bʰäːbʰäːkänθ] | [bʰäbʰäːkänt] | [bɔːbɔːkɔnt] | [bɑːbɑːcɑnt] | [bʰɔːbʰɔːcɔnt] | [] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːc] | [puːɺuːʋiːc] | [] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [d͡zʰäːldʰäː] | [d͡zʰɛːldʰäː] | [djaːldɔː] | [djaːldɑː] | [dʰjaːɺdʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [kʰäːsäː] | [kʰäːʂäː] | [kʰɔːsɔː] | [cʰɑːʂɑː] | [cʰɔːxɔː] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [sʋäːlnän] | [ʂʋäːlnɛn] | [sʋaːlnan] | [ʂʋaːlnan] | [xʋaːɺnan] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [sʋäːl] | [ʂʋäːl] | [sʋaːl] | [ʂʋaːl] | [xʋaːl] | [] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] | [] |- | '''keṇk''' [keŋk] | wheel | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [ceɲc] | [ceɲc] | [] |- | '''phôr''' [pʰɔːl] | front | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] | side of body | [bʰjäːh] | [bʰjɛːs] | [bjaːs] | [bjaːs] | [bʰjaːs] | [] |- | '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] | high | [ɢʰiːθʰ] | [ɢʰiːtʰ] | [ɢiːtʰ] | [giːtʰ] | [gʰiːtʰ] | [] |- | '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑː] | deity | [ɢʰiːððʰäː] | [ɢʰiːdʰdʰäː] | [ɢiːddɔː] | [giːddɑː] | [gʰiːddʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] | shooter | [kustθän] | [kuʂʈtän] | [kusttɔn] | [kuʂʈtɑn] | [kuxktɔn] | [] |- | '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] | flower | [ɾänθeː] | [ɾänteː] | [rɔnteː] | [rɑnteː] | [ɺɔnteː] | [] |- | '''rár''' [rɑːl] | sunshine | [ɾäːl] | [ɾäːl] | [rɔːl] | [rɑːl] | [ɺɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''xǽy''' [haːj] | warm | [äːj] | [hɛːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [] |- | '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] | full | [qʰäːp] | [qʰäːp] | [qʰɔːp] | [kʰɑːp] | [kʰɔːp] | [] |- | '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] | word | [ɾ̝äːs] | [ɾ̝ɛːʂ] | [r̝aːs] | [raːʂ] | [ɺaːx] | [] |- | '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | wild | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʋɔlɢ] | [gʋɔlg] | [gʰʋɔɺg] | [] |- | '''kasik''' [kɑsik] | garlic | [kähik] | [käsik] | [kɔsik] | [cɑsic] | [cɔsic] | [] |- | '''mesin''' [mesin] | cherry | [mehin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [] |- | '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] | olive | [θʰɔqi] | [tʰɔʔi] | [tʰɔqi] | [tʰɔki] | [tʰɔki] | [] |- | '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] | cotton | [ʋätʰäː] | [ʋɛtʰɛː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [] |- | '''bís''' [bʰiːs] | bee | [bʰiːh] | [bʰiːs] | [biːs] | [biːs] | [bʰiːs] | [] |- | '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] | plum | [t͡sʰɛs] | [t͡sʰɛʂ] | [tʰjɛs] | [tʰjɛʂ] | [tʰjɛx] | [] |- | '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] | flax | [ɛmɛ] | [hɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [] |- | '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] | dhole | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gɔːˈɔn] | [ɟɑːˈɔn] | [ɟɔːˈɔn] | [] |- | '''phárs''' [pʰɑːls] | leopard | [pʰäːlh] | [pʰäːls] | [pʰɔls] | [pʰɑls] | [pʰɔls] | [] |- | '''pínté''' [piːnteː] | cheetah | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [] |- | '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] | lion | [ɢʰäːldʰ] | [ɢʰäɭɖʰ] | [ɢɔld] | [gɑɭɖ] | [gʰɔːɺgʰ] | [] |- | '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] | snake | [häːˈokʰ] | [sɛːˈokʰ] | [saːˈokʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [] |- | '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] | cobra | [mäbʰuː] | [mäbʰuː] | [mɔbuː] | [mɑbuː] | [mɔbʰuː] | [] |- | '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] | mongoose | [ähkäs] | [häskäʂ] | [ɔskɔs] | [ɑscɑʂ] | [ɔscɔx] | [] |- | '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] | fish | [gʰepʰjo] | [gʰepʰjo] | [gepʰjo] | [ɟepʰjo] | [ɟʰepʰjo] | [] |- | '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] | hyaena | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [] |- | '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] | civet | [kʰutä] | [kʰuʈä] | [kʰutɔ] | [cʰuʈɑ] | [cʰukɔ] | [] |- | '''phyáy''' [pʰjaːʋ] | peafowl | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] | ibex | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] | sheep | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] | monkey | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] | elephant | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] | caracal | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] | shark | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] | eagle | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] | oak | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''khoson''' [kʰoson] | pine | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] | cedar | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] | head | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] | auroch | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] | cattle | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ġúmb''' [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | gaur | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | banteng | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] | horn | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] | meadow | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} 18d300fbb5e90583466d78ea411063eb521e3ed0 1426 1421 2014-03-11T18:38:35Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == ''/Wordlist is still under construction./'' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [deɲsu] | [dʰeɲsu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [nä] | [nä] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] | [nɔ] | [] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [kuː] | [] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːx] | [] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [säː] | [ʂäː] | [sɔː] | [ʂɑː] | [xɔː] | [] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢɔː] | [gɑː] | [gʰɔː] | [] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] | [] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [oːmä] | [oːmä] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] | [oːmɔ] | [] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːhä] | [ɛːsä] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] | [ɛːsɔ] | [] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [moːðʰ] | [moːdʰ] | [moːd] | [moːd] | [moːdʰ] | [] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bɔːbɔː] | [bɑːbɑː] | [bʰɔːbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [quːn] | [ʔuːn] | [quːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] | [] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰjos] | wise | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [] |- | '''ala''' [ɑɾɑ] | eye | [äɾä] | [äɾä] | [ɔrɔ] | [ɑrɑ] | [ɔɺɔ] | [] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [gʰint] | [gʰint] | [gint] | [ɟint] | [ɟʰint] | [] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] | round, globular object | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢoːl] | [goːl] | [gʰoːɺ] | [] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢɔːnɔː] | [gɑːnɑː] | [gʰɔːnɔː] | [] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [θʰäːðʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːdʰ] | [] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [mʋäl] | [mʋäl] | [mʋɔl] | [mʋɑl] | [mʋɔɺ] | [] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [qubʰmä] | [ʔubʰmä] | [qubmɔ] | [kubmɑ] | [kuːbʰmɔ] | [] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ixpɛː] | [] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [bʰäːkep] | [bʰäːkep] | [bɔkep] | [bʰɑːcep] | [bʰɔːcep] | [] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [bʰäkθän] | [bʰäktän] | [bɔktɔn] | [bɑktɑn] | [bʰɔctɔn] | [] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [puːɾuː] | [puːɾuː] | [puːruː] | [puːruː] | [puːɺuː] | [] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [mɔːʋθʰäːðʰäh] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰäs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɑs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɔs] | [] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːnðʰ] | [bɔːnd] | [bɔːnd] | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [gʰonðʰel] | [gʰondʰel] | [gondel] | [ɟondel] | [ɟʰondʰeɺ] | [] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [ɔːgʰðʰel] | [hɔːgʰdʰel] | [ɔːgdel] | [ɔːɟdel] | [ɔːɟʰdʰel] | [] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [ägʰɔːnän] | [ägʰɔːnɛn] | [ɔgɔːnan] | [ɑɟɔːnan] | [ɔɟʰɔːnan] | [] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [mäːθθʰän] | [mɛːtʰtʰän] | [maːddɔn] | [maːddɑn] | [maːddʰɔn] | [] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [mäːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdʰmi] | [] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [huːkt͡sʰäp] | [suːkʰt͡sʰäp] | [suːktʰjɔp] | [suːctjɑp] | [suːɟdʰjɔp] | [] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [bʰäːbʰäːkänθ] | [bʰäbʰäːkänt] | [bɔːbɔːkɔnt] | [bɑːbɑːcɑnt] | [bʰɔːbʰɔːcɔnt] | [] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːc] | [puːɺuːʋiːc] | [] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [d͡zʰäːldʰäː] | [d͡zʰɛːldʰäː] | [djaːldɔː] | [djaːldɑː] | [dʰjaːɺdʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [kʰäːsäː] | [kʰäːʂäː] | [kʰɔːsɔː] | [cʰɑːʂɑː] | [cʰɔːxɔː] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [sʋäːlnän] | [ʂʋäːlnɛn] | [sʋaːlnan] | [ʂʋaːlnan] | [xʋaːɺnan] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [sʋäːl] | [ʂʋäːl] | [sʋaːl] | [ʂʋaːl] | [xʋaːl] | [] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] | [] |- | '''keṇk''' [keŋk] | wheel | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [ceɲc] | [ceɲc] | [] |- | '''phôr''' [pʰɔːl] | front | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] | side of body | [bʰjäːh] | [bʰjɛːs] | [bjaːs] | [bjaːs] | [bʰjaːs] | [] |- | '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] | high | [ɢʰiːθʰ] | [ɢʰiːtʰ] | [ɢiːtʰ] | [giːtʰ] | [gʰiːtʰ] | [] |- | '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑː] | deity | [ɢʰiːððʰäː] | [ɢʰiːdʰdʰäː] | [ɢiːddɔː] | [giːddɑː] | [gʰiːddʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] | shooter | [kustθän] | [kuʂʈtän] | [kusttɔn] | [kuʂʈtɑn] | [kuxktɔn] | [] |- | '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] | flower | [ɾänθeː] | [ɾänteː] | [rɔnteː] | [rɑnteː] | [ɺɔnteː] | [] |- | '''rár''' [rɑːl] | sunshine | [ɾäːl] | [ɾäːl] | [rɔːl] | [rɑːl] | [ɺɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''xǽy''' [haːj] | warm | [äːj] | [hɛːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [] |- | '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] | full | [qʰäːp] | [qʰäːp] | [qʰɔːp] | [kʰɑːp] | [kʰɔːp] | [] |- | '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] | word | [ɾ̝äːs] | [ɾ̝ɛːʂ] | [r̝aːs] | [raːʂ] | [ɺaːx] | [] |- | '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | wild | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʋɔlɢ] | [gʋɔlg] | [gʰʋɔɺg] | [] |- | '''kasik''' [kɑsik] | garlic | [kähik] | [käsik] | [kɔsik] | [cɑsic] | [cɔsic] | [] |- | '''mesin''' [mesin] | cherry | [mehin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [] |- | '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] | olive | [θʰɔqi] | [tʰɔʔi] | [tʰɔqi] | [tʰɔki] | [tʰɔki] | [] |- | '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] | cotton | [ʋätʰäː] | [ʋɛtʰɛː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [] |- | '''bís''' [bʰiːs] | bee | [bʰiːh] | [bʰiːs] | [biːs] | [biːs] | [bʰiːs] | [] |- | '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] | plum | [t͡sʰɛs] | [t͡sʰɛʂ] | [tʰjɛs] | [tʰjɛʂ] | [tʰjɛx] | [] |- | '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] | flax | [ɛmɛ] | [hɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [] |- | '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] | dhole | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gɔːˈɔn] | [ɟɑːˈɔn] | [ɟɔːˈɔn] | [] |- | '''phárs''' [pʰɑːls] | leopard | [pʰäːlh] | [pʰäːls] | [pʰɔls] | [pʰɑls] | [pʰɔls] | [] |- | '''pínté''' [piːnteː] | cheetah | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [] |- | '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] | lion | [ɢʰäːldʰ] | [ɢʰäɭɖʰ] | [ɢɔld] | [gɑɭɖ] | [gʰɔːɺgʰ] | [] |- | '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] | snake | [häːˈokʰ] | [sɛːˈokʰ] | [saːˈokʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [] |- | '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] | cobra | [mäbʰuː] | [mäbʰuː] | [mɔbuː] | [mɑbuː] | [mɔbʰuː] | [] |- | '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] | mongoose | [ähkäs] | [häskäʂ] | [ɔskɔs] | [ɑscɑʂ] | [ɔscɔx] | [] |- | '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] | fish | [gʰepʰjo] | [gʰepʰjo] | [gepʰjo] | [ɟepʰjo] | [ɟʰepʰjo] | [] |- | '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] | hyaena | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [] |- | '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] | civet | [kʰutä] | [kʰuʈä] | [kʰutɔ] | [cʰuʈɑ] | [cʰukɔ] | [] |- | '''phyǽy''' [pʰjaːʋ] | peafowl | [pʰjäːj] | [pʰjɛːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [] |- | '''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] | ibex | [bʰidʰäl] | [bʰiɖʰäl] | [bidɔl] | [bidɑl] | [bʰigʰɔɺ] | [] |- | '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] | sheep | [gʰoθʰis] | [gʰotʰiʂ] | [gotʰis] | [ɟotʰiʂ] | [ɟotʰix] | [] |- | '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] | monkey | [qʰɔbʰäː] | [qʰɔbʰäː] | [qʰɔbɔː] | [kʰɔbɑː] | [kʰɔbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] | elephant | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [ɛbɛːn] | [ɛbɛːn] | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [] |- | '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] | caracal | [qäðʰjiːh] | [ʔädʰjiːs] | [qɔdjiːs] | [kɑdjiːs] | [kɔdʰjiːs] | [] |- | '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] | shark | [kʰoɾäːk] | [kʰoɾäːk] | [kʰorɔːk] | [cʰorɑːc] | [cʰoɺɔːc] | [] |- | '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] | eagle | [mɲɛːl] | [mɲɛːl] | [mjɛːl] | [mjɛːl] | [mjɛːɺ] | [] |- | '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] | oak | [ðʰänðʰɛ] | [dʰändʰɛ] | [dɔndɛ] | [dɑndɛ] | [dʰɔndʰɛ] | [] |- | '''khoson''' [kʰoson] | pine | [kʰohon] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [] |- | '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] | cedar | [ðʰäθʰuːðʰ] | [dʰätʰuːdʰ] | [dɔtʰuːd] | [dɑtʰuːd] | [dʰɔtʰuːdʰ] | [] |- | '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] | head | [käðʰuq] | [kädʰuʔ] | [kɔduq] | [cɑduk] | [cɔdʰuk] | [] |- | '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] | auroch | [gʰuːldʰ] | [gʰuːɭɖʰ] | [guːld] | [ɟuːlɖ] | [ɟʰuːɺgʰ] | [] |- | '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] | cattle | [mäːɴ̻qθʰeː] | [mäɴ̻qʰtʰeː] | [mɔɴ̻qtʰeː] | [mɑŋ̊qteː] | [mɔŋɢdʰeː] | [] |- | '''ġúmb''' [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | gaur | [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | [ɢuːmb] | [guːmb] | [gʰuːmbʰ] | [] |- | '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | banteng | [moːðʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | [moːdɢuːmb] | [moːdguːmb] | [moːdgʰuːmbʰ] | [] |- | '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] | horn | [tʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [kʰuːɺ] | [] |- | '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] | meadow | [ʋäːnjɔː] | [ʋɛːnjɔː] | [ʋaːnjɔː] | [ʋaːnjɔː] | [ʋanjɔː] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} b90740121bc577160cafd2b1b87fbf207c4b401e 1429 1426 2014-03-11T19:02:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == ''/Wordlist is still under construction./'' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [deɲsu] | [dʰeɲsu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰorot] | [kʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [nä] | [nä] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] | [nɔ] | [] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [kuː] | [] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːx] | [] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [säː] | [ʂäː] | [sɔː] | [ʂɑː] | [xɔː] | [] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢɔː] | [gɑː] | [gʰɔː] | [] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] | [] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [oːmä] | [oːmä] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] | [oːmɔ] | [] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːhä] | [ɛːsä] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] | [ɛːsɔ] | [] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [moːðʰ] | [moːdʰ] | [moːd] | [moːd] | [moːdʰ] | [] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bɔːbɔː] | [bɑːbɑː] | [bʰɔːbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [quːn] | [ʔuːn] | [quːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] | [] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰjos] | wise | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [] |- | '''ala''' [ɑɾɑ] | eye | [äɾä] | [äɾä] | [ɔrɔ] | [ɑrɑ] | [ɔɺɔ] | [] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [gʰint] | [gʰint] | [gint] | [ɟint] | [ɟʰint] | [] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] | round, globular object | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢoːl] | [goːl] | [gʰoːɺ] | [] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢɔːnɔː] | [gɑːnɑː] | [gʰɔːnɔː] | [] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [θʰäːðʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːdʰ] | [] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [mʋäl] | [mʋäl] | [mʋɔl] | [mʋɑl] | [mʋɔɺ] | [] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [qubʰmä] | [ʔubʰmä] | [qubmɔ] | [kubmɑ] | [kuːbʰmɔ] | [] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ixpɛː] | [] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [bʰäːkep] | [bʰäːkep] | [bɔkep] | [bʰɑːcep] | [bʰɔːcep] | [] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [bʰäkθän] | [bʰäktän] | [bɔktɔn] | [bɑktɑn] | [bʰɔctɔn] | [] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [puːɾuː] | [puːɾuː] | [puːruː] | [puːruː] | [puːɺuː] | [] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [mɔːʋθʰäːðʰäh] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰäs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɑs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɔs] | [] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːnðʰ] | [bɔːnd] | [bɔːnd] | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [gʰonðʰel] | [gʰondʰel] | [gondel] | [ɟondel] | [ɟʰondʰeɺ] | [] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [ɔːgʰðʰel] | [hɔːgʰdʰel] | [ɔːgdel] | [ɔːɟdel] | [ɔːɟʰdʰel] | [] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [ägʰɔːnän] | [ägʰɔːnɛn] | [ɔgɔːnan] | [ɑɟɔːnan] | [ɔɟʰɔːnan] | [] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [mäːθθʰän] | [mɛːtʰtʰän] | [maːddɔn] | [maːddɑn] | [maːddʰɔn] | [] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [mäːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdʰmi] | [] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [huːkt͡sʰäp] | [suːkʰt͡sʰäp] | [suːktʰjɔp] | [suːctjɑp] | [suːɟdʰjɔp] | [] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [bʰäːbʰäːkänθ] | [bʰäbʰäːkänt] | [bɔːbɔːkɔnt] | [bɑːbɑːcɑnt] | [bʰɔːbʰɔːcɔnt] | [] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːc] | [puːɺuːʋiːc] | [] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [d͡zʰäːldʰäː] | [d͡zʰɛːldʰäː] | [djaːldɔː] | [djaːldɑː] | [dʰjaːɺdʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [kʰäːsäː] | [kʰäːʂäː] | [kʰɔːsɔː] | [cʰɑːʂɑː] | [cʰɔːxɔː] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [sʋäːlnän] | [ʂʋäːlnɛn] | [sʋaːlnan] | [ʂʋaːlnan] | [xʋaːɺnan] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [sʋäːl] | [ʂʋäːl] | [sʋaːl] | [ʂʋaːl] | [xʋaːl] | [] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] | [] |- | '''keṇk''' [keŋk] | wheel | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [ceɲc] | [ceɲc] | [] |- | '''phôr''' [pʰɔːl] | front | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] | side of body | [bʰjäːh] | [bʰjɛːs] | [bjaːs] | [bjaːs] | [bʰjaːs] | [] |- | '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] | high | [ɢʰiːθʰ] | [ɢʰiːtʰ] | [ɢiːtʰ] | [giːtʰ] | [gʰiːtʰ] | [] |- | '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑː] | deity | [ɢʰiːððʰäː] | [ɢʰiːdʰdʰäː] | [ɢiːddɔː] | [giːddɑː] | [gʰiːddʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] | shooter | [kustθän] | [kuʂʈtän] | [kusttɔn] | [kuʂʈtɑn] | [kuxktɔn] | [] |- | '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] | flower | [ɾänθeː] | [ɾänteː] | [rɔnteː] | [rɑnteː] | [ɺɔnteː] | [] |- | '''rár''' [rɑːl] | sunshine | [ɾäːl] | [ɾäːl] | [rɔːl] | [rɑːl] | [ɺɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''xǽy''' [haːj] | warm | [äːj] | [hɛːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [] |- | '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] | full | [qʰäːp] | [qʰäːp] | [qʰɔːp] | [kʰɑːp] | [kʰɔːp] | [] |- | '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] | word | [ɾ̝äːs] | [ɾ̝ɛːʂ] | [r̝aːs] | [raːʂ] | [ɺaːx] | [] |- | '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | wild | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʋɔlɢ] | [gʋɔlg] | [gʰʋɔɺg] | [] |- | '''kasik''' [kɑsik] | garlic | [kähik] | [käsik] | [kɔsik] | [cɑsic] | [cɔsic] | [] |- | '''mesin''' [mesin] | cherry | [mehin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [] |- | '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] | olive | [θʰɔqi] | [tʰɔʔi] | [tʰɔqi] | [tʰɔki] | [tʰɔki] | [] |- | '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] | cotton | [ʋätʰäː] | [ʋɛtʰɛː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [] |- | '''bís''' [bʰiːs] | bee | [bʰiːh] | [bʰiːs] | [biːs] | [biːs] | [bʰiːs] | [] |- | '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] | plum | [t͡sʰɛs] | [t͡sʰɛʂ] | [tʰjɛs] | [tʰjɛʂ] | [tʰjɛx] | [] |- | '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] | flax | [ɛmɛ] | [hɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [] |- | '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] | dhole | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gɔːˈɔn] | [ɟɑːˈɔn] | [ɟɔːˈɔn] | [] |- | '''phárs''' [pʰɑːls] | leopard | [pʰäːlh] | [pʰäːls] | [pʰɔls] | [pʰɑls] | [pʰɔls] | [] |- | '''pínté''' [piːnteː] | cheetah | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [] |- | '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] | lion | [ɢʰäːldʰ] | [ɢʰäɭɖʰ] | [ɢɔld] | [gɑɭɖ] | [gʰɔːɺgʰ] | [] |- | '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] | snake | [häːˈokʰ] | [sɛːˈokʰ] | [saːˈokʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [] |- | '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] | cobra | [mäbʰuː] | [mäbʰuː] | [mɔbuː] | [mɑbuː] | [mɔbʰuː] | [] |- | '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] | mongoose | [ähkäs] | [häskäʂ] | [ɔskɔs] | [ɑscɑʂ] | [ɔscɔx] | [] |- | '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] | fish | [gʰepʰjo] | [gʰepʰjo] | [gepʰjo] | [ɟepʰjo] | [ɟʰepʰjo] | [] |- | '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] | hyaena | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [] |- | '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] | civet | [kʰutä] | [kʰuʈä] | [kʰutɔ] | [cʰuʈɑ] | [cʰukɔ] | [] |- | '''phyǽy''' [pʰjaːʋ] | peafowl | [pʰjäːj] | [pʰjɛːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [] |- | '''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] | ibex | [bʰidʰäl] | [bʰiɖʰäl] | [bidɔl] | [bidɑl] | [bʰigʰɔɺ] | [] |- | '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] | sheep | [gʰoθʰis] | [gʰotʰiʂ] | [gotʰis] | [ɟotʰiʂ] | [ɟotʰix] | [] |- | '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] | monkey | [qʰɔbʰäː] | [qʰɔbʰäː] | [qʰɔbɔː] | [kʰɔbɑː] | [kʰɔbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] | elephant | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [ɛbɛːn] | [ɛbɛːn] | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [] |- | '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] | caracal | [qäðʰjiːh] | [ʔädʰjiːs] | [qɔdjiːs] | [kɑdjiːs] | [kɔdʰjiːs] | [] |- | '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] | shark | [kʰoɾäːk] | [kʰoɾäːk] | [kʰorɔːk] | [cʰorɑːc] | [cʰoɺɔːc] | [] |- | '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] | eagle | [mɲɛːl] | [mɲɛːl] | [mjɛːl] | [mjɛːl] | [mjɛːɺ] | [] |- | '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] | oak | [ðʰänðʰɛ] | [dʰändʰɛ] | [dɔndɛ] | [dɑndɛ] | [dʰɔndʰɛ] | [] |- | '''khoson''' [kʰoson] | pine | [kʰohon] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [] |- | '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] | cedar | [ðʰäθʰuːðʰ] | [dʰätʰuːdʰ] | [dɔtʰuːd] | [dɑtʰuːd] | [dʰɔtʰuːdʰ] | [] |- | '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] | head | [käðʰuq] | [kädʰuʔ] | [kɔduq] | [cɑduk] | [cɔdʰuk] | [] |- | '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] | auroch | [gʰuːldʰ] | [gʰuːɭɖʰ] | [guːld] | [ɟuːlɖ] | [ɟʰuːɺgʰ] | [] |- | '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] | cattle | [mäːɴ̻qθʰeː] | [mäɴ̻qʰtʰeː] | [mɔɴ̻qtʰeː] | [mɑŋ̊qteː] | [mɔŋɢdʰeː] | [] |- | '''ġúmb''' [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | gaur | [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | [ɢuːmb] | [guːmb] | [gʰuːmbʰ] | [] |- | '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | banteng | [moːðʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | [moːdɢuːmb] | [moːdguːmb] | [moːdgʰuːmbʰ] | [] |- | '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] | horn | [tʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [kʰuːɺ] | [] |- | '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] | meadow | [ʋäːnjɔː] | [ʋɛːnjɔː] | [ʋaːnjɔː] | [ʋaːnjɔː] | [ʋanjɔː] | [] |- | '''ramba''' [ɾɑmbʰɑ] | tiger | [ɾämbʰä] | [ɾämbʰä] | [rɔmbɔ] | [rɑmbɑ] | [ɺɔmbʰɔ] | [] |- | '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] | dolphin | [äsʋämin] | [häʂʋämin] | [ɔsʋɔmin] | [ɑʂʋɑmin] | [ɔxʋɔmin] | [] |- | '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] | rye | [häɾiːl] | [säɾiːl] | [sɔriːl] | [sɑriːl] | [sɔɺiːɺ] | [] |- | '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] | hemp | [tämpʰiː] | [ʈämpʰiː] | [tɔmpʰiː] | [ʈɑmpʰiː] | [kɔmpʰiː] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} 6675b1bc14340a6366cb2a96f406e78e3805097e Proto-Araqish language 0 138 1390 1298 2014-03-10T14:38:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = /ɑɾɑqiʂ/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive | '''rè''' | oneself |- ! Reciprocal | '''ḍárè''' (← ''ḍaxá + rè'') | each other |- ! Cooperative | '''rèbyæ''' (← ''rè + byæ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | iv | in, inside ! Locative |- | from inside ! Ablative |- | to inside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ir | on ! Locative |- | from on ! Ablative |- | to on ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | súr | above ! Locative |- | from above ! Ablative |- | to above ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | du | under ! Locative |- | from under ! Ablative |- | to under ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | byæ | beside ! Locative |- | from beside ! Ablative |- | to beside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġó | away ! Locative |- | from away ! Ablative |- | to away ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ḍaxív | between ! Locative |- | from between ! Ablative |- | to between ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | só | behind ! Locative |- | from behind ! Ablative |- | to behind ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | sók | out ! Locative |- | from out ! Ablative |- | to out ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | keṇkiv | around ! Locative |- | from around ! Ablative |- | to around ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | phôr | before, opposite to ! Locative |- | from before, from opposite to ! Ablative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | mativ | during, in time of ! Locative |- | from time of ! Ablative |- | to time of ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ku | after ! Locative |- | from after ! Ablative |- | to after ! Allative |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''vóv''' (← vo-vá) | with ! Instrumental |- ! Material, substantion, origin | '''er''' | from ! Ablative |- ! Lack | '''môv''' (← ''mô-vá'') | without ! Genitive |- ! Alternative | '''deriv''' | instead ! Genitive |- ! Contrary | '''phôrer''' | against ! Allative |- ! Resistance | '''kúv''' (← ''ku-vo'') | despite, though ! Inactive |- ! Stylization | '''byǽv''' (← ''byæ-vo'') | along to, according to ! Instrumental |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-sí''' | '''kháṣá''' → '''kháṣásí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-dá''' | '''dǽr''' → '''dǽrdá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''mô-''' | '''min''' → '''mômin''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-rǽx''' | '''dumb''' → '''dumbrǽx''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-tyap''' | '''súg''' → '''súgtyap''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-næn''' | '''agô''' → '''agônæn''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-tan''' | '''bák''' → '''báktan''' | cow → cowman |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''xôg''' → '''xôgder''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-kant''' | '''bábá''' → '''bábákant''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-móg''' | '''samarand''' → '''samarandmóg''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-môgtan''' | '''samarandmóg''' → '''samarandmógtan''' | herbalism → herbalist |- ! Product | '''-vík''' | '''púrú''' → '''púrúvík''' | meal → bread |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-as''' | '''xvaq''' → '''xvaqas''' | horse → equine |- ! Originative | '''-er-as''' | '''deṇsu''' → '''deṇsuras''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-tyás''' (← ''-tí-as'') | '''meṣṭe''' → '''meṣtetyás''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-svas''' (← ''-su-as'') | '''mvar''' → '''mvarsvas''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-nyas''' (← ''-ni-as'') | '''ġáná''' → '''ġánányas''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''môv-...-as''' | '''thǽd''' → '''môvthǽdas''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-tan''' | '''kuṣṭ-''' → '''kuṣṭtan''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-mi''' | '''mǽd-'''- → '''mǽdmi''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ma''' | '''qub'''- → '''qubma''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-pê''' | '''iṣ-''' → '''iṣpê''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-kep''' | '''bá-''' → '''bákep''' | (to) beat → hammer |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''gon-''' → '''gonder''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=3 | Reaction | rowspan=3 | '''tu-''' | '''bá-''' → '''tubá-''' | (to) beat → (to) shield against beatings |- | '''bábá-''' → '''tubábá-''' | (to) war → (to) repel attack |- | '''iṣ-''' → '''tviṣ-''' | (to) speak → (to) reply |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''bá-''' → '''bábá-''' | (to) beat → (to) war |} ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-næn''' | '''bônd''' → '''bôndnæn''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-dyem''' | '''tǽt''' → '''tǽtdyǽm''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''ġab''' → '''ġaġab''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-ġab''' | '''tís''' → '''tísġab''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Main word order is '''SOV'''. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change. ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Positive ! colspan=2 | Negative |- ! Translative | '''ar''' | became | '''már''' | don't became |- ! Essive | '''êṭ''' | be | '''môṭ''' | don't be |- ! Excessive | '''èb''' | cease to be | '''im''' | don't cease to be |} == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] * [[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] 23c078fe541f5429773bf0c2046f6eb8f1868ae3 Template:LanguageImageMap 10 244 1394 2014-03-10T16:07:50Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "<imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 ..." wikitext text/x-wiki <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 286 215 290 192 278 177 268 156 270 143 255 89 247 92 232 98 220 103 179 64 185 46 145 71 132 106 112 114 100 131 85 129 76 135 70 181 75 183 130 157 176 148 193 165 225 185 282 215 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 282 215 275 239 283 251 335 259 441 252 457 226 [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 290 192 277 177 279 169 296 174 301 156 320 138 331 150 344 143 363 149 396 156 [[New Language 2]] poly 344 143 363 149 396 156 433 154 441 153 466 138 467 129 449 130 420 120 406 121 394 124 379 115 365 124 351 122 343 128 [[New Language 1]] poly 750 295 746 311 748 323 756 313 773 311 781 320 788 336 796 361 791 366 773 364 752 351 751 344 733 327 733 311 736 308 731 293 735 286 [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] poly 750 295 774 287 778 293 773 302 763 307 746 311 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 744 226 738 225 729 231 719 247 719 299 733 311 737 308 731 293 735 286 738 281 731 274 739 265 741 248 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 773 302 779 293 798 303 819 300 843 310 863 330 874 352 868 370 829 378 820 373 819 359 823 347 807 341 786 320 [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] poly 820 373 819 359 816 351 807 349 796 366 803 374 805 384 [[New Language 8]] poly 805 384 803 374 791 366 773 364 759 364 752 370 738 367 727 360 721 359 716 370 718 375 733 377 741 380 771 381 793 397 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 811 418 785 407 786 417 795 423 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] </imagemap> 8309666ebae330477539d2be5347c97078a7abcb 1396 1394 2014-03-10T16:29:42Z Manomow 3365071 Western Seforma wikitext text/x-wiki <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 286 215 290 192 278 177 268 156 270 143 255 89 247 92 232 98 220 103 179 64 185 46 145 71 132 106 112 114 100 131 85 129 76 135 70 181 75 183 130 157 176 148 193 165 225 185 282 215 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 282 215 275 239 283 251 335 259 441 252 457 226 [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 290 192 277 177 279 169 296 174 301 156 320 138 331 150 344 143 363 149 396 156 [[New Language 2]] poly 344 143 363 149 396 156 433 154 441 153 466 138 467 129 449 130 420 120 406 121 394 124 379 115 365 124 351 122 343 128 [[New Language 1]] poly 750 295 746 311 748 323 756 313 773 311 781 320 788 336 796 361 791 366 773 364 752 351 751 344 733 327 733 311 736 308 731 293 735 286 [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] poly 750 295 774 287 778 293 773 302 763 307 746 311 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 744 226 738 225 729 231 719 247 719 299 733 311 737 308 731 293 735 286 738 281 731 274 739 265 741 248 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 773 302 779 293 798 303 819 300 843 310 863 330 874 352 868 370 829 378 820 373 819 359 823 347 807 341 786 320 [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] poly 820 373 819 359 816 351 807 349 796 366 803 374 805 384 [[New Language 8]] poly 805 384 803 374 791 366 773 364 759 364 752 370 738 367 727 360 721 359 716 370 718 375 733 377 741 380 771 381 793 397 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 811 418 785 407 786 417 795 423 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 786 417 774 413 785 407 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 775 392 772 380 741 380 734 377 718 375 716 370 712 368 693 343 682 338 675 341 666 339 654 322 637 322 625 313 607 317 594 332 630 350 683 394 731 405 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 693 343 705 331 710 320 707 314 683 291 668 289 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 625 313 637 322 654 322 666 339 675 341 682 338 [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] poly 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 617 308 633 260 642 243 651 237 659 250 [[Proto-Tifɯ languages|Tifɯ]] poly 677 208 682 222 673 225 666 234 646 229 642 243 633 260 623 255 625 232 636 212 [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] </imagemap> 6a48c2ba3d010d8f942380f6f26cc2fe807153f8 1411 1396 2014-03-11T18:00:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 286 215 290 192 278 177 268 156 270 143 255 89 247 92 232 98 220 103 179 64 185 46 145 71 132 106 112 114 100 131 85 129 76 135 70 181 75 183 130 157 176 148 193 165 225 185 282 215 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 282 215 275 239 283 251 335 259 441 252 457 226 [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 290 192 277 177 279 169 296 174 301 156 320 138 331 150 344 143 363 149 396 156 [[New Language 2]] poly 344 143 363 149 396 156 433 154 441 153 466 138 467 129 449 130 420 120 406 121 394 124 379 115 365 124 351 122 343 128 [[New Language 1]] poly 750 295 746 311 748 323 756 313 773 311 781 320 788 336 796 361 791 366 773 364 752 351 751 344 733 327 733 311 736 308 731 293 735 286 [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] poly 750 295 774 287 778 293 773 302 763 307 746 311 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 744 226 738 225 729 231 719 247 719 299 733 311 737 308 731 293 735 286 738 281 731 274 739 265 741 248 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 773 302 779 293 798 303 819 300 843 310 863 330 874 352 868 370 829 378 820 373 819 359 823 347 807 341 786 320 [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] poly 820 373 819 359 816 351 807 349 796 366 803 374 805 384 [[New Language 8]] poly 805 384 803 374 791 366 773 364 759 364 752 370 738 367 727 360 721 359 716 370 718 375 733 377 741 380 771 381 793 397 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 811 418 785 407 786 417 795 423 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 786 417 774 413 785 407 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 775 392 772 380 741 380 734 377 718 375 716 370 712 368 693 343 682 338 675 341 666 339 654 322 637 322 625 313 607 317 594 332 630 350 683 394 731 405 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 693 343 705 331 710 320 707 314 683 291 668 289 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 625 313 637 322 654 322 666 339 675 341 682 338 [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] poly 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 617 308 633 260 642 243 651 237 659 250 [[Proto-Tifɯ languages|Tifɯ]] poly 677 208 682 222 673 225 666 234 646 229 642 243 633 260 623 255 625 232 636 212 [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] poly 666 234 678 260 703 254 267 234 703 227 682 203 677 208 682 222 [[Languages]] </imagemap> 07b272b4fb1854fba327f8a65af3a2c0da850c85 1412 1411 2014-03-11T18:04:48Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 286 215 290 192 278 177 268 156 270 143 255 89 247 92 232 98 220 103 179 64 185 46 145 71 132 106 112 114 100 131 85 129 76 135 70 181 75 183 130 157 176 148 193 165 225 185 282 215 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 282 215 275 239 283 251 335 259 441 252 457 226 [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 290 192 277 177 279 169 296 174 301 156 320 138 331 150 344 143 363 149 396 156 [[New Language 2]] poly 344 143 363 149 396 156 433 154 441 153 466 138 467 129 449 130 420 120 406 121 394 124 379 115 365 124 351 122 343 128 [[New Language 1]] poly 750 295 746 311 748 323 756 313 773 311 781 320 788 336 796 361 791 366 773 364 752 351 751 344 733 327 733 311 736 308 731 293 735 286 [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] poly 750 295 774 287 778 293 773 302 763 307 746 311 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 744 226 738 225 729 231 719 247 719 299 733 311 737 308 731 293 735 286 738 281 731 274 739 265 741 248 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 773 302 779 293 798 303 819 300 843 310 863 330 874 352 868 370 829 378 820 373 819 359 823 347 807 341 786 320 [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] poly 820 373 819 359 816 351 807 349 796 366 803 374 805 384 [[New Language 8]] poly 805 384 803 374 791 366 773 364 759 364 752 370 738 367 727 360 721 359 716 370 718 375 733 377 741 380 771 381 793 397 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 811 418 785 407 786 417 795 423 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 786 417 774 413 785 407 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 775 392 772 380 741 380 734 377 718 375 716 370 712 368 693 343 682 338 675 341 666 339 654 322 637 322 625 313 607 317 594 332 630 350 683 394 731 405 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 693 343 705 331 710 320 707 314 683 291 668 289 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 625 313 637 322 654 322 666 339 675 341 682 338 [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] poly 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 617 308 633 260 642 243 651 237 659 250 [[Proto-Tifɯ languages|Tifɯ]] poly 677 208 682 222 673 225 666 234 646 229 642 243 633 260 623 255 625 232 636 212 [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] poly 666 234 678 260 703 254 695 234 703 227 682 203 677 208 682 222 [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] </imagemap> 03d12b990811d3267c123b844439a03a2b758100 1413 1412 2014-03-11T18:05:25Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 286 215 290 192 278 177 268 156 270 143 255 89 247 92 232 98 220 103 179 64 185 46 145 71 132 106 112 114 100 131 85 129 76 135 70 181 75 183 130 157 176 148 193 165 225 185 282 215 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 282 215 275 239 283 251 335 259 441 252 457 226 [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 290 192 277 177 279 169 296 174 301 156 320 138 331 150 344 143 363 149 396 156 [[New Language 2]] poly 344 143 363 149 396 156 433 154 441 153 466 138 467 129 449 130 420 120 406 121 394 124 379 115 365 124 351 122 343 128 [[New Language 1]] poly 750 295 746 311 748 323 756 313 773 311 781 320 788 336 796 361 791 366 773 364 752 351 751 344 733 327 733 311 736 308 731 293 735 286 [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] poly 750 295 774 287 778 293 773 302 763 307 746 311 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 744 226 738 225 729 231 719 247 719 299 733 311 737 308 731 293 735 286 738 281 731 274 739 265 741 248 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 773 302 779 293 798 303 819 300 843 310 863 330 874 352 868 370 829 378 820 373 819 359 823 347 807 341 786 320 [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] poly 820 373 819 359 816 351 807 349 796 366 803 374 805 384 [[New Language 8]] poly 805 384 803 374 791 366 773 364 759 364 752 370 738 367 727 360 721 359 716 370 718 375 733 377 741 380 771 381 793 397 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 811 418 785 407 786 417 795 423 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 786 417 774 413 785 407 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 775 392 772 380 741 380 734 377 718 375 716 370 712 368 693 343 682 338 675 341 666 339 654 322 637 322 625 313 607 317 594 332 630 350 683 394 731 405 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 693 343 705 331 710 320 707 314 683 291 668 289 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 625 313 637 322 654 322 666 339 675 341 682 338 [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] poly 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 617 308 633 260 642 243 651 237 659 250 [[Proto-Tifɯ languages|Tifɯ]] poly 677 208 682 222 673 225 666 234 646 229 642 243 633 260 623 255 625 232 636 212 [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] poly 666 234 678 260 703 254 695 234 703 227 682 203 677 208 682 222 [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] </imagemap> f32e1f4dbedffc237e6d8e24876fd7982cf671d0 Originalia 0 43 1399 1378 2014-03-10T20:19:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] a156280548c082cc64e56c6278e5a8f4054a0c95 1400 1399 2014-03-10T20:32:58Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 7c217d439cb29fc2f2f40961b65660f6098fbe65 1405 1400 2014-03-10T23:50:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Œkhii, Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 402d4afe78feadf5eb92d2c17aec5ab6639313a4 1406 1405 2014-03-10T23:50:40Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] fb941cbf8b65f59877227b3bafdff5b88da4fb0d 1407 1406 2014-03-11T00:07:48Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *African leopards *Arabian wolves *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Asiatic cheetahs *Asiatic lions *Barbary lions *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Indian cobras *Indian leopards *Indian peafowls *Indian wolves *Lion-tailed macaques *Mongooses *Ospreys *Saolas *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 7ce61395627e9c59c8df60f704815658cd7b6f44 1408 1407 2014-03-11T00:31:41Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 897abe14c3bd56e1c4e48a85b693503e7d2224a8 1409 1408 2014-03-11T00:37:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African leopards *Bluebucks *Bonteboks *Cape lions *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Duikers *Giraffes *Grey rheboks *Hartebeests *Hyraxes *Impalas *Mongooses *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests *Zanzibar leopards <ref>Inhabit the small isle north of Originalia.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 2eef346f673b51f62461351250efa61703788341 1410 1409 2014-03-11T00:54:28Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests <ref>Black and Blue species.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] e6da4d682a976f302b2851bb0a4fef59c8655748 1422 1410 2014-03-11T18:15:12Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests <ref>Black and Blue species.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 9205784f0fd23178cf4b701c3491db527a509c3b 1423 1422 2014-03-11T18:30:23Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards *Tigers <ref>Siberian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests <ref>Black and Blue species.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] b3ee8c47d80c8a58ee149b2e0be52b305d064a9b 1424 1423 2014-03-11T18:32:11Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards *Tigers <ref>Siberian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gee's golden langurs *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas *Tigers <ref>Bengal and Caspian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests <ref>Black and Blue species.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 18c75044c2df90d0f53110553c0795d9cda7e68e 1425 1424 2014-03-11T18:38:08Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards *Tigers <ref>Siberian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas *Tigers <ref>Bengal and Caspian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests <ref>Black and Blue species.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 198caed2e025dfcff4921d64c082988169b99901 1427 1425 2014-03-11T18:44:27Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards *Tigers <ref>Siberian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, Indian, and Persian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas *Tigers <ref>Bengal and Caspian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas *Wildebeests <ref>Black and Blue species.</ref> '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 189083bbd0ebdcc1efb9db2bf74d56a548046b6c 1428 1427 2014-03-11T18:48:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards *Tigers <ref>Siberian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, Indian, and Persian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas *Tigers <ref>Bengal and Caspian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African wild dogs *Bat-eared foxes *Black wildebeests *Blue wildebeests *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 95ef7e3aeb4c8a23a0fa7c8e5618b2458c05f881 Proto-Sazāzasōj language 0 173 1415 1302 2014-03-11T18:06:58Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Sazāzasōj |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Sazāzasōj |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Sazāzasōj }} }} == Phonology == consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(: )(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] a196b816f4d82d6d10dcbb11c70b18f7fbeac337 Template:Infobox language/family-color 10 150 1417 1273 2014-03-11T18:07:55Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-blaiti | proto-blaiti| proto-blaiti= <nowiki>#00FA9A</nowiki> | proto-efeip| proto-efeip| proto-efeip= <nowiki>#5588BA</nowiki> | proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu= <nowiki>#1E59A6</nowiki> | proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni= <nowiki>#1CD59A</nowiki> | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ = <nowiki>#1EB5A6</nowiki> | proto-nnadū| proto-nnadū| proto-nnadū= <nowiki>#55AA27</nowiki> | proto-ampayrù| proto-ampayrù| proto-ampayrù= <nowiki>#32CD32</nowiki> | proto-qanday| proto-qanday| proto-qanday= <nowiki>#9ACD32</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> f027d1fe11a4b56c0b70738e482a6e0c44e12471 1418 1417 2014-03-11T18:09:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-blaiti | proto-blaiti| proto-blaiti= <nowiki>#00FA9A</nowiki> | proto-efeip| proto-efeip| proto-efeip= <nowiki>#5588BA</nowiki> | proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu= <nowiki>#1E59A6</nowiki> | proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni= <nowiki>#1CD59A</nowiki> | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ = <nowiki>#1EB5A6</nowiki> | proto-nnadū| proto-nnadū| proto-nnadū= <nowiki>#55AA27</nowiki> | proto-ampayrù| proto-ampayrù| proto-ampayrù= <nowiki>#32CD32</nowiki> | proto-qanday| proto-qanday| proto-qanday= <nowiki>#9ACD32</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 63efe1026e573dd5296f00e1b7e8c1c4dc7a38e9 1419 1418 2014-03-11T18:09:56Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen | proto-CEkhen = <nowiki>#FFFF00</nowiki> | proto-araqish | proto-araqish| proto-araqish= <nowiki>#FFA500</nowiki> | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje | proto-dwaripje = <nowiki>#EECD46</nowiki> | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen | proto-dreishawen = <nowiki>#FF6347</nowiki> | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh | proto-hatlh = <nowiki>#C1952C</nowiki> | proto-kódù | proto-kódù | proto-kódù = <nowiki>#7CFC00</nowiki> | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj | proto-sazāzasōj = <nowiki>#EEF037</nowiki> | proto-ziai | proto-ziai | proto-ziai = <nowiki>#3DC662</nowiki> | proto-blaiti | proto-blaiti| proto-blaiti= <nowiki>#00FA9A</nowiki> | proto-efeip| proto-efeip| proto-efeip= <nowiki>#5588BA</nowiki> | proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu| proto-khenmussu= <nowiki>#1E59A6</nowiki> | proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni| proto-kiapni= <nowiki>#1CD59A</nowiki> | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ | proto-tifɯ = <nowiki>#1EB5A6</nowiki> | proto-nnadū| proto-nnadū| proto-nnadū= <nowiki>#55AA27</nowiki> | proto-ampayrù| proto-ampayrù| proto-ampayrù= <nowiki>#32CD32</nowiki> | proto-qanday| proto-qanday| proto-qanday= <nowiki>#9ACD32</nowiki> | afro-asiatic | afrasiatic | afroasiatic = <nowiki>#faecc8</nowiki> | algic | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaic = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = <nowiki>#c0dde6</nowiki> | andamanese = <nowiki>#c99fee</nowiki> | australian | australian (areal) = <nowiki>#eba9ee</nowiki> | austroasiatic | austro-asiatic = lightcoral | austronesian = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = black | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = <nowiki>#f2ceee</nowiki> | indo-european = <nowiki>#c9ffd9</nowiki> | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = <nowiki>#dddddd</nowiki> | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = <nowiki>#99ddff</nowiki> | niger-congo | niger–congo = <nowiki>#ffddaa</nowiki> | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = <nowiki>#fd79da</nowiki> | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibetan = salmon | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralic = lime | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = <nowiki>#80bfff</nowiki> | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 532d4a1dfc0006b1eaa3444f647a081ff66731e0 Omoserica 0 45 1420 1335 2014-03-11T18:12:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephant birds <ref>Elephant birds, falanoucs, fossas, Malagasy civets, and lemurs inhabit Sylvonesia (the southwestern islands) and are exclusively found there.</ref> *Falanouc *Fossas *Giant fossas *Malagasy civets '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Brown bears <ref>East Siberian, Eurasian, Himalayan, Kamchatka, and Ussuri subspecies</ref> *Cave bears *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian lynxes *Giant pandas *Gray wolves <ref>Arctic, Eurasian, Tibetan, and Tundra subspecies.</ref> *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Siberian roe deer *Snow sheep *Wolverines '''Other Flora''' *Dahurian larches *Siberian larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 95bc28ce76d5ab5b159369156c444c93eb5f6bd2 1430 1420 2014-03-11T20:36:05Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephant birds <ref>Elephant birds, falanoucs, fossas, Malagasy civets, and lemurs inhabit Sylvonesia (the southwestern islands) and are exclusively found there.</ref> *Falanouc *Fossas *Giant fossas *Malagasy civets '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Brown bears <ref>East Siberian, Eurasian, Himalayan, Kamchatka, and Ussuri subspecies</ref> *Cave bears *Elasmotherium *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian lynxes *Giant pandas *Gray wolves <ref>Arctic, Eurasian, Tibetan, and Tundra subspecies.</ref> *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Siberian roe deer *Snow sheep *Wolverines '''Other Flora''' *Dahurian larches *Siberian larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 673851033baedaee1de60f66170f93b8e99294dc 1432 1430 2014-03-11T21:14:24Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephant birds <ref>Elephant birds, falanoucs, fossas, Malagasy civets, and lemurs inhabit Sylvonesia (the southwestern islands) and are exclusively found there.</ref> *Falanouc *Fossas *Giant fossas *Malagasy civets '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Brown bears <ref>East Siberian, Eurasian, Himalayan, Kamchatka, and Ussuri subspecies</ref> *Cave bears *Elasmotherium *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian lynxes *Giant pandas *Gray wolves <ref>Arctic, Eurasian, Tibetan, and Tundra subspecies.</ref> *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Siberian roe deer *Snow sheep *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Dahurian larches *Siberian larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} d46449cdd29f69dfc464a9ebb2909edc94eb20b1 1433 1432 2014-03-11T21:40:55Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephant birds <ref>Elephant birds, falanoucs, fossas, Malagasy civets, and lemurs inhabit Sylvonesia (the southwestern islands) and are exclusively found there.</ref> *Falanouc *Fossas *Giant fossas *Malagasy civets '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic foxes *Brown bears <ref>East Siberian, Eurasian, Himalayan, Kamchatka, and Ussuri subspecies</ref> *Cave bears *Elasmotherium *Eurasian beavers *Eurasian lynxes *Giant pandas *Gray wolves <ref>Arctic, Eurasian, Tibetan, and Tundra subspecies.</ref> *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar bears *Red foxes *Siberian roe deer *Snow sheep *Wolverines *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Dahurian larches *Siberian larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 8b668b6d7221e6280e110bc76ff7b3e3f4e59efc Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish 0 245 1431 2014-03-11T20:41:00Z Artaxes 3370985 Created page with " == A == == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == == I == == Í == == K == == K..." wikitext text/x-wiki == A == == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == == I == == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] 21dda90de8f3ac58f053fc366d1f70b3daa972fc Dateline 0 87 1434 1183 2014-03-12T02:25:26Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *American lions *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gambel's quails *Grizzly bears <ref>California and Mexican subspecies.</ref> *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American black bears *American cheetah *Arctic foxes *Bobcats *Canada lynxes *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Arctic, Eastern, Labrador, Northwestern, Northern Rocky Mountains, and Yukon subspecies.</ref> *Hagerman horses *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *North American beavers *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 19aadc1e8e98e5a3b0de4af8e30916444af1f519 1435 1434 2014-03-12T03:22:01Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *American lions *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Carolina parakeets *Collared peccaries *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gambel's quails *Grizzly bears <ref>California and Mexican subspecies.</ref> *Kangaroo rats *Mexican wolves *Teratornis '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American black bears *American cheetah *Arctic foxes *Bobcats *Brown bears <ref>Grizzly and Kodiak subspecies.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Arctic, Eastern, Labrador, Northern Rocky Mountains, Northwestern, and Yukon subspecies.</ref> *Hagerman horses *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *North American beavers *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7244bc833e826ab4a6e50093cdb2100abd683a0e 1436 1435 2014-03-12T03:41:54Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American black bears *American cheetah *Arctic foxes *Bobcats *Brown bears <ref>Grizzly and Kodiak subspecies.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Arctic, Eastern, Labrador, Northern Rocky Mountains, Northwestern, and Yukon subspecies.</ref> *Hagerman horses *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *North American beavers *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 74719c84824871cd453248afc50e1a492010392d 1437 1436 2014-03-12T03:57:22Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Mexican and Southern Rocky Mountains subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *Red wolves '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American black bears *American cheetah *Arctic foxes *Bobcats *Brown bears <ref>Grizzly and Kodiak subspecies.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Arctic, Eastern, Labrador, Northern Rocky Mountains, Northwestern, and Yukon subspecies.</ref> *Hagerman horses *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *North American beavers *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 5aaa580897de61066b6309d2290401d6a13112d4 1441 1437 2014-03-12T06:08:08Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *Bolson tortoises *California condors *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Mexican and Southern Rocky Mountains subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *Red wolves '''Other Plants''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American Black Bears *American Cheetahs *Arctic Foxes *Bobcats *Brown Bears <ref>Grizzly and Kodiak subspecies.</ref> *Canada Lynxes *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Gray Wolves <ref>Eastern, Labrador, Northern Rocky Mountains, Northwestern, and Yukon subspecies.</ref> *Hagerman Horses *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *North American Beavers *Short-faced Bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4921dc2d44e78d531eef24b7f7eaa6d21f385d69 1445 1441 2014-03-12T15:20:30Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *Bolson tortoises *Brown bears <ref>California grizzly and Mexican grizzly subspecies.</ref> *California Condors *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Mexican and Southern Rocky Mountains subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *Red wolves '''Other Flora''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American Black Bears *American Cheetahs *Arctic Foxes *Bobcats *Brown Bears <ref>Grizzly and Kodiak subspecies.</ref> *Canada Lynxes *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire Wolves *Gray Wolves <ref>Eastern, Labrador, Northern Rocky Mountains, Northwestern, and Yukon subspecies.</ref> *Hagerman Horses *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *North American Beavers *Short-faced Bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} f60d2a032c122a8f882161be3c6c78fa79a135e9 1446 1445 2014-03-12T15:34:02Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *Bolson tortoises *Brown bears <ref>California grizzly and Mexican grizzly subspecies.</ref> *California Condors *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Mexican and Southern Rocky Mountains subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *Red wolves '''Other Flora''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American black bears *American cheetahs *Arctic foxes *Bobcats *Brown bears <ref>Grizzly and Kodiak subspecies.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Eastern, Labrador, Northern Rocky Mountains, Northwestern, and Yukon subspecies.</ref> *Hagerman horses *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *North American beavers *Short-faced bears '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 313c7574e4d3f87409bec5050ff6e093b479c02b 1447 1446 2014-03-12T17:59:19Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *Bolson tortoises *Brown bears <ref>California grizzly and Mexican grizzly subspecies.</ref> *California Condors *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Mexican and Southern Rocky Mountains subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *Red wolves '''Other Flora''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American black bears *American cheetahs *Arctic foxes *Bobcats *Brown bears <ref>Grizzly and Kodiak subspecies.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Eastern, Labrador, Northern Rocky Mountains, Northwestern, and Yukon subspecies.</ref> *Hagerman horses *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *North American beavers *Short-faced bears *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 52377b549814e3dbb8d5b33f119dbf7ddce30d77 1448 1447 2014-03-12T18:05:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *Bolson tortoises *Brown bears <ref>California grizzly and Mexican grizzly subspecies.</ref> *California Condors *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Mexican and Southern Rocky Mountains subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *Red wolves '''Other Flora''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American black bears *American cheetahs *Arctic foxes *Bobcats *Brown bears <ref>Grizzly and Kodiak subspecies.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Eastern, Labrador, Northern Rocky Mountains, Northwestern, and Yukon subspecies.</ref> *Hagerman horses *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *North American beavers *Short-faced bears *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Birch *Black spruces *Brewer's weeping spruces *Engelmann spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Red spruces *Sitka spruces *Subalpine Larches *Tamarack larches *Western larches *White spruce <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 3889b4e677a9c2260199f513b18d4a904c1c32bb 1449 1448 2014-03-12T18:35:32Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Dateline */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Dateline |bodystyle = |image = [[File:dateline.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Dateline''', also known as '''Edgeland''', is a continent. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:dateline_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Dateline''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}}</br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ====Southern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops *Chilihueques *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Mexican horse, Scott's horse, and the Western horse (Equus occidentalis).</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Cassava *Cotton *Hemp *Jute *Potatoes *Sunflowers *Sweet potatoes '''Aquatic Fauna''' '''Other Animals''' *American alligators *American cheetahs *American crocodiles *Bolson tortoises *Brown bears <ref>California grizzly and Mexican grizzly subspecies.</ref> *California Condors *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Mexican and Southern Rocky Mountains subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *Red wolves '''Other Flora''' *Buckthorn *Chihuahua pines *Chihuahua spruces *Cholla cactus *Creosote bushes *Joshua trees *Martinez spruces *Monkey puzzle trees *Monterey pines *Prickly pears *Saguaros <references/> ====Northern Dateline==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Camelops <ref>Camels have also migrated to Omoserica.</ref> *Dogs *Guanacos <ref>Domesticated into llamas.</ref> *Hemiauchenia <ref>Domesticated into Giant llamas.</ref> *Horses <ref>Domesticated from the Yukon wild horse.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Vicuñas <ref>Domesticated into alpacas.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Sorghum *Sunflowers '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatrosses *Bowhead whales *Pacific sleeper sharks *Sabertooth salmon *Salmon '''Other Animals''' *American black bears *American cheetahs *Arctic foxes *Bobcats *Brown bears <ref>Grizzly and Kodiak subspecies.</ref> *Canada lynxes *Columbian mammoths *Cougars *Coyotes *Dire wolves *Gray wolves <ref>Eastern, Labrador, Northern Rocky Mountains, Northwestern, and Yukon subspecies.</ref> *Hagerman horses *Lions <ref>American subspecies.</ref> *North American beavers *Short-faced bears *Woolly mammoths '''Other Flora''' <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} baf831de9db35093ebfe589d43a267a0d5222de2 Arctica 0 95 1438 1362 2014-03-12T06:02:36Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Biodiversity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Arctica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Arctica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Arctica''' is one of the eight continents. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:arctica_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Arctica''': <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} ---- {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} {{legend0|#D4D4D4|Ice Cap}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === '''Domestic Animals''' *Dogs *Reindeer <ref>Barren-ground caribou and Peary caribou.</ref> '''Cultivable Plants''' *Alpine Bearberries *Bilberries *Black crowberries *Bog cotton *Dandelions *Juniper berries *Lingonberries *Reindeer lichen <ref>Used to make Akvavit, glass decorations, and medicinal remedies.</ref> *Wild celery <ref>Archangelica variety.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Gray Wolves <ref>Arctic and Greenland subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Arctic chars *Atlantic cod *Atlantic Puffins *Atlantic salmon *Atlantic wolffish *Beluga whales *Bowhead whales *Great Auks <ref>Found on the southern coast of the continent. Breeds on isolated rocky islands to discourage visitations by Polar bears and other predators.</ref> *Greenland cod *Greenland halibuts *Greenland sharks *Halibuts *Harbor seals *Harp seals *Humpback whales *Iceland Gulls *Narwhals *Northern krill *Orcas *Ringed seals *Rose fish *Trouts *Walruses <ref>Other populations exist off the northern coast of Dateline and Omoserica.</ref> *White-beaked dolphins '''Other Flora''' *Norway spruces *Siberian Spruces <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2f6a03b2aeca6ed5d837b6619e7996ae0af27eb9 Omoserica 0 45 1439 1433 2014-03-12T06:05:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephant birds <ref>Elephant birds, falanoucs, fossas, Malagasy civets, and lemurs inhabit Sylvonesia (the southwestern islands) and are exclusively found there.</ref> *Falanouc *Fossas *Giant fossas *Malagasy civets '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic Foxes *Brown Bears <ref>East Siberian, Eurasian, Himalayan, Kamchatka, and Ussuri subspecies</ref> *Cave Bears *Elasmotherium *Eurasian Beavers *Eurasian Lynxes *Giant Pandas *Gray Wolves <ref>Eurasian, Tibetan, and Tundra subspecies.</ref> *Moose *Muskoxen *Polar Bears *Red Foxes *Siberian Roe Deer *Snow Sheep *Wolverines *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Dahurian larches *Siberian larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} fe7134fe47805edd2c5d91abf5cc3910495cae75 1440 1439 2014-03-12T06:06:14Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Northern Omoserica */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Omoserica |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Omoserica.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Omoserica''', commonly referred to as '''China''', is a continent in the northern hemisphere. The second largest continent in the world after [[Originalia]], Omoserica boasts the highest mountain range in the world, along with a vast expanse of woodlands to the south. Humanity arrived on Omoserica's southern shores roughly 30,000 years ago, in a slow migration over the ocean from Originalia. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:omoserica_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Omoserica: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} {{legend0|#8CCCBD|Polar Tundra}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Omoserica==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Silkworms *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Water buffaloes '''Cultivable Flora''' *Sorghum *Yams *Rice *Soy *Cassava *Bananas *Sugar cane *Maize *Flax *Tea *Bamboo *Taro *Eddoes '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Shark '''Other Animals''' *Elephant birds <ref>Elephant birds, falanoucs, fossas, Malagasy civets, and lemurs inhabit Sylvonesia (the southwestern islands) and are exclusively found there.</ref> *Falanouc *Fossas *Giant fossas *Malagasy civets '''Other Flora''' *Palm Trees *Tree Heath *Ginkgoes <references/> ==== Northern Omoserica ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Bactrian camels <ref>found in the desert between the two mountain ranges where there is a number of oases and a highly fertile alluvial plain.</ref> *Dogs *Horses <ref>domesticated from Tarpans and Przewalski's horses.</ref> *Reindeer *Stag-Moose <ref>http://alternatehistory.com/discussion/showpost.php?p=8592217&postcount=799</ref> *Yak <ref>found in the alpine tundra on the two mountain ranges.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Apples *Bamboo *Onions *Soy '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatross *Great Auks *Right Whales *Steller's sea cows <ref>in the strait separating Dateline from Omoserica.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Arctic Foxes *Brown Bears <ref>East Siberian, Eurasian, Himalayan, Kamchatka, and Ussuri subspecies</ref> *Cave Bears *Elasmotherium *Eurasian Beavers *Eurasian Lynxes *Giant Pandas *Gray Wolves <ref>Eurasian, Tibetan, and Tundra subspecies.</ref> *Moose *Muskoxen *Red Foxes *Siberian Roe Deer *Snow Sheep *Wolverines *Woolly Mammoths '''Other Flora''' *Dahurian larches *Siberian larches <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 9ba56e6dddc86f7c40f7b31c3fba9faa9a7438b0 Template:LanguageNav 10 176 1442 1275 2014-03-12T15:02:47Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] {{small|([[Proto-Araqish dialects|dialects]])}}{{small|([[Etymological_dictionary_of_Proto-Araqish|dictonary]])}} • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] • [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] • New Language 8 • [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} cab594cb12ab94ffab7cda1d5eca44998df81167 1443 1442 2014-03-12T15:03:54Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • New Language 2 | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] {{small|([[Proto-Araqish dialects|dialects]])}} {{small|([[Etymological_dictionary_of_Proto-Araqish|dictonary]])}} • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] • [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] • New Language 8 • [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} 71e21a694deee15646aedd4e785d048256b310d3 Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish 0 245 1444 1431 2014-03-12T15:05:25Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki == A == == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == == I == == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 72247009b4a9924b803dd15dae137c230a439711 1450 1444 2014-03-12T23:51:29Z Artaxes 3370985 wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == == A == == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == == I == == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 5e576c38fa2fe2436e27f4218c2b19ae8db1dacf 1451 1450 2014-03-13T15:11:25Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Abbreviations */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == == I == == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} caad17fa1eafb6b365e919688e411b75ba360e41 1452 1451 2014-03-13T15:22:53Z Artaxes 3370985 /* A */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' probably Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'a river with many cascades or waterfalls'. * '''aq-''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break. == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == == I == == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 28515c421de737253b7f38c08d10a38048e31729 1453 1452 2014-03-13T15:42:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* B */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' probably Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'a river with many cascades or waterfalls'. * '''aq-''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break. == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' - ''v'' to beat. ** '''bábá''' - ''v'' to war. ** '''tubá''' - ''v'' to repel attack. == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == == I == == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 428df9f4d228fa059636990e580636f4f7001903 1454 1453 2014-03-13T15:51:43Z Artaxes 3370985 /* I */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' probably Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'a river with many cascades or waterfalls'. * '''aq-''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break. == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' - ''v'' to beat. ** '''bábá''' - ''v'' to war. ** '''tubá''' - ''v'' to repel attack. == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 1bb26b074eed51480067c0f3f8c79da9fc51b9a0 1455 1454 2014-03-13T16:05:40Z Artaxes 3370985 /* B */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' probably Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'a river with many cascades or waterfalls'. * '''aq-''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break. == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place ***tubátan [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} e10ce10ac6cebc85df7ea1e98c079107b8c4951e 1456 1455 2014-03-13T16:06:07Z Artaxes 3370985 /* B */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' probably Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'a river with many cascades or waterfalls'. * '''aq-''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break. == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 584b7ea9db90739c571aa7f511429bda68aeafdd 1457 1456 2014-03-13T16:55:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ġ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' probably Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'a river with many cascades or waterfalls'. * '''aq-''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break. == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - n teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} c19825859eb8e3d1683c9300ce585e9000941dc0 1458 1457 2014-03-13T16:56:17Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ġ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' probably Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'a river with many cascades or waterfalls'. * '''aq-''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break. == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 426e15dda4f6221ad53f57f80c11689cfecd9880 1459 1458 2014-03-13T17:05:56Z Artaxes 3370985 /* B */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' probably Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'a river with many cascades or waterfalls'. * '''aq-''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break. == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 8bd6370293543feeee9a78a74c97c45fc7a48b9d 1460 1459 2014-03-13T17:46:27Z Artaxes 3370985 /* X */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' probably Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'a river with many cascades or waterfalls'. * '''aq-''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break. == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d3b8a3c2410adfb97006faa6a8885e4f3a7ba9cf 1461 1460 2014-03-13T17:57:26Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ṣ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' probably Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'a river with many cascades or waterfalls'. * '''aq-''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break. == Á == == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} ea1889d035cc83fe6484115b6caa7b31442b5288 1462 1461 2014-03-13T18:04:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Á */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' probably Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'a river with many cascades or waterfalls'. * '''aq-''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break. == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 2bbfdd839208582bc253a2f7cafadf2b9e0c2199 1463 1462 2014-03-13T18:10:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* A */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d5b51bdc623b6329f700d9ffaabc0b890b54c687 1464 1463 2014-03-13T18:12:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* A */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 691dc45d28764dba0d4a6f692fa181119d6a35b3 1465 1464 2014-03-13T18:23:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* G */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} c62ecd6907831e504ca9da405f698b9c59a5e612 1466 1465 2014-03-13T18:25:07Z Artaxes 3370985 /* G */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} dd49f8778cea71942fc991b469b84c8ad85993bb 1467 1466 2014-03-13T18:31:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ph */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} ffbdbafa432845481729ac36f50d6d702fe3b578 1468 1467 2014-03-13T18:32:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ph */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d95d419c869a4b4593582c49e8d11e69a65157b2 1469 1468 2014-03-13T18:35:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* A */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** aqma [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} b102ee1af887172b0954a13a35c3a9f25e31985e 1470 1469 2014-03-13T18:35:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* A */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 9ef5ebff39da09fb281a7459384c481075938279 1471 1470 2014-03-13T18:49:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* B */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 01983fabfd8144addff0e2f10c7583476e5790b4 1472 1471 2014-03-13T19:20:29Z Artaxes 3370985 /* S */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** samarder [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * sarír [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * sǽokh [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** sǽokhder [saːˈokʰdʰel] - place of snakes ** sǽokhtan [saːˈokʰtɑn] - man of snakes * súg [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} e823998d2b5267f0b5da0bb9bb1f227283d8c715 1473 1472 2014-03-13T19:21:54Z Artaxes 3370985 /* S */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == == Qh == == R == == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 8b97bbfb02c3e515d05dc44897efa873256a2f70 1474 1473 2014-03-13T19:26:33Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Q */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall == Qh == == R == == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 71c669b4592c739ed6146d6444442ec441afb510 1475 1474 2014-03-13T19:39:41Z Artaxes 3370985 /* R */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall == Qh == == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 2e06b889e4674ea43e1bbe1a8b6fc20a94f6abc3 1476 1475 2014-03-13T19:58:38Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Q */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} f4e0d556cf6c1978da241d7adac38e0a3de6bbb3 1477 1476 2014-03-13T20:07:34Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Qh */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} dbf6471ba072942cde27a2c999db30e1d6074dbe 1478 1477 2014-03-13T20:11:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Th */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} f4ffbc8ad012284f5dded23bf204065aaabda2ff 1479 1478 2014-03-13T20:14:28Z Artaxes 3370985 /* X */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 43eb88b8a88d4513bad7fbb4afffb6e7852f6155 1480 1479 2014-03-13T20:21:53Z Artaxes 3370985 /* A */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 91f4458c6478e3fa16dfb4e925454d8f3d39a729 1481 1480 2014-03-13T20:30:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* D */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 528f6c684bd0bac117ffaf19e67770003aecfd11 1482 1481 2014-03-13T21:45:09Z Artaxes 3370985 /* K */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} f3c4a0b85ef5f1938bfb1116064d6c32fa08638c 1483 1482 2014-03-13T21:52:08Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Kh */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} ec41955ffed64fe6724becda2050067c6207157b Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish 0 245 1484 1483 2014-03-13T22:06:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* M */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == == Th == * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} fd3dbc5efcf8e5afe4f2ffc755abe23e36d79b8a 1485 1484 2014-03-13T22:08:14Z Artaxes 3370985 /* T */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 801092f076aec522d963feed70e8b545311b9db1 1486 1485 2014-03-13T23:11:10Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Th */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} c8c6c1fc7df16c495f1b4ba5e762331e38fd0b72 1487 1486 2014-03-13T23:12:00Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Th */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 5782fdd51d44c8c57ad2ef9eb3e66752b0e0b586 1488 1487 2014-03-14T12:29:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* G */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * ''gint'' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 4653804db3be4673013f8b2e674a0615e54de557 1489 1488 2014-03-14T12:30:25Z Artaxes 3370985 /* G */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} b948fee10b2cd9fa1486fcc70e6bb89a578fc114 1490 1489 2014-03-14T13:17:18Z Artaxes 3370985 /* G */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** gephyotan [gʰepʰjotɑn] - n fisher *** gephyotanmóg [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - v fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} ee7b4a8a44af08d153d2b4c3b92a177c4f86a8f9 1491 1490 2014-03-14T13:18:35Z Artaxes 3370985 /* G */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} edeb5cfb659888bc1009de8ee7e52f7f0895f62d 1492 1491 2014-03-14T13:20:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* X */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} cee3155b372937d8213f44f866fe9971b5d9d791 1493 1492 2014-03-14T13:23:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* È */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 2dbdc886ecc3b1946525863c3473dcf102aea24b 1494 1493 2014-03-14T13:27:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ṭ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} b4a2d1c12f233bfc45a162ad94166f5219af5b10 1495 1494 2014-03-14T13:29:52Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ṭh */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} ae7276c803da137431739225040fcf8ae1ef29c4 1496 1495 2014-03-14T13:36:19Z Artaxes 3370985 /* X */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 2d7591d0ccd5e870efa33f17bf9b1ebbace96db6 1497 1496 2014-03-14T13:43:39Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ġ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} a3ef26fabd8e20abc1be2924275d66046ec1025d 1498 1497 2014-03-14T13:46:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* X */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} bae7b22fba7ced2e753b5eae7be09f8c994af96e 1499 1498 2014-03-14T13:47:27Z Artaxes 3370985 /* T */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 770fe51906b16a32b4adf84a4aab8d4916f55a54 1500 1499 2014-03-14T13:53:27Z Artaxes 3370985 /* V */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 50c8bfe453fd31fda725b433e426c57325c0379a 1501 1500 2014-03-14T13:55:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Y */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 36b7804b59dec9aff1b646205a04c0f2d3b9667b 1502 1501 2014-03-14T13:57:40Z Artaxes 3370985 /* B */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 6e4451272d2358df0f88278ffdccfe951f7eb6d8 1503 1502 2014-03-14T15:52:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* A */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 58dbdf7fe0bf9b8a8bbbcfc1b80c02e0e25b91df 1504 1503 2014-03-14T16:20:34Z Artaxes 3370985 /* S */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 3e78d16a8fd0960f72928ca240251a96ce48ee19 1505 1504 2014-03-14T16:25:25Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Th */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} b66b82e415876c599d80f97ce36808de651329d4 1506 1505 2014-03-14T16:29:34Z Artaxes 3370985 /* R */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 45932aaa5c4df2f6f6b65517d356bb0637ae6ba7 1507 1506 2014-03-14T16:32:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* K */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 53aa99b23fcd56e842b8537c7d7ad74fe8bbeb7d 1508 1507 2014-03-14T16:41:39Z Artaxes 3370985 /* D */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 13ea7eea239c2309cec590d40bdb8e6e1450d588 1509 1508 2014-03-14T22:13:29Z Artaxes 3370985 /* É */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 50d01ed1883f2daefd3cd47151bc8c40c31e8139 1510 1509 2014-03-14T22:44:28Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ḍ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 54c469cad38776d34b6200583565c7e1749affc4 1511 1510 2014-03-14T22:52:30Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Í */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 0483f5e811077484326f17837c87a76136639110 1512 1511 2014-03-15T17:37:00Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Qh */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d4990ee21cb81ccf403e891d4a0c291dcac251e3 1513 1512 2014-03-15T17:44:04Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ǽ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 871b487b31c128db7d8cc75f45075edb98bafaf2 1514 1513 2014-03-15T17:57:26Z Artaxes 3370985 /* M */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 1bfaba604cf8ac1d3b93416fcd5e3fe8222bc98b 1515 1514 2014-03-15T18:04:11Z Artaxes 3370985 /* R */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 51f314a9d594e66f1d4229aabd674a100af7ee66 1516 1515 2014-03-15T18:05:55Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ṭh */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} eb5efcbf0ff2e56933d1d419fe5d1ff611c9aa75 1517 1516 2014-03-15T18:16:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* N */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 85f51dde333494fbc463136817a4394522fd5f7e 1518 1517 2014-03-15T18:19:29Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Kh */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 3951484a66dfed7e77286a640dc5376282b27d76 1519 1518 2014-03-15T18:22:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ṭh */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 8aaa7a60f20422aee8a71559262a6a3ea0b5c016 1520 1519 2014-03-15T20:16:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ph */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} e7fca3a94b81c6f5f582d5b300a13f1963df3cce 1521 1520 2014-03-15T20:19:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* T */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 5f9398cd580f16d988e9ee95a58e71d56bf02449 1522 1521 2014-03-15T20:24:59Z Artaxes 3370985 /* D */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 556bdc72b0a9721b470743eb6b87db50be236b49 1523 1522 2014-03-15T20:29:21Z Artaxes 3370985 /* X */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 38476e1ab2ece03f6659a346e6a218c0e828d026 1524 1523 2014-03-15T23:22:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* V */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d68a536e1ab635c2f0e137d1c9020ff12da9d208 1525 1524 2014-03-15T23:23:35Z Artaxes 3370985 /* B */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} e52235722bfe568a859e3331e3d454d326a844da 1526 1525 2014-03-16T14:34:53Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Q */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} e83a425a1f8a45028ec18a4f60c978e5c057a0e9 1527 1526 2014-03-16T14:39:49Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ṣ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} acdf027bb76fa149dd9fd53816f4cd0d7e8c154f 1528 1527 2014-03-16T14:42:59Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ú */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 5c4cd74456665e69e1de389d727ae41ec0b30971 1529 1528 2014-03-16T14:47:29Z Artaxes 3370985 /* M */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} f1f0c190b0098b2da08deb88c7286f965f0993b1 1530 1529 2014-03-16T14:53:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ô */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 4f9f0619eb748f4dba17b208c751b86d43db3170 1531 1530 2014-03-16T14:57:38Z Artaxes 3370985 /* R */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 1cb8b425c86186c2c5399d5e8bea8f428c1415f1 1532 1531 2014-03-16T14:59:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* R */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} c6fff3337753bb0a87574a4bc75286a440ef4552 1533 1532 2014-03-16T15:13:41Z Artaxes 3370985 /* K */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} b49084429019f9f258471a4a008d29a0b7154031 Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish 0 245 1534 1533 2014-03-16T15:27:54Z Artaxes 3370985 /* T */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 613031e467542b6d0af871a02f0b4c0479fcf443 1535 1534 2014-03-16T15:46:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Qh */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 10a161a285bc379ade6b88373f17d3633f2650e9 1536 1535 2014-03-16T15:47:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Qh */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 4501fb541a30423f12366d3d4f4c5f2d73fc6f92 1537 1536 2014-03-16T16:35:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Æ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d527346d8eedd28893471085362cd292ba2373ee 1538 1537 2014-03-16T16:43:52Z Artaxes 3370985 /* S */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 297bdaceaeeb87598b90642406347b19a8e03aac 1539 1538 2014-03-16T17:27:47Z Artaxes 3370985 /* R */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d333d3a211fe63ecdbcdd44dcc3840fa36a6339f 1540 1539 2014-03-16T17:31:42Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Q */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d90698cfa800f44a892ed43f3fcad99e0c4e3456 1541 1540 2014-03-16T17:35:20Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Th */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 0b01fbcef2f8712d9066b4d85dd9ef8345b54bca 1542 1541 2014-03-16T17:40:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* N */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d3e28ccc1b2ba9c8ffda624993a3ae122d018d76 1543 1542 2014-03-16T18:18:43Z Artaxes 3370985 /* K */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 5caf4fcce441c4d603f1f7c41eb403c93f336d79 1544 1543 2014-03-16T18:20:56Z Artaxes 3370985 /* M */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} c22a039a2109a8b222b477006c9217a46fb3878d 1545 1544 2014-03-16T18:24:26Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ph */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} dafcca237952a23c3c9c4bd6967c8a4fe1c300d0 1546 1545 2014-03-16T18:25:44Z Artaxes 3370985 /* R */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} af26e8389cbec9b2af629ba3001e3d336037403a 1547 1546 2014-03-16T18:29:01Z Artaxes 3370985 /* S */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 50be7e31f587242c4718c77c39c9a91108b63b6f 1548 1547 2014-03-16T18:29:53Z Artaxes 3370985 /* S */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 3c15368dcf124f64d92f2af0b4413dc80bf22299 1549 1548 2014-03-16T18:32:49Z Artaxes 3370985 /* K */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} cd676c8338cdd9c56d70fceb0d49d789c05af53a 1550 1549 2014-03-16T18:35:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* T */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 5b9ccb38903af3a8ee25cac10bdcd07c17f2e1b2 1551 1550 2014-03-16T18:39:49Z Artaxes 3370985 /* X */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} f27df856dbef4f4d7a6e635ddf773d0e7125059b 1552 1551 2014-03-16T18:43:47Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Y */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 6ac0703a4e3c4807fd38aca038b740a2c6b8e7c9 1553 1552 2014-03-16T18:46:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* É */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - to drive ** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d0f70cbbc88a2e6bf2b29238de66229fc91270f9 1554 1553 2014-03-16T18:46:53Z Artaxes 3370985 /* É */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive ** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} be122d5e48ecefe5f57d81bde03913ba1d7f53da 1555 1554 2014-03-16T18:47:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* É */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d43c631f15b192df4936ad26354ffb7f54b56203 1556 1555 2014-03-16T18:50:04Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ṣ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} cee581ec4790f526ffddb8c132155a9a595ddd9b 1557 1556 2014-03-16T18:51:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ṭ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 9d282a5874c0ddb976b7b755b59b4632641b4907 1558 1557 2014-03-16T20:12:47Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ġ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} a9265f592a2602df3ca5b16abce2f6f1123417fd 1559 1558 2014-03-16T20:15:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* B */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} a8fdd0c652f6b4d65ead4fa3941a6d75136da5a5 1560 1559 2014-03-16T20:15:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* B */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 32579d32f2dde2eedaa8134302072ca497d1fb41 1561 1560 2014-03-16T20:18:21Z Artaxes 3370985 /* D */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 749d6107880cac5a3ef19e590ecf10192ef66140 1562 1561 2014-03-16T20:25:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* G */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gjuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gjuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} bb96425c041f58084a6208ea3e7e0be36c6912a8 1563 1562 2014-03-16T20:26:30Z Artaxes 3370985 /* G */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 3231f918bd0f58d3e696793e6f666e8d733dc20c 1564 1563 2014-03-16T20:29:34Z Artaxes 3370985 /* G */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 2d5dbd0f20a1ff6315e9c00aaf9750e178ce6469 1565 1564 2014-03-16T20:32:20Z Artaxes 3370985 /* K */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} b4e55f21eb39e382549ea4e6bea75d2ef3af8274 1566 1565 2014-03-16T20:32:57Z Artaxes 3370985 /* K */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 0fb5294b0b15cf5e250d0d99c11e586f733af77b 1567 1566 2014-03-16T20:36:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* M */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} e399144a678f1ab36e0b59779ced670f24384386 1568 1567 2014-03-16T20:39:00Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ph */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} f4804ea800702df8b0174ba18f329d9814b70377 1569 1568 2014-03-16T20:40:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* P */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} a77cac17a7d120748098290043161ff149120786 1570 1569 2014-03-16T20:42:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* R */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * ræyx [ɾajh] - to grow ** ræyxma [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} e09bb167927b1f6bdb02ae6eeb4bb1c0382756de 1571 1570 2014-03-16T20:43:25Z Artaxes 3370985 /* R */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} f694a282e61f6a4ec157a940eebcc5ac40f3bc81 1572 1571 2014-03-16T20:43:56Z Artaxes 3370985 /* R */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 3ebf675f301fcd624569c043c338f9bd3a7177d7 1573 1572 2014-03-16T20:50:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* V */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 3ced822fb84ca290d9be840191ae59762abbbe92 1574 1573 2014-03-16T20:53:44Z Artaxes 3370985 /* X */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xeyn''' [hejn] - ''v'' to hallow; ''adj'' holy ** '''xeynder''' [hejndʰel] - ''n'' temple * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 2efe0750ae64a18473f8e3d746a1566ca8cf79a6 1575 1574 2014-03-16T21:04:08Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ò */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == * òr [ɔl] - ''num'' one; ''v'' to merge, to unite ** òrma [ɔlmɑ] - ''n'' unity, merger == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xeyn''' [hejn] - ''v'' to hallow; ''adj'' holy ** '''xeynder''' [hejndʰel] - ''n'' temple * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} fb2ffdd0456a2a204dfe345d4c0eb059d8245099 1576 1575 2014-03-16T21:04:36Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ò */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == * '''òr''' [ɔl] - ''num'' one; ''v'' to merge, to unite ** '''òrma''' [ɔlmɑ] - ''n'' unity, merger == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xeyn''' [hejn] - ''v'' to hallow; ''adj'' holy ** '''xeynder''' [hejndʰel] - ''n'' temple * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} f92403901cff95815f5ae9a564477a8cccb9bf28 1577 1576 2014-03-16T21:16:25Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ṭh */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == * '''òr''' [ɔl] - ''num'' one; ''v'' to merge, to unite ** '''òrma''' [ɔlmɑ] - ''n'' unity, merger == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhíṣ''' [ʈʰiːʂ] - ''v'' to feel ** '''ṭhíṣpê [ʈʰiːʂpɛː] - ''n'' feel * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xeyn''' [hejn] - ''v'' to hallow; ''adj'' holy ** '''xeynder''' [hejndʰel] - ''n'' temple * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 8969cbf06a6388413352c84eed60dc8c192b5fd8 1578 1577 2014-03-16T21:19:47Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ṭ */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == * '''òr''' [ɔl] - ''num'' one; ''v'' to merge, to unite ** '''òrma''' [ɔlmɑ] - ''n'' unity, merger == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch * '''ṭoqh''' [ʈoqʰ] - ''v'' to create ** '''ṭoqhma''' [ʈoqʰmɑ] - ''n'' creature ** '''ṭoqhtan''' [ʈoqʰtɑn] - ''n'' creator == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhíṣ''' [ʈʰiːʂ] - ''v'' to feel ** '''ṭhíṣpê [ʈʰiːʂpɛː] - ''n'' feel * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xeyn''' [hejn] - ''v'' to hallow; ''adj'' holy ** '''xeynder''' [hejndʰel] - ''n'' temple * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} d153836b2b921c519d8637fdb81c6e826654e8d9 1579 1578 2014-03-16T21:20:16Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Ṭh */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == * '''òr''' [ɔl] - ''num'' one; ''v'' to merge, to unite ** '''òrma''' [ɔlmɑ] - ''n'' unity, merger == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch * '''ṭoqh''' [ʈoqʰ] - ''v'' to create ** '''ṭoqhma''' [ʈoqʰmɑ] - ''n'' creature ** '''ṭoqhtan''' [ʈoqʰtɑn] - ''n'' creator == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhíṣ''' [ʈʰiːʂ] - ''v'' to feel ** '''ṭhíṣpê''' [ʈʰiːʂpɛː] - ''n'' feel * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xeyn''' [hejn] - ''v'' to hallow; ''adj'' holy ** '''xeynder''' [hejndʰel] - ''n'' temple * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 28846dee0f2c4d398bb2362d541dcecb8d04a221 1580 1579 2014-03-16T21:25:08Z Artaxes 3370985 /* V */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == * '''òr''' [ɔl] - ''num'' one; ''v'' to merge, to unite ** '''òrma''' [ɔlmɑ] - ''n'' unity, merger == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch * '''ṭoqh''' [ʈoqʰ] - ''v'' to create ** '''ṭoqhma''' [ʈoqʰmɑ] - ''n'' creature ** '''ṭoqhtan''' [ʈoqʰtɑn] - ''n'' creator == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhíṣ''' [ʈʰiːʂ] - ''v'' to feel ** '''ṭhíṣpê''' [ʈʰiːʂpɛː] - ''n'' feel * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vín''' [ʋiːn] - ''v'' to divide, to diminish ** '''vínma''' [ʋiːnmɑ] - ''n'' divide * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xeyn''' [hejn] - ''v'' to hallow; ''adj'' holy ** '''xeynder''' [hejndʰel] - ''n'' temple * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 3281d65aec1be1e4802725963fb1426393f23b06 1581 1580 2014-03-17T13:36:33Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Y */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == * '''òr''' [ɔl] - ''num'' one; ''v'' to merge, to unite ** '''òrma''' [ɔlmɑ] - ''n'' unity, merger == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch * '''ṭoqh''' [ʈoqʰ] - ''v'' to create ** '''ṭoqhma''' [ʈoqʰmɑ] - ''n'' creature ** '''ṭoqhtan''' [ʈoqʰtɑn] - ''n'' creator == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhíṣ''' [ʈʰiːʂ] - ''v'' to feel ** '''ṭhíṣpê''' [ʈʰiːʂpɛː] - ''n'' feel * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vín''' [ʋiːn] - ''v'' to divide, to diminish ** '''vínma''' [ʋiːnmɑ] - ''n'' divide * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xeyn''' [hejn] - ''v'' to hallow; ''adj'' holy ** '''xeynder''' [hejndʰel] - ''n'' temple * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yór''' [joːl] - ''adj'' long ** '''yótær''' [joːtal] - ''v'' to prolong, to lengthen * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 21a395b2166f88ec89a2939a52e5db1fbb3e7b67 Proto-Nnadū language 0 218 1582 1269 2014-03-17T13:51:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ | |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ | |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ | |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ | |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | | |} p t c cᵝ k kᵝ /p t c cw k kw/<br> pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> s sʼ x /s sʼ h/<br> m n ɲ ŋ /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> l ʎ ʟ /l ḷ ł/<br> j β̝ /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== iː ɨː uː /ī ȳ ū/<br> äː /ā/<br> e ɪ̈ ʊ /i y u/<br> ə /a/<br> Also phonemic nasalized and breathy voiced contrasts in vocalic system. === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 47618878dfa1e57945541fa3ed4b4ed9ba2e6656 1583 1582 2014-03-17T13:55:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} p t c cᵝ k kᵝ /p t c cw k kw/<br> pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> s sʼ x /s sʼ h/<br> m n ɲ ŋ /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> l ʎ ʟ /l ḷ ł/<br> j β̝ /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== iː ɨː uː /ī ȳ ū/<br> äː /ā/<br> e ɪ̈ ʊ /i y u/<br> ə /a/<br> Also phonemic nasalized and breathy voiced contrasts in vocalic system. === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 9241b7a89c022d7e900c08a6d60efaf7aef38bc2 Proto-Nnadū language 0 218 1584 1583 2014-03-17T14:15:21Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} p t c cᵝ k kᵝ /p t c cw k kw/<br> pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> s sʼ x /s sʼ h/<br> m n ɲ ŋ /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> l ʎ ʟ /l ḷ ł/<br> j β̝ /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} iː ɨː uː /ī ȳ ū/<br> äː /ā/<br> e ɪ̈ ʊ /i y u/<br> ə /a/<br> Also phonemic nasalized and breathy voiced contrasts in vocalic system. === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2cf783767e44102d163edea2dc181ab69e0f0914 1585 1584 2014-03-17T15:27:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} p t c cᵝ k kᵝ /p t c cw k kw/<br> pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> s sʼ x xᵝ /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> m n ɲ ŋ /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> l ʎ ʟ /l ḷ ł/<br> j β̝ /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} iː ɨː uː /ī ȳ ū/<br> äː /ā/<br> e ɪ̈ ʊ /i y u/<br> ə /a/<br> Also phonemic nasalized and breathy voiced contrasts in vocalic system. === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 5de8342c604f2bdbe5301e7aa9452ac5ac003f53 1586 1585 2014-03-17T16:35:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} p t c cᵝ k kᵝ /p t c cw k kw/<br> pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> s sʼ x xᵝ /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> m n ɲ ŋ /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> l ʎ ʟ /l ḷ ł/<br> j β̝ /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} Phonemic nasalized and breathy voiced contrasts in vocalic system. /iː ĩː i̤ː/ <ii iĩ iih> /ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː/ <yy yỹ yyh> /uː ũː ṳː/ <uu uũ uuh> /ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈/ <y ỹ yh> /ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤/ <u ũ uh> /e ẽ e̤/ <i ĩ ih> /ə ə̃ ə̤/ <a ã ah> /aː ãː a̤ː/ <aa aã aah> === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 32571d3c371d5a68e26e7d0b43c18893d709a7e4 1587 1586 2014-03-17T16:37:09Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} p t c cᵝ k kᵝ /p t c cw k kw/<br> pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> s sʼ x xᵝ /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> m n ɲ ŋ /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> l ʎ ʟ /l ḷ ł/<br> j β̝ /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} Phonemic nasalized and breathy voiced contrasts in vocalic system. [nowiki] /iː ĩː i̤ː/ <ii iĩ iih> /ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː/ <yy yỹ yyh> /uː ũː ṳː/ <uu uũ uuh> /ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈/ <y ỹ yh> /ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤/ <u ũ uh> /e ẽ e̤/ <i ĩ ih> /ə ə̃ ə̤/ <a ã ah> /aː ãː a̤ː/ <aa aã aah> [/nowiki] === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2b70c25930771b4f33c8215143c09be262b29cc7 1588 1587 2014-03-17T16:37:42Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} p t c cᵝ k kᵝ /p t c cw k kw/<br> pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> s sʼ x xᵝ /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> m n ɲ ŋ /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> l ʎ ʟ /l ḷ ł/<br> j β̝ /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} Phonemic nasalized and breathy voiced contrasts in vocalic system. <nowiki> /iː ĩː i̤ː/ <ii iĩ iih> /ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː/ <yy yỹ yyh> /uː ũː ṳː/ <uu uũ uuh> /ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈/ <y ỹ yh> /ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤/ <u ũ uh> /e ẽ e̤/ <i ĩ ih> /ə ə̃ ə̤/ <a ã ah> /aː ãː a̤ː/ <aa aã aah> </nowiki> === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 0d8110a97d43bb5d3b0f26469b0d855d15dad36e 1589 1588 2014-03-17T16:41:04Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} p t c cᵝ k kᵝ /p t c cw k kw/<br> pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> s sʼ x xᵝ /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> m n ɲ ŋ /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> l ʎ ʟ /l ḷ ł/<br> j β̝ /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} Phonemic nasalized and breathy voiced contrasts in vocalic system. [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii iĩ iih/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /yy yỹ yyh/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /uu uũ uuh/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /y ỹ yh/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /u ũ uh/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ĩ ih/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ã ah/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa aã aah/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} a9636b90863c0242adceca5839226539fec30f33 1590 1589 2014-03-17T16:42:01Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} Phonemic nasalized and breathy voiced contrasts in vocalic system. [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii iĩ iih/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /yy yỹ yyh/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /uu uũ uuh/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /y ỹ yh/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /u ũ uh/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ĩ ih/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ã ah/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa aã aah/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 1a5bf3bc30a4eed207950ea64ff111cb5cb3559d 1591 1590 2014-03-17T21:37:32Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== a - tenuis short vowel<br> ã - nasalized short vowel<br> a̤ - breathy short vowel<br> aː - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 978db910e5567f15cf06dd65afbf86022e562a34 1592 1591 2014-03-17T21:38:39Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun stress * II - adjectival stress * III - adverbial stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 134016eeab1924269fa12792f698b07d2a1df719 1593 1592 2014-03-18T12:39:21Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Accent */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to subjectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 910ea024ac3bdf229382af64776dd58f91f58501 1594 1593 2014-03-18T13:43:30Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * three aspects (suffixal): Perfective, Imperfective, Iterative. * three moods (preffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Jussive. * three voices (suffixal): Active, Passive, Medial. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. '''Morphemic order:''' [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ef4557afb3a39b393a14894294ba8e9871c012a0 1595 1594 2014-03-18T14:22:32Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * polarity (preffixal): affirmative, negative. * gender-number suffixes. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. * evidentiality (particles): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. '''Morphemic order:''' [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | nịŋ bʼáp- | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | łọ́ bʼáp- | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | hạj pʼáp- | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 67b8c7e39d4872dc16f69dfc61033b58ba8783ec 1596 1595 2014-03-18T14:27:32Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * gender-number suffixes. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 679d06fc7636088b7b83e783df365488cfaa6f7f 1597 1596 2014-03-18T14:28:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Evidentiality */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * gender-number suffixes. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' [Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} cc74bac23a2bb93150ee8257ec229071290f2f80 1598 1597 2014-03-18T14:30:33Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * two genders (suffixal): human, non-human. * possessor (preffixal). * number combined with gender: singular, dual, plural. [Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense] === Verbs === * gender-number suffixes. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 83faee537e36a0fa6253b4cff9d9ae93d8bf1a54 1599 1598 2014-03-18T14:54:33Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵłí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵłí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== === Verbs === * gender-number suffixes. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 0091054302afae9719fe578e990ed3d4aa206357 1600 1599 2014-03-18T14:55:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Gender and number */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * only core cases (preffixal): Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Causal, Instrumental, Dative. * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== === Verbs === * gender-number suffixes. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7c76c1f38735304aee5954478a190cf11c280e6b 1601 1600 2014-03-18T15:09:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nḭ- | '''nḭkṵ́ł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkṵ́ł''' |- ! Causal | so̰- | '''so̰kṵ́ł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwá- | '''xwákṵ́ł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukṵ́ł''' | to / for wolf |} === Verbs === * gender-number suffixes. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2b2c893da28b7f06b9b7e8713f97fa6b5b571169 1602 1601 2014-03-18T15:10:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nḭ- | '''nḭkṵ́ł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkṵ́ł''' |- ! Causal | so̰- | '''so̰kṵ́ł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwá- | '''xwákṵ́ł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukṵ́ł''' | to / for wolf |} === Verbs === * gender-number suffixes. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 3e46aca4a21764d62a13b8321a5f683acfeeafa1 1603 1602 2014-03-18T15:42:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nḭ- | '''nḭkṵ́ł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkṵ́ł''' |- ! Causal | so̰- | '''so̰kṵ́ł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwá- | '''xwákṵ́ł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukṵ́ł''' | to / for wolf |} === Verbs === * gender-number suffixes. * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''kʼuŋo̰h''' | to make (by human) | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''kʼuŋo̰sa''' | to make (by two humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ae3de919b0b967e8cf8c8bf55a35801fbf5ca66a 1604 1603 2014-03-18T15:42:29Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nḭ- | '''nḭkṵ́ł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkṵ́ł''' |- ! Causal | so̰- | '''so̰kṵ́ł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwá- | '''xwákṵ́ł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukṵ́ł''' | to / for wolf |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''kʼuŋo̰h''' | to make (by human) | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''kʼuŋo̰sa''' | to make (by two humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} c2d141b74ad67b23ae1a04a5c44a240ecaba0cdf 1605 1604 2014-03-18T18:25:34Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * tense marked on nominal subject or object (suffixal): past, non-past. * definiteness (independent particles): neutral, indefinite, definite proper, definite distant. * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nḭ- | '''nḭkṵ́ł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkṵ́ł''' |- ! Causal | so̰- | '''so̰kṵ́ł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwá- | '''xwákṵ́ł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukṵ́ł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | a̰s | '''a̰s ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ół | '''ół ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''kʼuŋo̰h''' | to make (by human) | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''kʼuŋo̰sa''' | to make (by two humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 00edc94fd0f86a2817ac3e6c303f9368ffbe55e4 1606 1605 2014-03-18T18:40:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nḭ- | '''nḭkṵ́ł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkṵ́ł''' |- ! Causal | so̰- | '''so̰kṵ́ł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwá- | '''xwákṵ́ł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukṵ́ł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | a̰s | '''a̰s ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ół | '''ół ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''bʼị́n''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''bʼị́no''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''kʼuŋo̰h''' | to make (by human) | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''kʼuŋo̰sa''' | to make (by two humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f2051f76aae72a091133c65fe0607263e1204d48 1607 1606 2014-03-18T18:50:33Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nominal tense */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress * II - adjectival/participial stress * III - adverbial stress * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nḭ- | '''nḭkṵ́ł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkṵ́ł''' |- ! Causal | so̰- | '''so̰kṵ́ł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwá- | '''xwákṵ́ł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukṵ́ł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | a̰s | '''a̰s ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ół | '''ół ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''bʼị́no̰h''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''bʼị́no̰ho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''kʼuŋo̰h''' | to make (by human) | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''kʼuŋo̰sa''' | to make (by two humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2127dcf192cafdec24ec7e4b81e744b6b916fceb 1608 1607 2014-03-19T12:23:53Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Accent */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ ḥ ḥw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â''') * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nḭ- | '''nḭkṵ́ł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkṵ́ł''' |- ! Causal | so̰- | '''so̰kṵ́ł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwá- | '''xwákṵ́ł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukṵ́ł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | a̰s | '''a̰s ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ół | '''ół ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''bʼị́no̰h''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''bʼị́no̰ho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''kʼuŋo̰h''' | to make (by human) | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''kʼuŋo̰sa''' | to make (by two humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7921ee233590f4cd834920cceb605247f39779ea 1609 1608 2014-03-19T12:24:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /í ḭ́ ị́/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /ú ṵ́ ụ́/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /ó ó̰ ọ́/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ṵ ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o o̰ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i ḭ ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a a̰ ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /á á̰ ạ́/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â''') * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nḭ- | '''nḭkṵ́ł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkṵ́ł''' |- ! Causal | so̰- | '''so̰kṵ́ł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwá- | '''xwákṵ́ł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukṵ́ł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | a̰s | '''a̰s ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ół | '''ół ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''bʼị́no̰h''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''bʼị́no̰ho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''kʼuŋo̰h''' | to make (by human) | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''kʼuŋo̰sa''' | to make (by two humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} cb8e1bac4c750d56134239c46bccd17e69cab85f 1610 1609 2014-03-19T12:48:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Vowels */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /pʼ tʼ cʼ cwʼ kʼ kwʼ/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /bʼ dʼ ġʼ ġwʼ gʼ gwʼ/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s sʼ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â''') * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''gwụło̰h''' | man | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''gwụło̰sa''' | two men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -í | '''kṵ́łí''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kṵ́ł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nḭ- | '''nḭkṵ́ł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkṵ́ł''' |- ! Causal | so̰- | '''so̰kṵ́ł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwá- | '''xwákṵ́ł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukṵ́ł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | a̰s | '''a̰s ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ół | '''ół ġwá̰ḷo̰h''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''bʼị́no̰h''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''bʼị́no̰ho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''pʼó̰kọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -wáw- | '''pʼó̰kọwáw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''pʼó̰kọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''pátʼ-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''pátʼil-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ṵsʼ- | '''pátʼṵsʼ-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''dʼí-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -na̰ | '''dʼína̰''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạ́ | '''dʼílạ́''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''kʼụ́-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | a̰- | '''a̰kʼụ́-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọ́ | '''łọ́ bʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼáp-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -o̰h | '''kʼuŋo̰h''' | to make (by human) | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -o̰sa | '''kʼuŋo̰sa''' | to make (by two humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''kʼuŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -í | '''kʼuŋí''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7143d10da4d09160bcad586a98918620978cffb6 1611 1610 2014-03-19T12:59:03Z Artaxes 3370985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â''') * Nouns, "true" adjectives - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} b18d1050995fedb2faef1a374352e74c9c845251 1612 1611 2014-03-19T18:08:50Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Accent */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 8467e341a976ed216c4911340966b2eccf9cd6a0 1613 1612 2014-03-19T19:15:30Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕o''' | thou | '''cw̕oii''' | we two | '''cw̕oii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she / it | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | he / she / it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 1a155aa253a5991647316794b86d02648f7aa60c 1614 1613 2014-03-19T19:16:52Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕o''' | thou | '''cw̕oii''' | we two | '''cw̕oii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she / it | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | he / she / it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2b8877e3b2f10989c7dbd25761c809451afaef41 1615 1614 2014-03-19T21:17:50Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Personal pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} d6306aa88d953ce2e994f59c8af6b7a39c4f15d4 1616 1615 2014-03-19T21:33:14Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Accent */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 86ee1f05e78a1b93729b77a6a9de6fdedfec3444 1617 1616 2014-03-20T16:19:49Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} * '''1. Intransitive''' - subject of intransitive clauses. * '''2. Ergative''' - agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses. * '''3. Accusative''' - object of transitive clauses. * '''4. Causal''' - agent of causative clauses. * '''5. Instrumental''' - instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses. * '''6. Dative''' - goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses. ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 80fdc087ea34046f589d0f2930e99a02034be616 1618 1617 2014-03-20T16:48:14Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f1a7261f8070139b161e0ebc57557b5fe21c0e49 1625 1618 2014-03-24T11:46:30Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 8f9b2956f9cc701db0435da2202f384b35a25c4e 1626 1625 2014-03-24T18:05:38Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Possessor */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | I | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | we two | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thou | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | we two | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | we all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thou | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | we two | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | we all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | he / she | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | they two | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← '''sạạii'') | they two | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} eec679a0a3dc97b3bfdcfd116fada1f34a3d240d 1627 1626 2014-03-24T18:26:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Possessor */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← '''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 16780235de8af8cee0c062464b9db64d1a9f90bd 1628 1627 2014-03-24T19:47:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Possessor */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 5234ea50d7945bbf172b07dc2f0553737a1d950f 1629 1628 2014-03-24T20:04:00Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Adjective and adverb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | hụ ... pąą | hụ ... stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} eafb2d2d906d33f5a65ad819ece1fefea5916a7b 1630 1629 2014-03-24T22:03:27Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Personal pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | hụ ... pąą | hụ ... stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | xwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''xụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 5b09af36aa3aa6384bbdd850bfcb6df11e0c70da 1631 1630 2014-03-24T22:04:04Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Prepositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | hụ ... pąą | hụ ... stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | xwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''xụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 68979b8622c5a714f26458226565980784fc64af 1632 1631 2014-03-25T14:49:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Other prepositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | hụ ... pąą | hụ ... stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | xwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''xụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f18ad386d1a68278b97316c6f0842f06415a1e41 1633 1632 2014-03-25T14:50:00Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Other prepositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | xwaa- | '''xwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | hụ ... pąą | hụ ... stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | xwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} a251afd3217976442eb42731ec9930ce9385b1f8 Originalia 0 43 1619 1428 2014-03-22T14:55:46Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Central Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese. Flax is consumed as dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen cloth. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards *Tigers <ref>Siberian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, Indian, and Persian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas *Tigers <ref>Bengal and Caspian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African wild dogs *Bat-eared foxes *Black wildebeests *Blue wildebeests *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 53eb66e4151c44c07f7ff31bfbb541181f187f45 1624 1619 2014-03-23T19:28:24Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Prehistory */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' Barley is commonly consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages, bread, and in a cooked state. Bitter vetches are used as animal feed for cattle, goats, and sheep. Cheese produced from milk is popular among the Xáṣvaqêm, especially sheep cheese, which is commonly consumed alongside bread. Flax is consumed in the form of dried seeds, but is more commonly used to produce linen. Grapes are fermented to produce wine at primitive wineries and are stored in clay, ceramic jars for later consumption. Milk from cattle, goats, and sheep is sweetened with honey and is consumed as a sweet beverage. Meat from animals is cooked in hearths and is a secondary source of food for most city inhabitants. Animals that are commonly hunted are aurochs, elephants, and wild goats. Wheat is the most commonly grown cultivar consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm and is consumed in numerous forms by commoners, craftsmen, and laborers alike. Watermelons are a favorite among the more affluent citizens. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards *Tigers <ref>Siberian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, Indian, and Persian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas *Tigers <ref>Bengal and Caspian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African wild dogs *Bat-eared foxes *Black wildebeests *Blue wildebeests *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 016b20cc06d30cc632e51f6fcb0efb7569bbde71 Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish 0 245 1620 1581 2014-03-22T17:39:13Z Artaxes 3370985 /* A */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer ** '''aryúv''' [ɑljuːʋ] - ''n'' river (← 'flowing-water') *** '''aryúvsí''' [ɑljuːʋsiː] - ''n'' stream * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == * '''òr''' [ɔl] - ''num'' one; ''v'' to merge, to unite ** '''òrma''' [ɔlmɑ] - ''n'' unity, merger == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sala''' [sɑlɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch * '''ṭoqh''' [ʈoqʰ] - ''v'' to create ** '''ṭoqhma''' [ʈoqʰmɑ] - ''n'' creature ** '''ṭoqhtan''' [ʈoqʰtɑn] - ''n'' creator == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhíṣ''' [ʈʰiːʂ] - ''v'' to feel ** '''ṭhíṣpê''' [ʈʰiːʂpɛː] - ''n'' feel * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vín''' [ʋiːn] - ''v'' to divide, to diminish ** '''vínma''' [ʋiːnmɑ] - ''n'' divide * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xeyn''' [hejn] - ''v'' to hallow; ''adj'' holy ** '''xeynder''' [hejndʰel] - ''n'' temple * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yór''' [joːl] - ''adj'' long ** '''yótær''' [joːtal] - ''v'' to prolong, to lengthen * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} cd81ea439991626f4b333939780e1d9ed614463e 1621 1620 2014-03-22T18:04:57Z Artaxes 3370985 /* S */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer ** '''aryúv''' [ɑljuːʋ] - ''n'' river (← 'flowing-water') *** '''aryúvsí''' [ɑljuːʋsiː] - ''n'' stream * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == * '''òr''' [ɔl] - ''num'' one; ''v'' to merge, to unite ** '''òrma''' [ɔlmɑ] - ''n'' unity, merger == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''sara''' [sɑɾɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch * '''ṭoqh''' [ʈoqʰ] - ''v'' to create ** '''ṭoqhma''' [ʈoqʰmɑ] - ''n'' creature ** '''ṭoqhtan''' [ʈoqʰtɑn] - ''n'' creator == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhíṣ''' [ʈʰiːʂ] - ''v'' to feel ** '''ṭhíṣpê''' [ʈʰiːʂpɛː] - ''n'' feel * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vín''' [ʋiːn] - ''v'' to divide, to diminish ** '''vínma''' [ʋiːnmɑ] - ''n'' divide * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xeyn''' [hejn] - ''v'' to hallow; ''adj'' holy ** '''xeynder''' [hejndʰel] - ''n'' temple * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yór''' [joːl] - ''adj'' long ** '''yótær''' [joːtal] - ''v'' to prolong, to lengthen * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 371f88630d15e3890e01fe3e46dff2c72d78949a 1622 1621 2014-03-22T18:05:31Z Artaxes 3370985 /* S */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Abbreviations == '''Dialectal divisions:''' *''NW'' - Northwestern *''NE'' - Northeastern *''NC'' - Northcentral *''SC'' - Southcentral *''SW'' - Southwestern *''SE'' - Southeastern '''Substrate names:''' *''Para-Ar.'' - Para-Araqish *''Pre-SW'' - Pre-Southwestern '''Parts of speech:''' *''n'' - noun *''v'' - verb *''adj'' - adjective *''denom adj'' - denominal adjective *''partic'' - participle (deverbal adjective) *''vn'' - action noun *''part'' - particle *''postp'' - postposition == A == * '''abè''' [ɑbʰɛ] - ''n'' father; ''v'' to be father * '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] - ''n'' brother ** '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] - ''n'' brotherhood * '''ama''' [ɑmɑ] - ''n'' mother; ''v'' to be mother * '''ar''' [ɑl] - ''v'' to flow, to swim ** '''Araq''' [ɑɾɑq] - ''n'' Pre-Proto-Ar. ''alaq''; from ''al-'' 'to flow' and ''aq-'' 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls' ** '''artan''' [ɑltɑn] - ''n'' swimmer ** '''aryúv''' [ɑljuːʋ] - ''n'' river (← 'flowing-water') *** '''aryúvsí''' [ɑljuːʋsiː] - ''n'' stream * '''ara''' [ɑɾɑ] - ''n'' eye * '''aq''' [ɑq] - ''v'' to break, to crack ** '''aqma''' [ɑqmɑ] - ''n'' crack == Á == * '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] - ''n'' lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. ''*al-'' 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin) == Æ == * '''æk''' - ''adj'' sharp; ''n'' sharp edge ** '''ætæk''' - ''v'' to sharpen *** '''ætækkep''' - ''n'' sharpener == Ǽ == * '''ǽt''' [aːt] - ''v'' to stand ** '''ǽtǽt''' [æːtæːt] - ''v'' to stay, ''n'' stay == B == * '''bá''' [bʰɑː] - ''v'' to beat ** '''tubá''' [tubʰɑː] - ''v'' to shield against beatings *** '''tubáder''' [tubʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' shielding place *** '''tubákep''' [tubʰɑːkep] - ''n'' shield **** '''tubákeptan''' [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - ''n'' warrior with shield *** '''tubátan''' [tubʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' defender ** '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to war; ''n'' war *** '''bábáder''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' battle field *** '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - ''n'' craft of war *** '''bábátan''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior *** '''tubábá''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - ''v'' to repel attack, to defend; ''n'' defence **** '''tubábáder''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - ''n'' defence place **** '''tubábátan''' [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - ''n'' warrior-defender *'''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] - ''n'' ibex * '''bork''' [bʰolk] - ''v'' to fence; ''n'' fortress, stronghold * '''bôr''' [bʰɔːl] - ''v'' to boil; ''n'' boiling water *'''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] - ''n'' side of body == D == * '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] - ''n'' oak * '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - ''n'' cedar * '''deṇe''' [dʰeŋe] - ''adj/n'' blue; ''v'' change to blue * '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] - ''n'' sky * '''djêrm''' [dʰjɛːlm] - ''adj/n'' red; ''v'' to redden * '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] - ''n'' thunder; ''v'' to thunder * '''dub''' [dʰubʰ] - ''v'' to run; ''n'' run ** '''dubtan''' [dʰubʰtɑn] - ''n'' runner * '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] - ''n'' tree * '''dúym''' [dʰuːjm] - 'v'' to pray; ''n'' prayer * '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] - ''n'' mountain, ''v'' be in mountain ** '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - ''n'' grand mountain == Ḍ == * '''ḍvôd''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - ''v'' to win ** '''ḍvôdma''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - ''n'' victory, triumph ** '''ḍvôdtan''' [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' winner == E == == É == * '''ég''' [eːgʰ] - ''v'' to go, to walk, to come ** '''égég''' [eːgʰeːgʰ] - ''v'' to wander, to migrate *** '''égégnêr''' [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' wandering, migration *** '''égégtan''' [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - ''n'' wanderer, migrant ** '''étæg''' [eːtagʰ] - ''v'' to drive *** '''étægtan''' [eːtagʰtɑn] - ''n'' driver ** '''tvég''' [tʋeːgʰ] - ''v'' to stop == È == * '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] - ''n'' elephant == Ê == == G == * '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] - ''n'' dhole * '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] - ''n'' fish; ''v'' to fish ** '''gephyotan''' [gʰepʰjotɑn] - ''n'' fisher *** '''gephyotanmóg''' [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - ''v'' fishing * '''gèth''' [gɛtʰ] - ''v'' to build ** '''gèthma''' [gɛtʰmɑ] - ''n'' building * '''gint''' [gʰint] - ''n'' hand; ''v'' to oath, to swear ** '''gintnêr''' [gʰintnɛːl] - ''vn'' oath ** '''ginttan''' [gʰinttɑn] - ''n'' swearing man * '''gon''' [gʰon] - ''v'' to kill ** '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] - ''n'' slaughterhouse ** '''gonkep''' [gʰonkep] - ''n'' homicide's tool ** '''gonma''' [gʰonmɑ] - ''n'' homicide *** '''gonmami''' [gʰonmɑmi] - ''n'' homicide's victim ** '''gontan''' [gʰontɑn] - ''n'' killer * '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] - ''n'' coast, bank, edge * '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] - ''n'' sheep * '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' auroch * '''gyuṣ''' [gʰjuʂ] - ''v'' to blend, to mix; ''n'' blend, mix ** '''gyuṣkep''' [gʰjuʂkep] - ''n'' mixer, tool for blending == Ġ == * '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] - ''adj'' big, great * '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - ''n'' family, lineage * '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - ''n'' lion * '''ġed''' [ɢʰedʰ] - ''v'' to be ready ** '''ġednæn''' [ɢʰedʰnan] - ''n'' readiness ** '''ġetæd''' [ɢʰetadʰ] - ''v'' to prepare * '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] - ''adj'' high; ''v'' to raise, to increase, ''n'' height ** '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - ''n'' deity *** '''ġíthdámóg''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - ''n'' teology ** '''ġíthder''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - ''n'' high place, highland * '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] - ''adj'' round; ''n'' round, globular object; ''v'' to round * '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - ''adj'' wild; ''v'' to became wild; ''n'' wildness ** '''ġvòrġnæn''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - ''n'' wilderness ** '''ġvòrġder''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - ''n'' wild place == I == * '''iṣ-''' [iʂ] - ''v'' to speak ** '''iṣiṣ-''' [iʂiʂ] - ''v'' to talk *** '''iṣiṣtan''' [iʂiʂtɑn] - ''n'' interlocutor ** '''iṣtan''' [iʂtɑn] - ''n'' speaker, orator ** '''tviṣ-''' [tʋiʂ] - ''v'' to reply == Í == * '''íq''' [iːq] - ''v'' to eat ** '''ítæq''' [iːtaq] - ''v'' to feed; ''n'' feed *** '''ítæqtan''' [iːtaqtɑn] - ''n'' feeder == K == * '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] - ''n'' head, ''v'' to lead ** '''kaduqmin''' [kɑdʰuqmin] - ''n'' leader, chief * '''kaòṣ''' [kɑˈɔʂ] - ''v'' to share; ''n'' share * '''kasik''' [kɑsik] - ''n'' garlic * '''keṇk''' [keŋk] - ''n'' wheel; ''v'' to wheel * '''kexeth''' [kehetʰ] - ''adj/n'' gray, ''v'' to gray * '''kivi''' [kiʋi] - ''n'' bone * '''kín''' [kiːn] - ''v'' to seek ** '''kintan''' [kintɑn] - ''n'' seeker ** '''tukín''' [tukiːn] - ''v'' to find, to discover *** '''tukíntan''' [tukiːntɑn] - ''n'' finder, discoverer * '''korḍ''' [koɭɖʰ] - ''adj/n'' black; ''v'' to blacken * '''kôp''' [kɔːp] - ''v'' to sink ** '''kôtæp''' [kɔːtap] - ''v'' to drown *** '''kôtæptan''' [kɔːtaptɑn] - ''n'' kelpie * '''kuṣṭ''' [kuʂʈ] - ''v'' to shoot ** '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] - ''n'' shooter * '''kvay''' [kʋɑj] - ''v'' to live ** '''kvaynæn''' [kʋɑjnan] - ''n'' life == Kh == * '''khamp''' [kʰɑmp] - ''v'' to help * '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] - ''n'' daughter * '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] - ''n'' copper * '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] - ''n'' shark * '''khor''' [kʰol] - ''v'' to let * '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] - ''n'' moon * '''khoson''' [kʰoson] - ''n'' pine * '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] - ''n'' civet == M == * '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] - ''n'' cobra * '''mat''' [mɑt] - ''n'' time * '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - ''n'' cattle * '''mǽd''' [maːdʰ] - ''v'' to teach ** '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] - ''n'' learner ** '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] - ''n'' teacher * '''mesin''' [mesin] - ''n'' cherry * '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] - ''n'' cat * '''mêx''' [mɛːh] - ''v'' to move ** '''mêxnæn''' [mɛːhnan] - ''n'' move * '''min''' [min] - ''n'' man * '''moth''' [motʰ] - ''v'' to fly, ''n'' flight ** '''mothkep''' [motʰkep] - ''n'' wing ** '''mothnêr''' [motʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' flying ** '''mothté''' [motʰteː] - ''n'' bird * '''mód''' [moːdʰ] - ''n'' house ** '''móddá''' [moːdʰdʰɑː] - ''n'' town, city ** '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - ''n'' banteng * '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] - ''n'' hair, fur * '''myéṇ''' [mjeːŋ] - ''v'' to smell ** '''myéṇpê''' [mjeːŋpɛː] - ''n'' smell * '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] - ''n'' eagle == N == * '''náb''' [nɑːbʰ] - ''v'' to know ** '''nábpê''' [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - ''n'' knowledge * '''nêys''' [nɛːjs] - ''v'' to think; ''n'' think ** '''nêystan''' [nɛːjstɑn] - ''n'' thinker ** '''nêtays''' [nɛːtajs] - ''v'' to cause thinking * '''nóp''' [noːp] - ''adj'' weak ** '''nótæp''' [noːtap] - ''v'' to weaken == Ṇ == == O == == Ó == == Ò == * '''òr''' [ɔl] - ''num'' one; ''v'' to merge, to unite ** '''òrma''' [ɔlmɑ] - ''n'' unity, merger == Ô == * '''ôġ''' [ɔːɢʰ] - ''v'' to hate ** '''ôġnæn''' [ɔːɢʰnan] - ''n'' hate ** '''ôgtan''' [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - ''n'' hater == P == * '''puq''' [puq] - ''v'' to cook == Ph == * '''phæk''' [pʰak] - ''v'' to fit * '''phóṣ''' [pʰoːʂ] - ''v'' to foam; ''n'' foam * '''phòg''' [pʰɔgʰ] - ''v'' to guard, to secure ** '''phògtan''' [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - ''n'' watchman * '''phúx''' [pʰuːh] - ''v'' to smoke; ''n'' smoke * '''phyos''' [pʰjos] - ''adj'' wise; ''v'' to became wise ** '''phyostan''' [pʰjostɑn] - ''n'' wise person, sage == Q == * '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] - ''n'' caracal * '''qòmd''' [qɔmdʰ] - ''adj'' hard ** '''qòmdnæn''' [qɔmdʰnan] - ''n'' hardness * '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] - ''n'' stone ** '''qanqdá''' [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - ''n'' grand stone * '''qêm''' [qɛːm] - ''n'' earth, land * '''qos''' [qos] - ''adj'' old ** '''qosnæn [qosnan] - ''n'' oldness ** '''qotæs''' [qotas] - ''v'' to make look old * '''qub''' [qubʰ] - ''v'' to fall ** '''qubder''' [qubʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of fall ** '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] - ''n'' fall * '''qún''' [quːn] - ''n'' fate; ''v'' to fate * '''qúq''' [quːq] - ''n'' milk; ''v'' to milk == Qh == * '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] - ''adj'' full; ''n'' fullness; ''v'' to fill * '''qhèr''' [qʰɛl] - ''v'' to burn ** '''qhèrpê''' [qʰɛlpeː] - ''n'' flame ** '''qhètær''' [qʰɛtal] - ''v'' to cause burning * '''qhot''' [qʰot] - ''v'' to sit, to sit down ** '''qhokhat''' [qʰokʰɑt] - ''v'' to seat self ~ to settle *** '''qhokhattan''' [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - ''n'' settler ** '''qhotæt''' [qʰotat] - ''v'' to seat; ''n'' seat * '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] - ''n'' monkey == R == * '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] - ''n'' flower * '''raq''' [ɾɑq] - ''v'' to soak, to wet ** '''raqnæn''' [ɾɑqnan] - ''n'' moisture ** '''ratæq''' [ɾɑtaq] - ''v'' to wash * '''rár''' [ɾɑːl] - ''n'' sunshine, sunlight; ''v'' to light * '''rásvi''' [ɾɑːsʋi] - ''adj/n'' purple, ''v'' to purple * '''ræyx''' [ɾajh] - ''v'' to grow ** '''ræyxma''' [ɾajhmɑ] - ''n'' plant * '''remb''' [ɾembʰ] - ''v'' to tremble * '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] - ''n'' wolf * '''rin''' [ɾin] - ''adj'' new ** '''rinnæn''' [ɾinnan] - ''n'' newness ** '''ritæn''' [ɾitan] - ''v'' to renew, to restore *** '''ritænnêr''' [ɾitannɛːl] - ''n'' renewing, restoring, renovation *** '''ritæntan''' [ɾitantɑn] - ''n'' renewer, restorer, renovator * '''rusdu''' [ɾusdʰu] - ''adj/n'' brown; ''v'' to brown * '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] - ''n'' word; ''v'' to express * '''ryém''' [ɾjeːm] - ''v'' to love ** '''ryémnæn''' [ɾjeːmnan] - ''n'' love * '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] - ''n'' night == S == * '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] - ''adj'' green; ''n'' greenery; ''v'' to became green ** '''samarder''' [sɑmɑldʰel] - ''n'' green place * '''sara''' [sɑɾɑ] - ''adj'' white; ''n'' whiteness; ''v'' to whiten * '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] - ''n'' rye * '''sæsu''' [sasu] - ''n'' sand; ''v'' to shower * '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] - ''n'' snake, serpent ** '''sǽokhder''' [saːˈokʰdʰel] - ''n'' place of snakes ** '''sǽokhtan''' [saːˈokʰtɑn] - ''n'' man of snakes * '''syôkh''' [sjɔːkʰ] - ''adj'' pink; ''n'' pink, rouge; ''v'' to rosy * '''sóryǽ''' [soːljaː] - ''adj'' yellow; ''n'' yellowness; ''v'' to yellow * '''súg''' [suːgʰ] - ''n'' dog * '''súr''' [suːl] - ''v'' to believe ** '''súrnæn''' [suːlnan] - ''n'' faith ** '''súrtan''' [suːltɑn] - ''n'' believer == Ṣ == * '''ṣíp''' [ʂiːp] - ''v'' to lie, to be located, to be situated ** '''ṣíppê''' [ʂiːppɛː] - ''n'' location, position, situation * '''ṣúb''' [ʂuːbʰ] - ''v'' to judge ** '''ṣúbder''' [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - ''n'' court ** '''ṣúbtan''' [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - ''n'' judge * '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] - ''adj'' golden; ''n'' gold; ''v'' to gild ** '''ṣvǽrtan''' [ʂʋaːltɑn] - ''n'' goldsmith *** '''ṣvǽrtanmóg''' [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - ''n'' goldsmith craft == T == * '''tap''' [tɑp] - ''n'' hill * '''tǽt''' [taːt] - ''adj'' good; ''n'' goodness * '''tíṇs''' [tiːŋs] - ''v'' to remember ** '''tíṇspê''' [tiːŋspɛː] - ''n'' memory * '''túr''' [tuːl] - ''v'' to grab''; ''n'' finger * '''tyór''' [tjoːl] - ''v'' to trust ** '''tyórnæn''' [tjoːlnan] - ''n'' trust == Th == * '''thab''' [tʰɑbʰ] - ''v'' to draw on sand ** '''thabnêr''' [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - ''vn'' drawing on sand * '''thǽd''' [tʰaːdʰ] - ''n'' tooth; ''v'' to bite ** '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - ''denom adj'' toothless * '''thoroṣ''' [tʰoɾoʂ] - ''adj'' orange; ''n'' orange colour; ''v'' change to orange colour * '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] - ''n'' olive * '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] - ''n'' plum == Ṭ == * '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] - ''n'' hemp * '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] - ''n'' source, spring, v to squirt * '''ṭip''' [ʈip] - ''v'' to touch ** '''ṭipma''' [ʈipmɑ] - ''n'' touch * '''ṭoqh''' [ʈoqʰ] - ''v'' to create ** '''ṭoqhma''' [ʈoqʰmɑ] - ''n'' creature ** '''ṭoqhtan''' [ʈoqʰtɑn] - ''n'' creator == Ṭh == * '''ṭháne''' [ʈʰɑːne] - ''n'' woman * '''ṭhíṣ''' [ʈʰiːʂ] - ''v'' to feel ** '''ṭhíṣpê''' [ʈʰiːʂpɛː] - ''n'' feel * '''ṭhòp''' [ʈʰɔp] - ''v'' to catch ** '''ṭhòptan''' [ʈʰɔptɑn] - ''n'' catcher * '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] - ''n'' horn; ''v'' to gore == U == == Ú == * '''úr''' [uːl] - ''v'' to howl * '''úrnêr''' [uːlnɛːl] - ''vn'' howling == V == * '''vár''' [ʋɑːl] - ''adv'' many; ''v'' to copy, to multiply * '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] - ''n'' cotton * '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] - ''n'' meadow * '''vèrd''' [ʋɛldʰ] - ''v'' to rule, to reign, to control ** '''vèrdnæn''' [ʋɛldʰnan] - ''n'' rule, reign, control ** '''vèrdtan''' [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - ''n'' ruler, controler * '''vín''' [ʋiːn] - ''v'' to divide, to diminish ** '''vínma''' [ʋiːnmɑ] - ''n'' divide * '''vóy''' [ʋoːj] - ''v'' to howl as hyena ''[onomatopeic]'' ** '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] - ''n'' hyena == X == * '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] - ''n'' mongoose * '''xár''' [hɑːl] - ''v'' to ride; ''n'' ride ** '''xártan''' [hɑːltɑn] - ''n'' rider * '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] - ''n'' sea ** '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - ''n'' dolphin (← 'sea people') * '''xǽy''' [haːj] - ''adj'' warm; ''n'' warmth; ''v'' to warm * '''xeyn''' [hejn] - ''v'' to hallow; ''adj'' holy ** '''xeynder''' [hejndʰel] - ''n'' temple * '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] - ''n'' flax * '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] - ''n'' fire ** '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] - ''n'' campfire ** '''xôgvík''' [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - ''n'' ash ** '''xôgrǽx''' [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - ''n'' aurora (← 'false-fire') * '''xôrp''' [hɔːlp] - ''v'' to prey; ''n'' prey ** '''xôrptan''' [hɔːlptɑn] - ''v'' predator * '''xuṭ''' [huʈ] - ''v'' to loan ** '''xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - ''n'' loan * '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] - ''n'' horse * '''xvôr''' [hʋɔːl] - ''n'' sun == Y == * '''yǽg''' [jaːgʰ] - ''v'' to hurt ** '''yǽgma''' [jaːgʰmɑ] - ''n'' hurt * '''yǽk''' [jaːk] - ''v'' to prick ** '''yǽksí''' [jaːksiː] - ''n'' spike, thorn * '''yór''' [joːl] - ''adj'' long ** '''yótær''' [joːtal] - ''v'' to prolong, to lengthen * '''yúv''' [juːʋ] - ''n'' water == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish language]] * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] {{Template:LanguageNav}} 042eb276f17b29b27b0f2cd89bbc1d640a5fc617 Proto-Araqish dialects 0 213 1623 1429 2014-03-22T19:06:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == ''/Wordlist is still under construction./'' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [deɲsu] | [dʰeɲsu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [cʰorot] | [cʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [nä] | [nä] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] | [nɔ] | [] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [kuː] | [] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːx] | [] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [säː] | [ʂäː] | [sɔː] | [ʂɑː] | [xɔː] | [] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢɔː] | [gɑː] | [gʰɔː] | [] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] | [] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [oːmä] | [oːmä] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] | [oːmɔ] | [] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːhä] | [ɛːsä] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] | [ɛːsɔ] | [] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [moːðʰ] | [moːdʰ] | [moːd] | [moːd] | [moːdʰ] | [] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bɔːbɔː] | [bɑːbɑː] | [bʰɔːbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [quːn] | [ʔuːn] | [quːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] | [] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰjos] | wise | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [] |- | '''ala''' [ɑɾɑ] | eye | [äɾä] | [äɾä] | [ɔrɔ] | [ɑrɑ] | [ɔɺɔ] | [] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [gʰint] | [gʰint] | [gint] | [ɟint] | [ɟʰint] | [] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] | round, globular object | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢoːl] | [goːl] | [gʰoːɺ] | [] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢɔːnɔː] | [gɑːnɑː] | [gʰɔːnɔː] | [] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [θʰäːðʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːdʰ] | [] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [mʋäl] | [mʋäl] | [mʋɔl] | [mʋɑl] | [mʋɔɺ] | [] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [qubʰmä] | [ʔubʰmä] | [qubmɔ] | [kubmɑ] | [kuːbʰmɔ] | [] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ixpɛː] | [] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [bʰäːkep] | [bʰäːkep] | [bɔkep] | [bʰɑːcep] | [bʰɔːcep] | [] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [bʰäkθän] | [bʰäktän] | [bɔktɔn] | [bɑktɑn] | [bʰɔctɔn] | [] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [puːɾuː] | [puːɾuː] | [puːruː] | [puːruː] | [puːɺuː] | [] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [mɔːʋθʰäːðʰäh] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰäs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɑs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɔs] | [] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːnðʰ] | [bɔːnd] | [bɔːnd] | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [gʰonðʰel] | [gʰondʰel] | [gondel] | [ɟondel] | [ɟʰondʰeɺ] | [] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [ɔːgʰðʰel] | [hɔːgʰdʰel] | [ɔːgdel] | [ɔːɟdel] | [ɔːɟʰdʰel] | [] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [ägʰɔːnän] | [ägʰɔːnɛn] | [ɔgɔːnan] | [ɑɟɔːnan] | [ɔɟʰɔːnan] | [] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [mäːθθʰän] | [mɛːtʰtʰän] | [maːddɔn] | [maːddɑn] | [maːddʰɔn] | [] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [mäːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdʰmi] | [] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [huːkt͡sʰäp] | [suːkʰt͡sʰäp] | [suːktʰjɔp] | [suːctjɑp] | [suːɟdʰjɔp] | [] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [bʰäːbʰäːkänθ] | [bʰäbʰäːkänt] | [bɔːbɔːkɔnt] | [bɑːbɑːcɑnt] | [bʰɔːbʰɔːcɔnt] | [] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːc] | [puːɺuːʋiːc] | [] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [d͡zʰäːldʰäː] | [d͡zʰɛːldʰäː] | [djaːldɔː] | [djaːldɑː] | [dʰjaːɺdʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [kʰäːsäː] | [kʰäːʂäː] | [kʰɔːsɔː] | [cʰɑːʂɑː] | [cʰɔːxɔː] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [sʋäːlnän] | [ʂʋäːlnɛn] | [sʋaːlnan] | [ʂʋaːlnan] | [xʋaːɺnan] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [sʋäːl] | [ʂʋäːl] | [sʋaːl] | [ʂʋaːl] | [xʋaːl] | [] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] | [] |- | '''keṇk''' [keŋk] | wheel | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [ceɲc] | [ceɲc] | [] |- | '''phôr''' [pʰɔːl] | front | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] | side of body | [bʰjäːh] | [bʰjɛːs] | [bjaːs] | [bjaːs] | [bʰjaːs] | [] |- | '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] | high | [ɢʰiːθʰ] | [ɢʰiːtʰ] | [ɢiːtʰ] | [giːtʰ] | [gʰiːtʰ] | [] |- | '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑː] | deity | [ɢʰiːððʰäː] | [ɢʰiːdʰdʰäː] | [ɢiːddɔː] | [giːddɑː] | [gʰiːddʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] | shooter | [kustθän] | [kuʂʈtän] | [kusttɔn] | [kuʂʈtɑn] | [kuxktɔn] | [] |- | '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] | flower | [ɾänθeː] | [ɾänteː] | [rɔnteː] | [rɑnteː] | [ɺɔnteː] | [] |- | '''rár''' [rɑːl] | sunshine | [ɾäːl] | [ɾäːl] | [rɔːl] | [rɑːl] | [ɺɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''xǽy''' [haːj] | warm | [äːj] | [hɛːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [] |- | '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] | full | [qʰäːp] | [qʰäːp] | [qʰɔːp] | [kʰɑːp] | [kʰɔːp] | [] |- | '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] | word | [ɾ̝äːs] | [ɾ̝ɛːʂ] | [r̝aːs] | [raːʂ] | [ɺaːx] | [] |- | '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | wild | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʋɔlɢ] | [gʋɔlg] | [gʰʋɔɺg] | [] |- | '''kasik''' [kɑsik] | garlic | [kähik] | [käsik] | [kɔsik] | [cɑsic] | [cɔsic] | [] |- | '''mesin''' [mesin] | cherry | [mehin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [] |- | '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] | olive | [θʰɔqi] | [tʰɔʔi] | [tʰɔqi] | [tʰɔki] | [tʰɔki] | [] |- | '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] | cotton | [ʋätʰäː] | [ʋɛtʰɛː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [] |- | '''bís''' [bʰiːs] | bee | [bʰiːh] | [bʰiːs] | [biːs] | [biːs] | [bʰiːs] | [] |- | '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] | plum | [t͡sʰɛs] | [t͡sʰɛʂ] | [tʰjɛs] | [tʰjɛʂ] | [tʰjɛx] | [] |- | '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] | flax | [ɛmɛ] | [hɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [] |- | '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] | dhole | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gɔːˈɔn] | [ɟɑːˈɔn] | [ɟɔːˈɔn] | [] |- | '''phárs''' [pʰɑːls] | leopard | [pʰäːlh] | [pʰäːls] | [pʰɔls] | [pʰɑls] | [pʰɔls] | [] |- | '''pínté''' [piːnteː] | cheetah | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [] |- | '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] | lion | [ɢʰäːldʰ] | [ɢʰäɭɖʰ] | [ɢɔld] | [gɑɭɖ] | [gʰɔːɺgʰ] | [] |- | '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] | snake | [häːˈokʰ] | [sɛːˈokʰ] | [saːˈokʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [] |- | '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] | cobra | [mäbʰuː] | [mäbʰuː] | [mɔbuː] | [mɑbuː] | [mɔbʰuː] | [] |- | '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] | mongoose | [ähkäs] | [häskäʂ] | [ɔskɔs] | [ɑscɑʂ] | [ɔscɔx] | [] |- | '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] | fish | [gʰepʰjo] | [gʰepʰjo] | [gepʰjo] | [ɟepʰjo] | [ɟʰepʰjo] | [] |- | '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] | hyaena | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [] |- | '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] | civet | [kʰutä] | [kʰuʈä] | [kʰutɔ] | [cʰuʈɑ] | [cʰukɔ] | [] |- | '''phyǽy''' [pʰjaːʋ] | peafowl | [pʰjäːj] | [pʰjɛːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [] |- | '''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] | ibex | [bʰidʰäl] | [bʰiɖʰäl] | [bidɔl] | [bidɑl] | [bʰigʰɔɺ] | [] |- | '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] | sheep | [gʰoθʰis] | [gʰotʰiʂ] | [gotʰis] | [ɟotʰiʂ] | [ɟotʰix] | [] |- | '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] | monkey | [qʰɔbʰäː] | [qʰɔbʰäː] | [qʰɔbɔː] | [kʰɔbɑː] | [kʰɔbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] | elephant | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [ɛbɛːn] | [ɛbɛːn] | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [] |- | '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] | caracal | [qäðʰjiːh] | [ʔädʰjiːs] | [qɔdjiːs] | [kɑdjiːs] | [kɔdʰjiːs] | [] |- | '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] | shark | [kʰoɾäːk] | [kʰoɾäːk] | [kʰorɔːk] | [cʰorɑːc] | [cʰoɺɔːc] | [] |- | '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] | eagle | [mɲɛːl] | [mɲɛːl] | [mjɛːl] | [mjɛːl] | [mjɛːɺ] | [] |- | '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] | oak | [ðʰänðʰɛ] | [dʰändʰɛ] | [dɔndɛ] | [dɑndɛ] | [dʰɔndʰɛ] | [] |- | '''khoson''' [kʰoson] | pine | [kʰohon] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [] |- | '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] | cedar | [ðʰäθʰuːðʰ] | [dʰätʰuːdʰ] | [dɔtʰuːd] | [dɑtʰuːd] | [dʰɔtʰuːdʰ] | [] |- | '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] | head | [käðʰuq] | [kädʰuʔ] | [kɔduq] | [cɑduk] | [cɔdʰuk] | [] |- | '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] | auroch | [gʰuːldʰ] | [gʰuːɭɖʰ] | [guːld] | [ɟuːlɖ] | [ɟʰuːɺgʰ] | [] |- | '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] | cattle | [mäːɴ̻qθʰeː] | [mäɴ̻qʰtʰeː] | [mɔɴ̻qtʰeː] | [mɑŋ̊qteː] | [mɔŋɢdʰeː] | [] |- | '''ġúmb''' [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | gaur | [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | [ɢuːmb] | [guːmb] | [gʰuːmbʰ] | [] |- | '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | banteng | [moːðʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | [moːdɢuːmb] | [moːdguːmb] | [moːdgʰuːmbʰ] | [] |- | '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] | horn | [tʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [kʰuːɺ] | [] |- | '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] | meadow | [ʋäːnjɔː] | [ʋɛːnjɔː] | [ʋaːnjɔː] | [ʋaːnjɔː] | [ʋanjɔː] | [] |- | '''ramba''' [ɾɑmbʰɑ] | tiger | [ɾämbʰä] | [ɾämbʰä] | [rɔmbɔ] | [rɑmbɑ] | [ɺɔmbʰɔ] | [] |- | '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] | dolphin | [äsʋämin] | [häʂʋämin] | [ɔsʋɔmin] | [ɑʂʋɑmin] | [ɔxʋɔmin] | [] |- | '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] | rye | [häɾiːl] | [säɾiːl] | [sɔriːl] | [sɑriːl] | [sɔɺiːɺ] | [] |- | '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] | hemp | [tämpʰiː] | [ʈämpʰiː] | [tɔmpʰiː] | [ʈɑmpʰiː] | [kɔmpʰiː] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} a717f597853dbec0dc24fedb73ae191d942248bc Proto-Nnadū language 0 218 1634 1633 2014-03-25T14:51:00Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | hụ ... pąą | hụ ... stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | xwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f33d0cf03bd4a69510546f6f95330aab81373262 1635 1634 2014-03-25T14:51:39Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | hụ ... pąą | hụ ... stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f5ba2e6c8a6500a4513c7672de85c446add192fd 1636 1635 2014-03-25T15:53:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Degrees of comparison */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | hụ pąą | hụ stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} d982eb37b9a9e21af7cd6ccab345f0dd16433e8d 1637 1636 2014-03-25T15:55:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Degrees of comparison */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 07229119ed29b83984b25b8fe3606231ec536444 1638 1637 2014-03-25T16:41:29Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Cardinal numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-jo'' ! ''-s̕iim'' ! ''-muuł'' ! ''-ṇaaŋ'' ! ''-tlįk'' |- ! 1. | ǫtạạjo | ǫtạạs̕iim | ǫtạạmuuł | ǫtạạṇaaŋ | ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 2. | tkųųsjo | tkųųss̕iim | tkųųsmuuł | tkųųsṇaaŋ | tkųųstlįk |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷijo | p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 4. | kłaasọjo | kłaasọs̕iim | kłaasọmuuł | kłaasọṇaaŋ | kłaasọtlįk |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoojo | s̕oŋkoos̕iim | s̕oŋkoomuuł | s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk |- ! 10. | b̕isaaljo | b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-tkųųsjo | b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim | b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł | b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 20. | tkųųs-b̕isaaljo | tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 21. | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 30. | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 100. | b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo | b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ed736d7bddf06572240fda647dce43464efb4fa7 1639 1638 2014-03-25T16:47:33Z Artaxes 3370985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = /nnədɨː/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-jo'' ! ''-s̕iim'' ! ''-muuł'' ! ''-ṇaaŋ'' ! ''-tlįk'' |- ! 1. | ǫtạạjo | ǫtạạs̕iim | ǫtạạmuuł | ǫtạạṇaaŋ | ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 2. | tkųųsjo | tkųųss̕iim | tkųųsmuuł | tkųųsṇaaŋ | tkųųstlįk |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷijo | p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 4. | kłaasọjo | kłaasọs̕iim | kłaasọmuuł | kłaasọṇaaŋ | kłaasọtlįk |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoojo | s̕oŋkoos̕iim | s̕oŋkoomuuł | s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk |- ! 10. | b̕isaaljo | b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-tkųųsjo | b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim | b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł | b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 20. | tkųųs-b̕isaaljo | tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 21. | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 30. | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 100. | b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo | b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f6dd7017b12778bab07956ea8dacd26f1494f24f 1640 1639 2014-03-25T17:33:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Personal pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = /nnədɨː/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-jo'' ! ''-s̕iim'' ! ''-muuł'' ! ''-ṇaaŋ'' ! ''-tlįk'' |- ! 1. | ǫtạạjo | ǫtạạs̕iim | ǫtạạmuuł | ǫtạạṇaaŋ | ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 2. | tkųųsjo | tkųųss̕iim | tkųųsmuuł | tkųųsṇaaŋ | tkųųstlįk |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷijo | p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 4. | kłaasọjo | kłaasọs̕iim | kłaasọmuuł | kłaasọṇaaŋ | kłaasọtlįk |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoojo | s̕oŋkoos̕iim | s̕oŋkoomuuł | s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk |- ! 10. | b̕isaaljo | b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-tkųųsjo | b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim | b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł | b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 20. | tkųųs-b̕isaaljo | tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 21. | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 30. | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 100. | b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo | b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person | '''tii''' | who ? which ? | '''tiiha''' | someone | '''tiisa''' | anyone |- ! Non-Human | '''pạạ''' | what ? which ? | '''pạạha''' | something | '''pạạsa''' | anything |- ! Place | '''magwi''' | where ? | '''magwiha''' | somewhere | '''magwisa''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''hụnmagwi''' | whence ? | '''hụnmagwiha''' | from somewhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''komagwi''' | whither ? | '''komagwiha''' | to somewhere | '''komagwisa''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ḷịg̕uła''' | which way ? | '''ḷịg̕ułaha''' | via some way | '''ḷịg̕ułasa''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''ḷịcạạł''' | when ? | '''ḷịcạạłha''' | once | '''ḷịcạạłsa''' | ever |- ! Method | '''ḷịị''' | how ? | '''ḷịịha''' | somehow | '''ḷịịsa''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | somehow much | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷịtii''' | which one ? | '''kaa''' | some | '''kwąą''' | any |- ! Reason | '''kopạạ''' | why ? |- |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6fc3842dda98ab6e22f38547de63d8ff1d53cf9a 1641 1640 2014-03-25T21:08:21Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Personal pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = /nnədɨː/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-jo'' ! ''-s̕iim'' ! ''-muuł'' ! ''-ṇaaŋ'' ! ''-tlįk'' |- ! 1. | ǫtạạjo | ǫtạạs̕iim | ǫtạạmuuł | ǫtạạṇaaŋ | ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 2. | tkųųsjo | tkųųss̕iim | tkųųsmuuł | tkųųsṇaaŋ | tkųųstlįk |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷijo | p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 4. | kłaasọjo | kłaasọs̕iim | kłaasọmuuł | kłaasọṇaaŋ | kłaasọtlįk |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoojo | s̕oŋkoos̕iim | s̕oŋkoomuuł | s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk |- ! 10. | b̕isaaljo | b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-tkųųsjo | b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim | b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł | b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 20. | tkųųs-b̕isaaljo | tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 21. | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 30. | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 100. | b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo | b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite proper ! colspan=2 | Definite distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | someone |- ! Non-Human | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | something |- ! Place | '''ąspaad̕''' | here | '''oołpaad̕''' | there | '''ạmpaad̕''' | somewhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąspaad̕''' | from here | '''hụnoołpaad̕''' | from there | '''hụnạmpaad̕''' | from somewhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąspaad̕''' | to here | '''koołpaad̕''' | to there, so far | '''koạmpaad̕''' | to somewhere |- ! Path | '''ąsg̕uła''' | this way | '''oołg̕uła''' | that way | '''ạmg̕uła''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ąscạạł''' | now | '''oołcạạł''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ąsḷịị''' | in this way | '''oołḷịị''' | in that way | '''ạmḷịị''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ąsg̕łaa''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷiiąs''' | like this here | '''ḷiiooł''' | like that | '''ḷiiạm''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ąspạạ''' | for this reason | '''oołpạạ''' | for that reason | '''ạmpạạ''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person | '''tii''' | who ? which ? | '''tiiha''' | someone | '''tiisa''' | anyone |- ! Non-Human | '''pạạ''' | what ? which ? | '''pạạha''' | something | '''pạạsa''' | anything |- ! Place | '''magwi''' | where ? | '''magwiha''' | somewhere | '''magwisa''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''hụnmagwi''' | whence ? | '''hụnmagwiha''' | from somewhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''komagwi''' | whither ? | '''komagwiha''' | to somewhere | '''komagwisa''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ḷịg̕uła''' | which way ? | '''ḷịg̕ułaha''' | via some way | '''ḷịg̕ułasa''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''ḷịcạạł''' | when ? | '''ḷịcạạłha''' | once | '''ḷịcạạłsa''' | ever |- ! Method | '''ḷịị''' | how ? | '''ḷịịha''' | somehow | '''ḷịịsa''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | somehow much | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷịtii''' | which one ? | '''kaa''' | some | '''kwąą''' | any |- ! Reason | '''kopạạ''' | why ? |- |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 73d8080546de8412755f2830d396599622b6ec76 1642 1641 2014-03-27T14:26:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = /nnədɨː/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-jo'' ! ''-s̕iim'' ! ''-muuł'' ! ''-ṇaaŋ'' ! ''-tlįk'' |- ! 1. | ǫtạạjo | ǫtạạs̕iim | ǫtạạmuuł | ǫtạạṇaaŋ | ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 2. | tkųųsjo | tkųųss̕iim | tkųųsmuuł | tkųųsṇaaŋ | tkųųstlįk |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷijo | p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 4. | kłaasọjo | kłaasọs̕iim | kłaasọmuuł | kłaasọṇaaŋ | kłaasọtlįk |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoojo | s̕oŋkoos̕iim | s̕oŋkoomuuł | s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk |- ! 10. | b̕isaaljo | b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-tkųųsjo | b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim | b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł | b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 20. | tkųųs-b̕isaaljo | tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 21. | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 30. | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 100. | b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo | b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite proper ! colspan=2 | Definite distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | someone |- ! Non-Human | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | something |- ! Place | '''ąspaad̕''' | here | '''oołpaad̕''' | there | '''ạmpaad̕''' | somewhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąspaad̕''' | from here | '''hụnoołpaad̕''' | from there | '''hụnạmpaad̕''' | from somewhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąspaad̕''' | to here | '''koołpaad̕''' | to there, so far | '''koạmpaad̕''' | to somewhere |- ! Path | '''ąsg̕uła''' | this way | '''oołg̕uła''' | that way | '''ạmg̕uła''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ąscạạł''' | now | '''oołcạạł''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ąsḷịị''' | in this way | '''oołḷịị''' | in that way | '''ạmḷịị''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ąsg̕łaa''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷiiąs''' | like this here | '''ḷiiooł''' | like that | '''ḷiiạm''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ąspạạ''' | for this reason | '''oołpạạ''' | for that reason | '''ạmpạạ''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person | '''tii''' | who ? which ? | '''tiiha''' | someone | '''tiisa''' | anyone |- ! Non-Human | '''pạạ''' | what ? which ? | '''pạạha''' | something | '''pạạsa''' | anything |- ! Place | '''magwi''' | where ? | '''magwiha''' | somewhere | '''magwisa''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''hụnmagwi''' | whence ? | '''hụnmagwiha''' | from somewhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''komagwi''' | whither ? | '''komagwiha''' | to somewhere | '''komagwisa''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ḷịg̕uła''' | which way ? | '''ḷịg̕ułaha''' | via some way | '''ḷịg̕ułasa''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''ḷịcạạł''' | when ? | '''ḷịcạạłha''' | once | '''ḷịcạạłsa''' | ever |- ! Method | '''ḷịị''' | how ? | '''ḷịịha''' | somehow | '''ḷịịsa''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | somehow much | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷịtii''' | which one ? | '''kaa''' | some | '''kwąą''' | any |- ! Reason | '''kopạạ''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person | '''ątii''' | nobody | '''maatii''' | every | '''hwịtiisa''' | anyone else |- ! Non-Human | '''ąpạạ''' | nothing | '''maapạạ''' | every, all | '''hwịpạạsa''' | anything else |- ! Place | '''ąmagwi''' | nowhere | '''maamagwi''' | everywhere | '''hwịmagwisa''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąmagwi''' | from nowhere | '''hụnmaamagwi''' | from everywhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąmagwi''' | to nowhere | '''komaamagwi''' | to everywhere | '''komagwisa''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''ąg̕uła''' | through no way | '''maag̕uła''' | through all ways | '''g̕ułasa''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''ącạạł''' | never | '''maacạạł''' | always | '''cạạłsa''' | when else |- ! Method | '''ąị''' | nohow | '''maaị''' | in all methods | '''ịsa''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''ąsụk̕''' | neuter, indistinct | '''maasụk̕''' | any | '''sụk̕sa''' | other |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2bc44ec94693231ce7361705b3e695342158f23f 1643 1642 2014-03-27T14:46:55Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Negative, universal and alternative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = /nnədɨː/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-jo'' ! ''-s̕iim'' ! ''-muuł'' ! ''-ṇaaŋ'' ! ''-tlįk'' |- ! 1. | ǫtạạjo | ǫtạạs̕iim | ǫtạạmuuł | ǫtạạṇaaŋ | ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 2. | tkųųsjo | tkųųss̕iim | tkųųsmuuł | tkųųsṇaaŋ | tkųųstlįk |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷijo | p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 4. | kłaasọjo | kłaasọs̕iim | kłaasọmuuł | kłaasọṇaaŋ | kłaasọtlįk |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoojo | s̕oŋkoos̕iim | s̕oŋkoomuuł | s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk |- ! 10. | b̕isaaljo | b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-tkųųsjo | b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim | b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł | b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 20. | tkųųs-b̕isaaljo | tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 21. | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 30. | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 100. | b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo | b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | we two | '''kw̕ǫ''' | we all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we two | '''cw̕ǫii''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite proper ! colspan=2 | Definite distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | someone |- ! Non-Human | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | something |- ! Place | '''ąspaad̕''' | here | '''oołpaad̕''' | there | '''ạmpaad̕''' | somewhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąspaad̕''' | from here | '''hụnoołpaad̕''' | from there | '''hụnạmpaad̕''' | from somewhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąspaad̕''' | to here | '''koołpaad̕''' | to there, so far | '''koạmpaad̕''' | to somewhere |- ! Path | '''ąsg̕uła''' | this way | '''oołg̕uła''' | that way | '''ạmg̕uła''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ąscạạł''' | now | '''oołcạạł''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ąsḷịị''' | in this way | '''oołḷịị''' | in that way | '''ạmḷịị''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ąsg̕łaa''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷiiąs''' | like this here | '''ḷiiooł''' | like that | '''ḷiiạm''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ąspạạ''' | for this reason | '''oołpạạ''' | for that reason | '''ạmpạạ''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person | '''tii''' | who ? which ? | '''tiiha''' | someone | '''tiisa''' | anyone |- ! Non-Human | '''pạạ''' | what ? which ? | '''pạạha''' | something | '''pạạsa''' | anything |- ! Place | '''magwi''' | where ? | '''magwiha''' | somewhere | '''magwisa''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''hụnmagwi''' | whence ? | '''hụnmagwiha''' | from somewhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''komagwi''' | whither ? | '''komagwiha''' | to somewhere | '''komagwisa''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ḷịg̕uła''' | which way ? | '''ḷịg̕ułaha''' | via some way | '''ḷịg̕ułasa''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''ḷịcạạł''' | when ? | '''ḷịcạạłha''' | once | '''ḷịcạạłsa''' | ever |- ! Method | '''ḷịị''' | how ? | '''ḷịịha''' | somehow | '''ḷịịsa''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | somehow much | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷịtii''' | which one ? | '''kaa''' | some | '''kwąą''' | any |- ! Reason | '''kopạạ''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person | '''ątii''' | nobody | '''maatii''' | every | '''hwịtiisa''' | anyone else |- ! Non-Human | '''ąpạạ''' | nothing | '''maapạạ''' | every, all | '''hwịpạạsa''' | anything else |- ! Place | '''ąmagwi''' | nowhere | '''maamagwi''' | everywhere | '''hwịmagwisa''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąmagwi''' | from nowhere | '''hụnmaamagwi''' | from everywhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąmagwi''' | to nowhere | '''komaamagwi''' | to everywhere | '''komagwisa''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''ąg̕uła''' | through no way | '''maag̕uła''' | through all ways | '''g̕ułasa''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''ącạạł''' | never | '''maacạạł''' | always | '''cạạłsa''' | when else |- ! Method | '''ąị''' | nohow | '''maaị''' | in all methods | '''ịsa''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''ąsụk̕''' | neuter, indistinct | '''maasụk̕''' | any | '''sụk̕sa''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive | '''cų''' | oneself |- ! Reciprocal | '''tkųųc''' (← ''tkųųs-cu'') | each other |- ! Cooperative | '''cilt̕ạ''' (← ''cil-t̕ạ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} b50e8365a892ab3acbb84454475a5b6e3c74d6a5 1644 1643 2014-03-27T16:01:31Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Personal pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = /nnədɨː/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-jo'' ! ''-s̕iim'' ! ''-muuł'' ! ''-ṇaaŋ'' ! ''-tlįk'' |- ! 1. | ǫtạạjo | ǫtạạs̕iim | ǫtạạmuuł | ǫtạạṇaaŋ | ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 2. | tkųųsjo | tkųųss̕iim | tkųųsmuuł | tkųųsṇaaŋ | tkųųstlįk |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷijo | p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 4. | kłaasọjo | kłaasọs̕iim | kłaasọmuuł | kłaasọṇaaŋ | kłaasọtlįk |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoojo | s̕oŋkoos̕iim | s̕oŋkoomuuł | s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk |- ! 10. | b̕isaaljo | b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-tkųųsjo | b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim | b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł | b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 20. | tkųųs-b̕isaaljo | tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 21. | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 30. | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 100. | b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo | b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== Objective personal pronouns are pre-cliticized to subjectives. =====Objectives===== Objectives of the 1.-2. persons have their own stems. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''lǫh''' | me | '''lǫǫs''' | us both | '''la''' | us all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''jǫh''' | thee | '''jǫǫs''' | two | '''ja''' | we all | '''hwǫh''' | thou | '''hwǫǫs''' | we two | '''hwa''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạǫǫh''' | he / she | '''tạǫǫs''' | they two | '''tạ''' | they all | '''sạ''' | it | '''sạii''' | they two | '''sạii''' | they all |} =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | you both | '''kw̕ǫ''' | you all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | you both | '''cw̕ǫii''' | you all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite proper ! colspan=2 | Definite distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | someone |- ! Non-Human | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | something |- ! Place | '''ąspaad̕''' | here | '''oołpaad̕''' | there | '''ạmpaad̕''' | somewhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąspaad̕''' | from here | '''hụnoołpaad̕''' | from there | '''hụnạmpaad̕''' | from somewhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąspaad̕''' | to here | '''koołpaad̕''' | to there, so far | '''koạmpaad̕''' | to somewhere |- ! Path | '''ąsg̕uła''' | this way | '''oołg̕uła''' | that way | '''ạmg̕uła''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ąscạạł''' | now | '''oołcạạł''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ąsḷịị''' | in this way | '''oołḷịị''' | in that way | '''ạmḷịị''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ąsg̕łaa''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷiiąs''' | like this here | '''ḷiiooł''' | like that | '''ḷiiạm''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ąspạạ''' | for this reason | '''oołpạạ''' | for that reason | '''ạmpạạ''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person | '''tii''' | who ? which ? | '''tiiha''' | someone | '''tiisa''' | anyone |- ! Non-Human | '''pạạ''' | what ? which ? | '''pạạha''' | something | '''pạạsa''' | anything |- ! Place | '''magwi''' | where ? | '''magwiha''' | somewhere | '''magwisa''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''hụnmagwi''' | whence ? | '''hụnmagwiha''' | from somewhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''komagwi''' | whither ? | '''komagwiha''' | to somewhere | '''komagwisa''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ḷịg̕uła''' | which way ? | '''ḷịg̕ułaha''' | via some way | '''ḷịg̕ułasa''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''ḷịcạạł''' | when ? | '''ḷịcạạłha''' | once | '''ḷịcạạłsa''' | ever |- ! Method | '''ḷịị''' | how ? | '''ḷịịha''' | somehow | '''ḷịịsa''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | somehow much | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷịtii''' | which one ? | '''kaa''' | some | '''kwąą''' | any |- ! Reason | '''kopạạ''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person | '''ątii''' | nobody | '''maatii''' | every | '''hwịtiisa''' | anyone else |- ! Non-Human | '''ąpạạ''' | nothing | '''maapạạ''' | every, all | '''hwịpạạsa''' | anything else |- ! Place | '''ąmagwi''' | nowhere | '''maamagwi''' | everywhere | '''hwịmagwisa''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąmagwi''' | from nowhere | '''hụnmaamagwi''' | from everywhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąmagwi''' | to nowhere | '''komaamagwi''' | to everywhere | '''komagwisa''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''ąg̕uła''' | through no way | '''maag̕uła''' | through all ways | '''g̕ułasa''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''ącạạł''' | never | '''maacạạł''' | always | '''cạạłsa''' | when else |- ! Method | '''ąị''' | nohow | '''maaị''' | in all methods | '''ịsa''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''ąsụk̕''' | neuter, indistinct | '''maasụk̕''' | any | '''sụk̕sa''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive | '''cų''' | oneself |- ! Reciprocal | '''tkųųc''' (← ''tkųųs-cu'') | each other |- ! Cooperative | '''cilt̕ạ''' (← ''cil-t̕ạ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} cdce68a2132860feb822fef9fa1e051542d4ce37 1646 1644 2014-03-27T18:14:01Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Polarity particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = /nnədɨː/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-jo'' ! ''-s̕iim'' ! ''-muuł'' ! ''-ṇaaŋ'' ! ''-tlįk'' |- ! 1. | ǫtạạjo | ǫtạạs̕iim | ǫtạạmuuł | ǫtạạṇaaŋ | ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 2. | tkųųsjo | tkųųss̕iim | tkųųsmuuł | tkųųsṇaaŋ | tkųųstlįk |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷijo | p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 4. | kłaasọjo | kłaasọs̕iim | kłaasọmuuł | kłaasọṇaaŋ | kłaasọtlįk |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoojo | s̕oŋkoos̕iim | s̕oŋkoomuuł | s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk |- ! 10. | b̕isaaljo | b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-tkųųsjo | b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim | b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł | b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 20. | tkųųs-b̕isaaljo | tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 21. | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 30. | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 100. | b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo | b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== Objective personal pronouns are pre-cliticized to subjectives. =====Objectives===== Objectives of the 1.-2. persons have their own stems. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''lǫh''' | me | '''lǫǫs''' | us both | '''la''' | us all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''jǫh''' | thee | '''jǫǫs''' | two | '''ja''' | we all | '''hwǫh''' | thou | '''hwǫǫs''' | we two | '''hwa''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạǫǫh''' | he / she | '''tạǫǫs''' | they two | '''tạ''' | they all | '''sạ''' | it | '''sạii''' | they two | '''sạii''' | they all |} =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | you both | '''kw̕ǫ''' | you all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | you both | '''cw̕ǫii''' | you all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite proper ! colspan=2 | Definite distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | someone |- ! Non-Human | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | something |- ! Place | '''ąspaad̕''' | here | '''oołpaad̕''' | there | '''ạmpaad̕''' | somewhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąspaad̕''' | from here | '''hụnoołpaad̕''' | from there | '''hụnạmpaad̕''' | from somewhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąspaad̕''' | to here | '''koołpaad̕''' | to there, so far | '''koạmpaad̕''' | to somewhere |- ! Path | '''ąsg̕uła''' | this way | '''oołg̕uła''' | that way | '''ạmg̕uła''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ąscạạł''' | now | '''oołcạạł''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ąsḷịị''' | in this way | '''oołḷịị''' | in that way | '''ạmḷịị''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ąsg̕łaa''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷiiąs''' | like this here | '''ḷiiooł''' | like that | '''ḷiiạm''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ąspạạ''' | for this reason | '''oołpạạ''' | for that reason | '''ạmpạạ''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person | '''tii''' | who ? which ? | '''tiiha''' | someone | '''tiisa''' | anyone |- ! Non-Human | '''pạạ''' | what ? which ? | '''pạạha''' | something | '''pạạsa''' | anything |- ! Place | '''magwi''' | where ? | '''magwiha''' | somewhere | '''magwisa''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''hụnmagwi''' | whence ? | '''hụnmagwiha''' | from somewhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''komagwi''' | whither ? | '''komagwiha''' | to somewhere | '''komagwisa''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ḷịg̕uła''' | which way ? | '''ḷịg̕ułaha''' | via some way | '''ḷịg̕ułasa''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''ḷịcạạł''' | when ? | '''ḷịcạạłha''' | once | '''ḷịcạạłsa''' | ever |- ! Method | '''ḷịị''' | how ? | '''ḷịịha''' | somehow | '''ḷịịsa''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | somehow much | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷịtii''' | which one ? | '''kaa''' | some | '''kwąą''' | any |- ! Reason | '''kopạạ''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person | '''ątii''' | nobody | '''maatii''' | every | '''hwịtiisa''' | anyone else |- ! Non-Human | '''ąpạạ''' | nothing | '''maapạạ''' | every, all | '''hwịpạạsa''' | anything else |- ! Place | '''ąmagwi''' | nowhere | '''maamagwi''' | everywhere | '''hwịmagwisa''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąmagwi''' | from nowhere | '''hụnmaamagwi''' | from everywhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąmagwi''' | to nowhere | '''komaamagwi''' | to everywhere | '''komagwisa''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''ąg̕uła''' | through no way | '''maag̕uła''' | through all ways | '''g̕ułasa''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''ącạạł''' | never | '''maacạạł''' | always | '''cạạłsa''' | when else |- ! Method | '''ąị''' | nohow | '''maaị''' | in all methods | '''ịsa''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''ąsụk̕''' | neuter, indistinct | '''maasụk̕''' | any | '''sụk̕sa''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive | '''cų''' | oneself |- ! Reciprocal | '''tkųųc''' (← ''tkųųs-cu'') | each other |- ! Cooperative | '''cilt̕ạ''' (← ''cil-t̕ạ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ṇii''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-b̕ạạ''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ą-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''nsup̕-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''t̕ạạl-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-łoos̕''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-įk''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ạt''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-mooḷ''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-hmaada''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-jọọġ''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-jọọġįk''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-tiiŋ''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | horse → equine |- ! Originative | '''-hụn''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-taat''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-maaṇ''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-jon''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ą-...-tiiŋ''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ąk''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-nuu''' | ''' '''- → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-saah''' | ''' '''- → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-ṇi''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-k̕oḷ''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → hammer |- ! Place | '''-mooḷ''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-jaas''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-liis''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-skaa''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-pi''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 23fc52c2da97d1bf92017a4a2615fbf1a021118b 1647 1646 2014-03-27T21:39:59Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = /nnədɨː/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-jo'' ! ''-s̕iim'' ! ''-muuł'' ! ''-ṇaaŋ'' ! ''-tlįk'' |- ! 1. | ǫtạạjo | ǫtạạs̕iim | ǫtạạmuuł | ǫtạạṇaaŋ | ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 2. | tkųųsjo | tkųųss̕iim | tkųųsmuuł | tkųųsṇaaŋ | tkųųstlįk |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷijo | p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 4. | kłaasọjo | kłaasọs̕iim | kłaasọmuuł | kłaasọṇaaŋ | kłaasọtlįk |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoojo | s̕oŋkoos̕iim | s̕oŋkoomuuł | s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk |- ! 10. | b̕isaaljo | b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-tkųųsjo | b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim | b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł | b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 20. | tkųųs-b̕isaaljo | tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 21. | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 30. | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 100. | b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo | b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== Objective personal pronouns are pre-cliticized to subjectives. =====Objectives===== Objectives of the 1.-2. persons have their own stems. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''lǫh''' | me | '''lǫǫs''' | us both | '''la''' | us all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''jǫh''' | thee | '''jǫǫs''' | two | '''ja''' | we all | '''hwǫh''' | thou | '''hwǫǫs''' | we two | '''hwa''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạǫǫh''' | he / she | '''tạǫǫs''' | they two | '''tạ''' | they all | '''sạ''' | it | '''sạii''' | they two | '''sạii''' | they all |} =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | you both | '''kw̕ǫ''' | you all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | you both | '''cw̕ǫii''' | you all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite proper ! colspan=2 | Definite distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | someone |- ! Non-Human | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | something |- ! Place | '''ąspaad̕''' | here | '''oołpaad̕''' | there | '''ạmpaad̕''' | somewhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąspaad̕''' | from here | '''hụnoołpaad̕''' | from there | '''hụnạmpaad̕''' | from somewhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąspaad̕''' | to here | '''koołpaad̕''' | to there, so far | '''koạmpaad̕''' | to somewhere |- ! Path | '''ąsg̕uła''' | this way | '''oołg̕uła''' | that way | '''ạmg̕uła''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ąscạạł''' | now | '''oołcạạł''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ąsḷịị''' | in this way | '''oołḷịị''' | in that way | '''ạmḷịị''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ąsg̕łaa''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷiiąs''' | like this here | '''ḷiiooł''' | like that | '''ḷiiạm''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ąspạạ''' | for this reason | '''oołpạạ''' | for that reason | '''ạmpạạ''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person | '''tii''' | who ? which ? | '''tiiha''' | someone | '''tiisa''' | anyone |- ! Non-Human | '''pạạ''' | what ? which ? | '''pạạha''' | something | '''pạạsa''' | anything |- ! Place | '''magwi''' | where ? | '''magwiha''' | somewhere | '''magwisa''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''hụnmagwi''' | whence ? | '''hụnmagwiha''' | from somewhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''komagwi''' | whither ? | '''komagwiha''' | to somewhere | '''komagwisa''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ḷịg̕uła''' | which way ? | '''ḷịg̕ułaha''' | via some way | '''ḷịg̕ułasa''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''ḷịcạạł''' | when ? | '''ḷịcạạłha''' | once | '''ḷịcạạłsa''' | ever |- ! Method | '''ḷịị''' | how ? | '''ḷịịha''' | somehow | '''ḷịịsa''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | somehow much | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷịtii''' | which one ? | '''kaa''' | some | '''kwąą''' | any |- ! Reason | '''kopạạ''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person | '''ątii''' | nobody | '''maatii''' | every | '''hwịtiisa''' | anyone else |- ! Non-Human | '''ąpạạ''' | nothing | '''maapạạ''' | every, all | '''hwịpạạsa''' | anything else |- ! Place | '''ąmagwi''' | nowhere | '''maamagwi''' | everywhere | '''hwịmagwisa''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąmagwi''' | from nowhere | '''hụnmaamagwi''' | from everywhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąmagwi''' | to nowhere | '''komaamagwi''' | to everywhere | '''komagwisa''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''ąg̕uła''' | through no way | '''maag̕uła''' | through all ways | '''g̕ułasa''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''ącạạł''' | never | '''maacạạł''' | always | '''cạạłsa''' | when else |- ! Method | '''ąị''' | nohow | '''maaị''' | in all methods | '''ịsa''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''ąsụk̕''' | neuter, indistinct | '''maasụk̕''' | any | '''sụk̕sa''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive | '''cų''' | oneself |- ! Reciprocal | '''tkųųc''' (← ''tkųųs-cu'') | each other |- ! Cooperative | '''cilt̕ạ''' (← ''cil-t̕ạ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ṇii''' | '''dlạạhwįǫh''' → '''dlạạhwįṇiiǫh''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-b̕ạạ''' | '''waaguu''' → '''waaguub̕ạạ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ą-''' | '''gwụłǫh''' → '''ągwụłǫh''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''nsup̕-''' | '''buŋką''' → '''nsupbuŋką''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''t̕ạạl-''' | '''sk̕ųųla''' → '''t̕ạạlsk̕ųųla''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-łoos̕''' | '''bạạc̕ǫh''' → '''bạạc̕łoos̕''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-įk''' | '''gʷọọma''' → '''gʷọọmaįk''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ạt''' | '''p̕ạp̕įk''' → '''p̕ạp̕įkạt''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-mooḷ''' | '''t̕uk̕''' → '''t̕uk̕mooḷ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-hmaada''' | '''koomb̕ṇi''' → '''koombṇihmaada''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-jọọġ''' | '''cḷąąh''' → '''cḷąąhjọọġ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-jọọġįk''' | '''cḷąąhjọọġ''' → '''cḷąąhjọọġįk''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-tiiŋ''' | '''gwụłǫh''' → '''gwụłtiiŋǫh''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-hụn''' | '''ŋgwoom''' → '''ŋgwoomhụn''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-taat''' | '''hpooj''' → '''hpoojtaat''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-maaṇ''' | '''ḷiic''' → '''ḷiicmaaṇ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-jon''' | '''mnịịgw̕ǫh''' → '''mnịịgw̕jonǫh''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ą-...-tiiŋ''' | '''g̕iṇc''' → '''ąg̕iṇctiiŋ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ąk''' | '''sooh-''' → '''soohąk''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-nuu''' | '''d̕jaał-'''- → '''d̕jaałnuu''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-saah''' | '''kad̕-'''- → '''kad̕saah''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-ṇi''' | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' → '''p̕ǫǫkọṇi''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-k̕oḷ''' | '''p̕aap-''' → '''p̕aapk̕oḷ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-mooḷ''' | '''dag-''' → '''dagmooḷ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-jaas''' | '''bọọŋ''' → '''bọọŋjaas''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-liis''' | '''tkw̕â''' → '''tkwâliis''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-skaa''' | '''mbaâs''' → '''mbaâsskaa''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-pi''' | '''cwį̂t''' → '''cwį̂tpi''' | small → too small |} === Syntax === * OSV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6552386ff021ac7b5b5aca6834aee0f8c8372883 1648 1647 2014-03-27T22:26:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Syntax */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = /nnədɨː/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-jo'' ! ''-s̕iim'' ! ''-muuł'' ! ''-ṇaaŋ'' ! ''-tlįk'' |- ! 1. | ǫtạạjo | ǫtạạs̕iim | ǫtạạmuuł | ǫtạạṇaaŋ | ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 2. | tkųųsjo | tkųųss̕iim | tkųųsmuuł | tkųųsṇaaŋ | tkųųstlįk |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷijo | p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 4. | kłaasọjo | kłaasọs̕iim | kłaasọmuuł | kłaasọṇaaŋ | kłaasọtlįk |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoojo | s̕oŋkoos̕iim | s̕oŋkoomuuł | s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk |- ! 10. | b̕isaaljo | b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-tkųųsjo | b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim | b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł | b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 20. | tkųųs-b̕isaaljo | tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 21. | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 30. | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 100. | b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo | b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== Objective personal pronouns are pre-cliticized to subjectives. =====Objectives===== Objectives of the 1.-2. persons have their own stems. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''lǫh''' | me | '''lǫǫs''' | us both | '''la''' | us all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''jǫh''' | thee | '''jǫǫs''' | two | '''ja''' | we all | '''hwǫh''' | thou | '''hwǫǫs''' | we two | '''hwa''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạǫǫh''' | he / she | '''tạǫǫs''' | they two | '''tạ''' | they all | '''sạ''' | it | '''sạii''' | they two | '''sạii''' | they all |} =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | you both | '''kw̕ǫ''' | you all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | you both | '''cw̕ǫii''' | you all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite proper ! colspan=2 | Definite distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | someone |- ! Non-Human | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | something |- ! Place | '''ąspaad̕''' | here | '''oołpaad̕''' | there | '''ạmpaad̕''' | somewhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąspaad̕''' | from here | '''hụnoołpaad̕''' | from there | '''hụnạmpaad̕''' | from somewhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąspaad̕''' | to here | '''koołpaad̕''' | to there, so far | '''koạmpaad̕''' | to somewhere |- ! Path | '''ąsg̕uła''' | this way | '''oołg̕uła''' | that way | '''ạmg̕uła''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ąscạạł''' | now | '''oołcạạł''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ąsḷịị''' | in this way | '''oołḷịị''' | in that way | '''ạmḷịị''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ąsg̕łaa''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷiiąs''' | like this here | '''ḷiiooł''' | like that | '''ḷiiạm''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ąspạạ''' | for this reason | '''oołpạạ''' | for that reason | '''ạmpạạ''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person | '''tii''' | who ? which ? | '''tiiha''' | someone | '''tiisa''' | anyone |- ! Non-Human | '''pạạ''' | what ? which ? | '''pạạha''' | something | '''pạạsa''' | anything |- ! Place | '''magwi''' | where ? | '''magwiha''' | somewhere | '''magwisa''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''hụnmagwi''' | whence ? | '''hụnmagwiha''' | from somewhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''komagwi''' | whither ? | '''komagwiha''' | to somewhere | '''komagwisa''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ḷịg̕uła''' | which way ? | '''ḷịg̕ułaha''' | via some way | '''ḷịg̕ułasa''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''ḷịcạạł''' | when ? | '''ḷịcạạłha''' | once | '''ḷịcạạłsa''' | ever |- ! Method | '''ḷịị''' | how ? | '''ḷịịha''' | somehow | '''ḷịịsa''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | somehow much | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷịtii''' | which one ? | '''kaa''' | some | '''kwąą''' | any |- ! Reason | '''kopạạ''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person | '''ątii''' | nobody | '''maatii''' | every | '''hwịtiisa''' | anyone else |- ! Non-Human | '''ąpạạ''' | nothing | '''maapạạ''' | every, all | '''hwịpạạsa''' | anything else |- ! Place | '''ąmagwi''' | nowhere | '''maamagwi''' | everywhere | '''hwịmagwisa''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąmagwi''' | from nowhere | '''hụnmaamagwi''' | from everywhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąmagwi''' | to nowhere | '''komaamagwi''' | to everywhere | '''komagwisa''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''ąg̕uła''' | through no way | '''maag̕uła''' | through all ways | '''g̕ułasa''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''ącạạł''' | never | '''maacạạł''' | always | '''cạạłsa''' | when else |- ! Method | '''ąị''' | nohow | '''maaị''' | in all methods | '''ịsa''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''ąsụk̕''' | neuter, indistinct | '''maasụk̕''' | any | '''sụk̕sa''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive | '''cų''' | oneself |- ! Reciprocal | '''tkųųc''' (← ''tkųųs-cu'') | each other |- ! Cooperative | '''cilt̕ạ''' (← ''cil-t̕ạ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ṇii''' | '''dlạạhwįǫh''' → '''dlạạhwįṇiiǫh''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-b̕ạạ''' | '''waaguu''' → '''waaguub̕ạạ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ą-''' | '''gwụłǫh''' → '''ągwụłǫh''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''nsup̕-''' | '''buŋką''' → '''nsupbuŋką''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''t̕ạạl-''' | '''sk̕ųųla''' → '''t̕ạạlsk̕ųųla''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-łoos̕''' | '''bạạc̕ǫh''' → '''bạạc̕łoos̕''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-įk''' | '''gʷọọma''' → '''gʷọọmaįk''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ạt''' | '''p̕ạp̕įk''' → '''p̕ạp̕įkạt''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-mooḷ''' | '''t̕uk̕''' → '''t̕uk̕mooḷ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-hmaada''' | '''koomb̕ṇi''' → '''koombṇihmaada''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-jọọġ''' | '''cḷąąh''' → '''cḷąąhjọọġ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-jọọġįk''' | '''cḷąąhjọọġ''' → '''cḷąąhjọọġįk''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-tiiŋ''' | '''gwụłǫh''' → '''gwụłtiiŋǫh''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-hụn''' | '''ŋgwoom''' → '''ŋgwoomhụn''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-taat''' | '''hpooj''' → '''hpoojtaat''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-maaṇ''' | '''ḷiic''' → '''ḷiicmaaṇ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-jon''' | '''mnịịgw̕ǫh''' → '''mnịịgw̕jonǫh''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ą-...-tiiŋ''' | '''g̕iṇc''' → '''ąg̕iṇctiiŋ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ąk''' | '''sooh-''' → '''soohąk''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-nuu''' | '''d̕jaał-'''- → '''d̕jaałnuu''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-saah''' | '''kad̕-'''- → '''kad̕saah''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-ṇi''' | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' → '''p̕ǫǫkọṇi''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-k̕oḷ''' | '''p̕aap-''' → '''p̕aapk̕oḷ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-mooḷ''' | '''dag-''' → '''dagmooḷ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-jaas''' | '''bọọŋ''' → '''bọọŋjaas''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-liis''' | '''tkw̕â''' → '''tkwâliis''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-skaa''' | '''mbaâs''' → '''mbaâsskaa''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-pi''' | '''cwį̂t''' → '''cwį̂tpi''' | small → too small |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * '''OSV''' ''(Object - Subject - Verb)'' ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! Translative | '''nukoh''' | became |- ! Essive | '''nu''' | be |- ! Excessive | '''nugạt̕''' | cease to be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 38ea2c8790fe902ce0a141897789fbd144cb2850 Proto-Araqish language 0 138 1645 1390 2014-03-27T16:08:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Noun to noun */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Araqish |pronunciation = /ɑɾɑqiʂ/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Araqish |map = ProtoAraquish.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Araqish}} }} ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"| e eː | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|ɛ ɛː | style="text-align: center;"|ɔ ɔː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"|ɑ ɑː |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p pʰ bʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʰ gʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qʰ ɢʰ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʂ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɳ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɴ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ɾ̪ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɽ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ʋ | style="text-align: center;"|(l̪) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ɭ) | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} ===Araqistic notation=== ====Vowels==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i í | style="text-align: center;"|u ú |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e é | style="text-align: center;"|o ó |- !Mid-Low | style="text-align: center;"|è ê | style="text-align: center;"|ò ô |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|æ ǽ | style="text-align: center;"|a á |} ====Consonants==== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Retroflex ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Uvular ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p ph b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t th d | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṭ ṭh ḍ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kh g | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|q qh ġ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|s | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṣ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|x<sup>(1)</sup> |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|ṇ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r<sup>(2)</sup> | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|v | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|y | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} <sup>(1)</sup> Also <h> is permitted.<br> <sup>(2)</sup> Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''G''' = glide or approximant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> '''R''' = any resonantal consonant '''Geminates''' in the same syllable are disallowed. ===Accent=== First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Indefinite | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;" | - | style="font-weight: bold;" | règ | (a) wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" colspan="1" rowspan="3" | Definite ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Proper | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | se- | style="font-weight: bold;" | se-règ | the wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | ṭa- | style="font-weight: bold;" | ṭa-règ | that wolf |- ! style="font-weight: bold;" | Non-visual distant | style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" | va- | style="font-weight: bold;" | va-règ | yonder wolf |} <p>These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.</p> ====Collectivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Collective | '''''-''''' | '''règ''' | (a) wolf / "wolf-ity" |- ! Singulative | '''''-ò''''' | '''règò''' | (a) one wolf |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs | '''-''' | '''min''' | (a) man |- ! Accusative | Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs | '''-am''' | '''minam''' | (a) man |- ! Instrumental | Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs | '''-vá''' | '''minvá''' | by/with a man |- ! Vialis | Spatial/temporal way, path | '''-rí''' | '''minrí''' | via (a) man |- ! Allative | Direction to a target | '''-ṭha''' | '''minṭha''' | to (a) man |- ! Ablative | Direction from something, separation | '''-de''' | '''minde''' | from (a) man |- ! Locative | Place, space, position | '''-su''' | '''minsu''' | (in) (a) man |- ! Genitive | Possessing side, various postpositions | '''-ni''' | '''minni''' | of (a) man |- ! Benefactive | Destination to something | '''-phú''' | '''minphú''' | for (a) man |} '''Inactive nouns''' have accusatival endings for the Nominative. ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]'' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Progressive | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Stative | '''''Ce-''CV(ː)-''' | '''yeyév-''' | (to) see |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 620px;" ! Active | '''''-''''' | '''yév-''' | (to) look, observe |- ! Middle | '''''-si-''''' | '''yésiv-''' | (to) look on self |- ! Causative | '''''-tæ-''''' | '''yétæv-''' | (to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth |- ! Middle-Causative<sup>1</sup> | '''''-kha-''''' | '''yékhav-''' | (to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self |} <sup>1</sup> - rare, reserved only for several verbs ====State (Secondary aspect)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Inceptive | '''''-ar-''''' | '''yévar-''' | began to see |- ! Continuative | '''''-im-''''' | '''yévim-''' | still to see |- ! Pausative | '''''-ith-''''' | '''yévith-''' | stop to see |- ! Terminative | '''''-èb-''''' | '''yévèb-''' | end to see |} ====Tense and persons==== =====Present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-an''' | I | '''-ama''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-ak''' | you | '''-aka''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-o''' | he / she / it | '''-oha''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Non-present subjective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 310px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-amu''' | I | '''-amav''' | we |- ! 2. | '''-aku''' | you | '''-akav''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ov''' | he / she / it | '''-ova''' | they |- ! 4. | '''-u / -v''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} =====Objective persons===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Singular ! colspan=2 rawspan=1 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-un / -n''' | me | '''-una / -na''' | us |- ! 2. | '''-akh / -kh''' | you | '''-akha / -kha''' | you |- ! 3. | '''-ôṣ / -ṣ''' | he / she / it | '''-ôṣa / -ṣa''' | them |- ! 4. | '''-ur / -r''' | someone / something |colspan="2"| &nbsp; |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | '''''-nêr''''' | '''yévnêr''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | '''''-té''''' | '''yévté''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''''-tú''''' | '''yévtú''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== <p>Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.<br> Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.<br> Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.<br> All adjectives inflect by four degrees.</p> ====Dependent adjectives' declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Nominative | '''''-''''' | '''tǽt''' | good |- ! Objective | '''''-am''''' | '''tǽtam''' | (of/in/to/from) good |- ! Instrumental | '''''-vá''''' | '''tǽtvá''' | (by/with) good |} ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-''''' | '''''-yò''''' | '''''-yár''''' | '''''-tís''''' |- | '''tǽt''' | '''tǽtyò''' | '''tǽtyár''' | '''tǽttís''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== <p>Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.</p> ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | '''''-e''''' | '''''-yê''''' | '''''-yáre''''' | '''''-tíse''''' |- | '''tǽte''' | '''tǽtyê''' | '''tǽtyáre''' | '''tǽttíse''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | òr |- ! 2. | ḍaxá |- ! 3. | taryú |- ! 4. | ambuqi |- ! 5. | khadru |- ! 6. | khaṣḍu |- ! 7. | tôqtu |- ! 8. | kyáskhu |- ! 9. | davsu |- ! 10. | máthu |- ! 11. | máthu òr-vo |- ! 12. | máthu ḍaxá-vo |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthu |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthu òr-vo |- ! 30 | taryúmathu |- ! 100. | mamêth |- ! 101. | mamêth òr-vo |- ! 120. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo |- ! 121. | mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêth |- ! 1.000. | varmêth |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêth |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-uk / -k'' ! ''-ph-as'' ! ''-and-as / -nd-as'' ! ''-uk-as / -k-as'' ! ''-nôy'' |- ! 1. | òruk | òrphas | òrandas | òrukas | òrnôy |- ! 2. | ḍaxák | ḍaxáphas | ḍaxándas | ḍaxákas | ḍaxánôy |- ! 3. | taryúk | taryúphas | taryúndas | taryúkas | taryúnôy |- ! 4. | ambuqik | ambuqiphas | ambuqindas | ambuqikas | ambuqinôy |- ! 5. | khadruk | khadruphas | khadrundas | khadrukas | khadrunôy |- ! 6. | khaṣḍuk | khaṣḍuphas | khaṣḍundas | khaṣḍukas | khaṣḍunôy |- ! 7. | tôqtuk | tôqtuphas | tôqtundas | tôqtukas | tôqtunôy |- ! 8. | kyáṣkuk | kyáṣkuphas | kyáṣkundas | kyáṣkukas | kyáṣkunôy |- ! 9. | davsuk | davsuphas | davsundas | davsukas | davsunôy |- ! 10. | máthuk | máthuphas | máthundas | máthukas | máthunôy |- ! 11. | máthuk òruk-vo | máthu òruphas-vo | máthu òrundas | máthu òrukas | máthu òrunôy |- ! 20. | ḍaxmáthuk | ḍaxmáthuphas | ḍaxmáthundas | ḍaxmathukas | ḍaxmathunôy |- ! 21. | ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo | ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 100. | mamêthuk | mamêthuphas | mamêthundas | mamêthukas | mamêthunôy |- ! 101. | mamêthuk òruk-vo | mamêthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu òrunôy-vo |- ! 120. | mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo |- ! 121. | mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo | mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo |- ! 200. | ḍaxá mamêthuk | ḍaxá mamêthuphas | ḍaxá mamêthundas | ḍaxá mamêthukas | ḍaxá mamêthunôy |- ! 1000. | varmêthuk | varmêthuphas | varmêthundas | varmêthukas | varmêthunôy |- ! 10.000. | máthu varmêthuk | máthu varmêthuphas | máthu varmêthundas | máthu varmêthukas | máthu varmêthunôy |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''váre''' | many |- | '''víne''' | little |- | '''tyap''' | half |- | '''qòrephas''' | how many times ? |- | '''serephas''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== <p>Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.</p> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''na''' | I | '''mé''' | we |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khú''' | thou here | '''ṇé''' | you here |- | '''ṭú''' | thou there | '''yô''' | you there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''óm''' | he / she / it here | '''óma''' | they here |- | '''ês''' | he / she / it there | '''êsa''' | they there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣá''' | someone / something here |- | '''ġá''' | someone / something there |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''nas''' | my | '''més''' | our |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | '''khús''' | thy here | '''ṇés''' | your here |- | '''ṭús''' | thy there | '''yôs''' | your there |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ómas''' | his / her / its here | '''ómsa''' | their here |- | '''êsas''' | his / her / its there | '''êssa''' | their there |- ! rowspan=2 | 4. | '''ṣás''' | someone / something else's here |- | '''ġás''' | someone / something else's there |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant Visual ! colspan=2 | Distant Non-Visual |- ! Person / Object | '''se''' | this | '''ṭa''' | that | '''va''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''seder''' | here | '''ṭader''' | there | '''vader''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''sederer''' | from here | '''ṭaderer''' | from there | '''vaderer''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''sederkè''' | to here | '''ṭaderkè''' | to there, so far | '''vaderkè''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''sónda''' (← ''se-gonda'') | this way | '''ṭónda''' (← ''ṭa-gonda'') | that way | '''vónda''' (← ''va-gonda'') | some way |- ! Time | '''semat''' | now | '''ṭamat''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ses''' | in this way | '''ṭas''' | in that way | '''vas''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''sere''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''seṇúr''' | like this here | '''ṭaṇúr''' | like that | '''vaṇúr''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''sephú''' | for this reason | '''ṭaphú''' | for that reason | '''vaphú''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''qò''' | who ? which ? | '''òqò''' | someone | '''òqòráy''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''qòder''' | where ? | '''òqòder''' | somewhere | '''òqòderráy''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''qòderer''' | whence ? | '''òqòderer''' | from somewhere | '''òqòdererráy''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''qòderkè''' | whither ? | '''òqòderkê''' | to somewhere | '''òqòderkêrráy''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''qónda''' (← ''qò-gonda'') | which way ? | '''òqònda''' | via some way | '''òqòndaráy''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''qòmat''' | when ? | '''òqòmat''' | once | '''òqòmatráy''' | ever |- ! Method | '''qás''' | how ? | '''òqás''' | somehow | '''òqásráy''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''qòre''' | how much ? | '''òqòre''' | somehow much | '''òqòreráy''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''qòṇúr''' | which one ? | '''òqòṇúr''' | some | '''òqòṇúrráy''' | any |- ! Reason | '''qòphú''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''môqò''' | nobody, nothing | '''qòṣár''' | every | '''ínqò''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''môqòder''' | nowhere | '''òqòderṣár''' | everywhere | '''ínqòder''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''môqòderer''' | from nowhere | '''òqòdererṣár''' | from everywhere | '''inqòderer''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''môqòderkè''' | to nowhere | '''òqòderkèṣár''' | to everywhere | '''ínqòderkè''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''môqónda''' | through no way | '''òqóndaṣár''' | through all ways | '''ínqónda''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''môqòmat''' | never | '''òqòmatṣár''' | always | '''ínqòmat''' | when else |- ! Method | '''môqás''' | nohow | '''òqásṣár''' | in all methods | '''ínqás''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''môqòre''' | nothing | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''môqòṇúr''' | neuter, indistinct | '''òqòṇúrṣár''' | any | '''ín''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''qòre''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''òqòre''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''òqòreráy''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''môqòre''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''òqòreṣár''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive | '''rè''' | oneself |- ! Reciprocal | '''ḍárè''' (← ''ḍaxá + rè'') | each other |- ! Cooperative | '''rèbyæ''' (← ''rè + byæ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | iv | in, inside ! Locative |- | from inside ! Ablative |- | to inside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ir | on ! Locative |- | from on ! Ablative |- | to on ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | súr | above ! Locative |- | from above ! Ablative |- | to above ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | du | under ! Locative |- | from under ! Ablative |- | to under ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | byæ | beside ! Locative |- | from beside ! Ablative |- | to beside ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġó | away ! Locative |- | from away ! Ablative |- | to away ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ḍaxív | between ! Locative |- | from between ! Ablative |- | to between ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | só | behind ! Locative |- | from behind ! Ablative |- | to behind ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | sók | out ! Locative |- | from out ! Ablative |- | to out ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | keṇkiv | around ! Locative |- | from around ! Ablative |- | to around ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | phôr | before, opposite to ! Locative |- | from before, from opposite to ! Ablative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | mativ | during, in time of ! Locative |- | from time of ! Ablative |- | to time of ! Allative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ku | after ! Locative |- | from after ! Ablative |- | to after ! Allative |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''vóv''' (← vo-vá) | with ! Instrumental |- ! Material, substantion, origin | '''er''' | from ! Ablative |- ! Lack | '''môv''' (← ''mô-vá'') | without ! Genitive |- ! Alternative | '''deriv''' | instead ! Genitive |- ! Contrary | '''phôrer''' | against ! Allative |- ! Resistance | '''kúv''' (← ''ku-vo'') | despite, though ! Inactive |- ! Stylization | '''byǽv''' (← ''byæ-vo'') | along to, according to ! Instrumental |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''vo''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ṭáv''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''sa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tó''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''rèṣ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''pe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''bô''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''tóvo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''rèṣer''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''eṭvo''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''dè''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! colspan=3 | Common modifiers |- ! Restrictive | '''òre''' | only |- ! Additive | '''êṭe''' | yet |- ! colspan=3 | Verbal modifiers |- ! Potentional | '''qay''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''bú''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Imperative | '''í''' | Expresses direct commands. |- ! Prohibitive | '''mí''' | Expresses direct prohibitions. |- ! Precative | '''nú''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''áx''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ryǽ''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''qháv''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''ġar''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''thóm''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''báqh''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |- ! Interrogative | '''xê''' | It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations. |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ṭáx''' | yes |- ! Negative<sup>1</sup> | '''mô''' | no |} <sup>1</sup> Only in independent form. ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-sí''' | '''kháṣá''' → '''kháṣásí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-dá''' | '''dyǽr''' → '''dyǽrdá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''mô-''' | '''min''' → '''mômin''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-rǽx''' | '''dumb''' → '''dumbrǽx''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-tyap''' | '''súg''' → '''súgtyap''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-næn''' | '''agô''' → '''agônæn''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-tan''' | '''bák''' → '''báktan''' | cow → cowman |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''xôg''' → '''xôgder''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-kant''' | '''bábá''' → '''bábákant''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-móg''' | '''samarand''' → '''samarandmóg''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-môgtan''' | '''samarandmóg''' → '''samarandmógtan''' | herbalism → herbalist |- ! Product | '''-vík''' | '''púrú''' → '''púrúvík''' | meal → bread |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-as''' | '''xvaq''' → '''xvaqas''' | horse → equine |- ! Originative | '''-er-as''' | '''deṇsu''' → '''deṇsuras''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-tyás''' (← ''-tí-as'') | '''meṣṭe''' → '''meṣtetyás''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-svas''' (← ''-su-as'') | '''mvar''' → '''mvarsvas''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-nyas''' (← ''-ni-as'') | '''ġáná''' → '''ġánányas''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''môv-...-as''' | '''thǽd''' → '''môvthǽdas''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-tan''' | '''kuṣṭ-''' → '''kuṣṭtan''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-mi''' | '''mǽd-'''- → '''mǽdmi''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ma''' | '''qub'''- → '''qubma''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-pê''' | '''iṣ-''' → '''iṣpê''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-kep''' | '''bá-''' → '''bákep''' | (to) beat → hammer |- ! Place | '''-der''' | '''gon-''' → '''gonder''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=3 | Reaction | rowspan=3 | '''tu-''' | '''bá-''' → '''tubá-''' | (to) beat → (to) shield against beatings |- | '''bábá-''' → '''tubábá-''' | (to) war → (to) repel attack |- | '''iṣ-''' → '''tviṣ-''' | (to) speak → (to) reply |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''bá-''' → '''bábá-''' | (to) beat → (to) war |} ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-næn''' | '''bônd''' → '''bôndnæn''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-dyem''' | '''tǽt''' → '''tǽtdyǽm''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''syllabic reduplication''' | '''ġab''' → '''ġaġab''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-ġab''' | '''tís''' → '''tísġab''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Main word order is '''SOV'''. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change. ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Positive ! colspan=2 | Negative |- ! Translative | '''ar''' | became | '''már''' | don't became |- ! Essive | '''êṭ''' | be | '''môṭ''' | don't be |- ! Excessive | '''èb''' | cease to be | '''im''' | don't cease to be |} == See Also == * [[Proto-Araqish dialects]] * [[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] d905f52b9ca97223bc39183d8ce641167fd596f7 Originalia 0 43 1649 1624 2014-03-29T02:51:17Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in the mountains while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' The core cultivars consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm are almonds, barley, chickpeas, flax, grapes, and wheat. Almond seeds are commonly eaten alongside other dishes such as bread and cooked barley. These seeds are preferred in a sweet rather than bitter form. Barley is commonly cooked and served with almond seeds, but is also used to make bread and beer, which is a common beverage throughout most of the region. Chickpeas are cooked in hearths and make for a good source of proteins for families. Flax seeds are also consumed but are more commonly used to make linen from their fibers. grapes are either eaten raw or fermented to make wine, which is stored in clay jars for later consumption. Wheat is ground into flour using millstones and baked into bread, which is consumed alongside almonds and wine. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards *Tigers <ref>Siberian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, Indian, and Persian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas *Tigers <ref>Bengal and Caspian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African wild dogs *Bat-eared foxes *Black wildebeests *Blue wildebeests *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] f599182a9cf27c2baa9c0dbf6feb3543c7e20216 Proto-Tḷantali language 0 211 1650 1305 2014-03-29T12:07:29Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Word order is '''SVO''', and is not free. Subject of a clause is always first before an object. Reversing of order of subject and object means replacing the theta roles between those. ===Copular verb=== Copular roots are combined with evidentiality. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! Visual | '''vǽv''' (← ''vǽ + ve'') | be (because something is visible) |- ! Heard | '''ḷóves''' (← ''ḷós + ve'') | be (because something is heard) |- ! Other | '''ve''' | be (because knowledge has another origin) |} ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Potentional | '''nád''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''móh''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Precative | '''jíl''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''fó''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ġúl''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''xǽs''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''gata''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''jét''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''kóḍa''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |} ==Notes== * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] 7de644d5bac22375e88ee80da1b72af6e7a6696e 1651 1650 2014-03-29T12:45:42Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-nú''' | '''íθǽlwæ''' → '''éθǽlwænú''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-ġá''' | '''ġáw''' → '''ġáwġá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''lá-''' ''(not causing a-mutation)'' | '''æðǽm''' → '''lá-æðǽm''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-jóka''' | '''tundu''' → '''tundujóka''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''báġ-''' | '''kunuk''' → '''báġkunuk''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Word order is '''SVO''', and is not free. Subject of a clause is always first before an object. Reversing of order of subject and object means replacing the theta roles between those. ===Copular verb=== Copular roots are combined with evidentiality. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! Visual | '''vǽv''' (← ''vǽ + ve'') | be (because something is visible) |- ! Heard | '''ḷóves''' (← ''ḷós + ve'') | be (because something is heard) |- ! Other | '''ve''' | be (because knowledge has another origin) |} ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Potentional | '''nád''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''móh''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Precative | '''jíl''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''fó''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ġúl''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''xǽs''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''gata''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''jét''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''kóḍa''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |} ==Notes== * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] 40232044a8a2fb8b11ea82c66cd1f9bb463df259 1663 1651 2014-03-29T17:55:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-nú''' | '''íθǽlwæ''' → '''éθǽlwænú''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-ġá''' | '''ġáw''' → '''ġáwġá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''lá-''' ''(not causing a-mutation)'' | '''æðǽm''' → '''lá-æðǽm''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-jóka''' | '''tundu''' → '''tundujóka''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''báġ-''' | '''kunuk''' → '''báġkunuk''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-fyly''' | '''heġ'es''' → '''heġ'esfyly''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-kǽr''' | '''wóḅan''' → '''wóḅankár''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-tóm''' | '''kaḷís''' → '''kaḷístóm''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tel''' | '''xok''' → '''xoktel''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-rén'''' | '''ezbærúm''' → '''barúmrə́n'''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-xóð'-tóm''' | '''ufohja''' → '''ufohjaxóð'tóm''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-xóð'-kǽr''' | '''fohjaxóð'''' → '''fohjaxóḍ'kár''' | herbalist knowledge → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-nen''' | '''æðǽm''' → '''æðǽmnen''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-mín''' | '''tǽlge''' → '''tǽlgemín''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-sampá''' | '''merθe''' → '''merθesæmpǽ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-orhe''' | '''θ'eḷe''' → '''θ'eḷjórhe''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Word order is '''SVO''', and is not free. Subject of a clause is always first before an object. Reversing of order of subject and object means replacing the theta roles between those. ===Copular verb=== Copular roots are combined with evidentiality. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! Visual | '''vǽv''' (← ''vǽ + ve'') | be (because something is visible) |- ! Heard | '''ḷóves''' (← ''ḷós + ve'') | be (because something is heard) |- ! Other | '''ve''' | be (because knowledge has another origin) |} ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Potentional | '''nád''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''móh''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Precative | '''jíl''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''fó''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ġúl''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''xǽs''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''gata''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''jét''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''kóḍa''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |} ==Notes== * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] ca79d3cb9b90296a13a5bc195b349267f43d5a64 1664 1663 2014-03-29T20:42:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-nú''' | '''íθǽlwæ''' → '''éθǽlwænú''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-ġá''' | '''ġáw''' → '''ġáwġá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''lá-''' ''(not causing a-mutation)'' | '''æðǽm''' → '''lá-æðǽm''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-jóka''' | '''ytundu''' → '''(y)tundujóka''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''báġ-''' | '''ukunu''' → '''ubáġkunu''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-fyly''' | '''æheġ'e''' → '''æheġ'efili''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-kǽr''' | '''uwóḅan''' → '''æwóḅænkǽr''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-tóm''' | '''okaḷýs''' → '''okaḷýstóm''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tel''' | '''xok''' → '''xoktəl''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-rén'''' | '''ezbærúm''' → '''barúmrə́n'''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-xóð'-tóm''' | '''ufohja''' → '''ufohjaxóð'tóm''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-xóð'-kǽr''' | '''fohjaxóð'''' → '''fohjaxóḍ'kár''' | herbalist knowledge → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-nen''' | '''æðǽm''' → '''æðǽmnen''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-ním''' | '''istǽlge''' → '''tǽlgením''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-sampá''' | '''umərθə''' → '''umərθəsampá''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-orhe''' | '''aθ'əḷə''' → '''θ'eḷjórhe''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-in''' | '''ten'etóm''' → '''ten'etómin''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''lá-...-''[any adjectivizer]''''' | '''akə́pθə''' → '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-kǽr''' | '''n'ip-''' → '''æn'epkǽr''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-al-kǽr''' | '''téhæs-''' → '''ætéhesælkǽr''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-agú''' | '''dón'-''' → '''dón'agú''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-lán''' | '''ḷýd-''' → '''isḷédlǽn''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-od''' | '''qáh-''' → '''qáhod''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tel''' | '''vóġ-''' → '''vóġtəl''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-fyly''' | '''ḍýg''' → '''izḍígfili''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-maḷḷa''' | '''sís''' → '''sísmæḷḷæ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-gaxí''' | '''ḅábú''' → '''ḅábógaxý''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-níri''' | '''tíḷḷí''' → '''tíḷḷíníri''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Word order is '''SVO''', and is not free. Subject of a clause is always first before an object. Reversing of order of subject and object means replacing the theta roles between those. ===Copular verb=== Copular roots are combined with evidentiality. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! Visual | '''vǽv''' (← ''vǽ + ve'') | be (because something is visible) |- ! Heard | '''ḷóves''' (← ''ḷós + ve'') | be (because something is heard) |- ! Other | '''ve''' | be (because knowledge has another origin) |} ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Potentional | '''nád''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''móh''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Precative | '''jíl''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''fó''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ġúl''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''xǽs''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''gata''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''jét''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''kóḍa''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |} ==Notes== * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] 59220753c951ebcb8426e10a5ef2562abc0f8ee6 Language 0 126 1652 1414 2014-03-29T16:37:21Z 76.111.220.197 0 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {{LanguageImageMap}} <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|Kinnara}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Sazāzasōj languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Œkhen languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; 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width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 7c6158a4b0e23737ecb0a98fe9c0ea51645b7e81 1659 1654 2014-03-29T17:00:05Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {{LanguageImageMap}} <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|New Language 1}} {{legend0|#F08080|Kinnərə Languages}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish Languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Sazāzasōj Languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Œkhen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} db05b6bbb22ac94783d255e6c0864c0c8d3ca050 1674 1659 2014-04-01T13:22:39Z 64.56.91.45 0 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {{LanguageImageMap}} <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|Thánan Languages}} {{legend0|#F08080|Kinnərə Languages}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish Languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Sazāzasōj Languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Œkhen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|New Language 8}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 830f63a21b5ef569d579b3635c63a6398dc41e96 Template:LanguageArticles 10 152 1653 1276 2014-03-29T16:37:53Z 76.111.220.197 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], [[Proto-Kinnara language|Kinnara]], New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]], [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]], [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]], [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]], New Language 8, [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]]</small> ad81f33e51525bd59035e5c1609fb3ec7a72ffd5 1660 1653 2014-03-29T17:00:20Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], [[Proto-Kinnərə language|Kinnərə]], New Language 1</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]], [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]], [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]], [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]], New Language 8, [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]]</small> 22b8a93ea0d03615dde363c74fc5d1e623f12822 1676 1660 2014-04-01T14:25:00Z 64.56.91.45 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], [[Proto-Kinnərə language|Kinnərə]], [[Proto-Thánan language|Thánan]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]], [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]], [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]], [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]], New Language 8, [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]]</small> 20e6e8ccefd6d8123b0ef51ef7c184d3f54b0d23 Template:LanguageNav 10 176 1656 1443 2014-03-29T16:49:33Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • [[Proto-Kinnara language|Kinnara]] | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] {{small|([[Proto-Araqish dialects|dialects]])}} {{small|([[Etymological_dictionary_of_Proto-Araqish|dictonary]])}} • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] • [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] • New Language 8 • [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} c7e787e8a8d3368ef317d44a635d0518574e5ab4 1661 1656 2014-03-29T17:00:32Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • New Language 1 • [[Proto-Kinnərə language|Kinnərə]] | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] {{small|([[Proto-Araqish dialects|dialects]])}} {{small|([[Etymological_dictionary_of_Proto-Araqish|dictonary]])}} • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] • [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] • New Language 8 • [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} b9c8ad3346f4e74ccb385a52a92eb2b4d637c102 1679 1661 2014-04-01T14:31:18Z 64.56.91.45 0 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Thánan language|Thánan]] • [[Proto-Kinnərə language|Kinnərə]] | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] {{small|([[Proto-Araqish dialects|dialects]])}} {{small|([[Etymological_dictionary_of_Proto-Araqish|dictonary]])}} • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] • [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] • New Language 8 • [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} 1b113b3ac912a9c7da1ca03acfde92633fb98433 Proto-Kinnərə language 0 247 1662 2014-03-29T17:01:08Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ s m n ŋ l r j i u e ə o ä '''Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)''' i~e u~o ə~ä '''Phonotactics''' (C)(C)V(G)(C) '''Accent''' Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * number (preffixal): singular, plural * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] '''Verbs''' * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] '''Pronouns''' * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. '''Syntax''' * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 0bba3c9ae78b6a335294bc1f7c5d9e53a79b619b Proto-Ampayrù language 0 214 1665 1356 2014-03-30T15:01:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f6f166ea64b55ec7be5cdf0f945c454ad7723f03 1666 1665 2014-03-30T15:37:15Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === * plural form created by clitic particle added to singular pronominal stem. * exclusive and inclusive forms in 1. and 2. plural persons. === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ab627f99d9dbe18e5d49796c3e041bd650537cef 1667 1666 2014-03-30T16:22:53Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ne'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nence''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''po''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''once''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 3259e9a062ff4f13757c88c05802eb4cd27eea9e 1668 1667 2014-03-30T16:30:28Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Personal pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} === Verbs === ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6fcb1399a0b5ea4f4cfb5e591ec8b2db2b5c7b37 1669 1668 2014-03-30T16:31:30Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2e721adbf9276c734bd0c9b8092abaf149b95649 Proto-Qanday language 0 219 1670 1274 2014-03-31T20:17:09Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonology */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | kʷ | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | pʼ | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s' ś ś' h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r ṛ/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i in y yn u un/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a an/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /í ín ý ýn ú ún/ eː ɤː oː /é ə́ ó/ äː ä̃ː /á án/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)(V)(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Gender system (suffixal): animate (human: masculine, feminine; non-human) vs inaminate (transportable, untransportable). * Case system (suffixal): Absolutive, Ergative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Abessive. * Number (cliticized particle): singular, dual, plural. * Irrealis moods pre-marked in nominal class by using suffix. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 264b21c22957b61d3ed7f2432f960d39559b456e 1671 1670 2014-03-31T21:15:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonology */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | kʷ | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | pʼ | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)(V)(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Gender system (suffixal): animate (human: masculine, feminine; non-human) vs inaminate (transportable, untransportable). * Case system (suffixal): Absolutive, Ergative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Abessive. * Number (cliticized particle): singular, dual, plural. * Irrealis moods pre-marked in nominal class by using suffix. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 5186712cee09fe1506eb80255901bb00a960e49e 1672 1671 2014-04-01T10:54:30Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonotactics */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | kʷ | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | pʼ | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Gender system (suffixal): animate (human: masculine, feminine; non-human) vs inaminate (transportable, untransportable). * Case system (suffixal): Absolutive, Ergative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Abessive. * Number (cliticized particle): singular, dual, plural. * Irrealis moods pre-marked in nominal class by using suffix. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7c01a636f1bc8da9b359d02346b4ab1e0f78b137 1673 1672 2014-04-01T11:20:00Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | kʷ | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | pʼ | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Gender system (suffixal): animate (human: masculine, feminine; non-human) vs inaminate (transportable, untransportable). * Case system (suffixal): Absolutive, Ergative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genetive, Abessive. * Number (cliticized particle): singular, dual, plural. * Irrealis moods pre-marked in nominal class by using suffix. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Absolutive | - | | |- ! Ergative | -ke | | |- ! Accusative | -ta | | |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | | |- ! Genetive | -ãh | | |- ! Abessive | -nũ | | |} === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ee39d38371bc1615107933915cc2f0e89fdad9dd 1680 1673 2014-04-01T16:40:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | kʷ | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | pʼ | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Gender system (suffixal): animate (human: masculine, feminine; non-human) vs inaminate (transportable, untransportable). * Case system (suffixal): Absolutive, Ergative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genetive, Abessive. * Number (cliticized particle): singular, dual, plural. * Irrealis moods pre-marked in nominal class by using suffix. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''waxiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7947153de54eed5800d88853e8276f31d72add99 1681 1680 2014-04-01T21:41:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | kʷ | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | pʼ | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Gender system (suffixal): animate (human: masculine, feminine; non-human) vs inaminate (transportable, untransportable). * Case system (suffixal): Absolutive, Ergative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genetive, Abessive. * Number (cliticized particle): singular, dual, plural. * Irrealis moods pre-marked in nominal class by using suffix. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''waxiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7da7cbd4ca20968ce05899d9607ddd0aba468afc 1682 1681 2014-04-02T13:31:57Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | kʷ | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | pʼ | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Irrealis moods pre-marked in nominal class by using suffix. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gaambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 0dd1d0e78d2d87ffdca517a84ec1b3c176fcb92d 1683 1682 2014-04-02T13:33:27Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | kʷ | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | pʼ | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gaambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2bb97419314083d2868e0fe26ae2e5788b9b6bcf 1684 1683 2014-04-02T13:33:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nominal pre-determination of moods */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | kʷ | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | pʼ | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f9dda9472e8398a5f04684390bd829b09ac4b94a 1685 1684 2014-04-02T15:45:42Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | kʷ | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | pʼ | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ąąt | ''''eċąąt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7d5d8e0005c4763e6371b93552e2f9c0e8b0c5f5 1686 1685 2014-04-02T15:52:19Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Tense-aspects */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | kʷ | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | pʼ | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 9f3d7fe9c58085246de957f3bcc04650f0d2a319 Template:LanguageImageMap 10 244 1675 1413 2014-04-01T14:24:05Z 64.56.91.45 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 286 215 290 192 278 177 268 156 270 143 255 89 247 92 232 98 220 103 179 64 185 46 145 71 132 106 112 114 100 131 85 129 76 135 70 181 75 183 130 157 176 148 193 165 225 185 282 215 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 282 215 275 239 283 251 335 259 441 252 457 226 [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 290 192 277 177 279 169 296 174 301 156 320 138 331 150 344 143 363 149 396 156 [[New Language 2]] poly 344 143 363 149 396 156 433 154 441 153 466 138 467 129 449 130 420 120 406 121 394 124 379 115 365 124 351 122 343 128 [[Proto-Thánan language|Thánan]] poly 750 295 746 311 748 323 756 313 773 311 781 320 788 336 796 361 791 366 773 364 752 351 751 344 733 327 733 311 736 308 731 293 735 286 [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] poly 750 295 774 287 778 293 773 302 763 307 746 311 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 744 226 738 225 729 231 719 247 719 299 733 311 737 308 731 293 735 286 738 281 731 274 739 265 741 248 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 773 302 779 293 798 303 819 300 843 310 863 330 874 352 868 370 829 378 820 373 819 359 823 347 807 341 786 320 [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] poly 820 373 819 359 816 351 807 349 796 366 803 374 805 384 [[New Language 8]] poly 805 384 803 374 791 366 773 364 759 364 752 370 738 367 727 360 721 359 716 370 718 375 733 377 741 380 771 381 793 397 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 811 418 785 407 786 417 795 423 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 786 417 774 413 785 407 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 775 392 772 380 741 380 734 377 718 375 716 370 712 368 693 343 682 338 675 341 666 339 654 322 637 322 625 313 607 317 594 332 630 350 683 394 731 405 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 693 343 705 331 710 320 707 314 683 291 668 289 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 625 313 637 322 654 322 666 339 675 341 682 338 [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] poly 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 617 308 633 260 642 243 651 237 659 250 [[Proto-Tifɯ languages|Tifɯ]] poly 677 208 682 222 673 225 666 234 646 229 642 243 633 260 623 255 625 232 636 212 [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] poly 666 234 678 260 703 254 695 234 703 227 682 203 677 208 682 222 [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] </imagemap> 61515c7d67d3e37dd391824220b2c4d516d4c732 1677 1675 2014-04-01T14:25:23Z 64.56.91.45 0 wikitext text/x-wiki <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 286 215 290 192 278 177 268 156 270 143 255 89 247 92 232 98 220 103 179 64 185 46 145 71 132 106 112 114 100 131 85 129 76 135 70 181 75 183 130 157 176 148 193 165 225 185 282 215 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 282 215 275 239 283 251 335 259 441 252 457 226 [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 290 192 277 177 279 169 296 174 301 156 320 138 331 150 344 143 363 149 396 156 [[Proto-Kinnərə language|Kinnərə]] poly 344 143 363 149 396 156 433 154 441 153 466 138 467 129 449 130 420 120 406 121 394 124 379 115 365 124 351 122 343 128 [[Proto-Thánan language|Thánan]] poly 750 295 746 311 748 323 756 313 773 311 781 320 788 336 796 361 791 366 773 364 752 351 751 344 733 327 733 311 736 308 731 293 735 286 [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] poly 750 295 774 287 778 293 773 302 763 307 746 311 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 744 226 738 225 729 231 719 247 719 299 733 311 737 308 731 293 735 286 738 281 731 274 739 265 741 248 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 773 302 779 293 798 303 819 300 843 310 863 330 874 352 868 370 829 378 820 373 819 359 823 347 807 341 786 320 [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] poly 820 373 819 359 816 351 807 349 796 366 803 374 805 384 [[New Language 8]] poly 805 384 803 374 791 366 773 364 759 364 752 370 738 367 727 360 721 359 716 370 718 375 733 377 741 380 771 381 793 397 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 811 418 785 407 786 417 795 423 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 786 417 774 413 785 407 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 775 392 772 380 741 380 734 377 718 375 716 370 712 368 693 343 682 338 675 341 666 339 654 322 637 322 625 313 607 317 594 332 630 350 683 394 731 405 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 693 343 705 331 710 320 707 314 683 291 668 289 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 625 313 637 322 654 322 666 339 675 341 682 338 [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] poly 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 617 308 633 260 642 243 651 237 659 250 [[Proto-Tifɯ languages|Tifɯ]] poly 677 208 682 222 673 225 666 234 646 229 642 243 633 260 623 255 625 232 636 212 [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] poly 666 234 678 260 703 254 695 234 703 227 682 203 677 208 682 222 [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] </imagemap> 84fdf8160f91ee88a5ec69bceb515b16cf10aaef Proto-Thánan language 0 248 1678 2014-04-01T14:30:33Z 64.56.91.45 0 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legen..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ '''Phonotactics''' (C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C) '''Accent''' Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] '''Verbs''' * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] '''Pronouns''' * clusivity '''Syntax''' * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 5a9ce0f984f6b9101b5e37c1e1e86b6473ee2a7a Proto-Qanday language 0 219 1687 1686 2014-04-02T15:53:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future. * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} b1691d819e90575fd4d89ab9a89fb6a193c6e4f2 1688 1687 2014-04-02T16:29:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial. * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-Absolutive / Unvolitional system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative / Volitional system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} b19d7f5f8b1d3ba3f01836c48f836f128e895c04 1689 1688 2014-04-02T16:44:33Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive. * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e97954cde645231a84e731b060bb6a09c452dcfd 1690 1689 2014-04-02T16:55:36Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal). * Four objective persons (suffixal). * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | | | |- | | | |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | | | |- | | | |- ! 3. | | | | | | | | |} =====Objective===== === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 1c77ae55acbfef48f9ec75a83c690abc4b5c9de4 1691 1690 2014-04-02T18:02:16Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | | | |- | | | |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | rowspan=2 | | | | |- | | | |- ! 3. | | | | | | | | | |- ! 4. | | | |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 79dedc37531f66ffee952765519a45ffec72191c 1692 1691 2014-04-02T19:21:41Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Person */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 871d0a062758282722508084c354ff608f7910fb 1693 1692 2014-04-02T19:26:40Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Subjective */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 25f225d6156bc763b6e097277fc7188609b64fdb 1694 1693 2014-04-02T19:27:30Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Subjective */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed. * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 3e4bbd53899dbd963af829693d7fbd3f0eab8b1d 1695 1694 2014-04-02T19:41:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 5f76ccf136aa63bd03a6f076125c92e255f8b1d7 1696 1695 2014-04-02T20:01:26Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | - | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | - | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 28fb595fe60127bd3e3f0e0e7d5b0371d047dadb 1698 1696 2014-04-02T20:34:50Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Non-finite verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2b5f645bd59b66dd29f4ed95f1095dfcf5201d4d 1699 1698 2014-04-02T21:54:16Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Non-finite verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} b0c1c5f1acb0cc902034c53609dcb476e63975c1 1700 1699 2014-04-03T11:07:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Degrees of comparison */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 0cd1835e1641038bcdf794f88112351bc62cbdea 1701 1700 2014-04-03T14:03:15Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos-''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕-''' | You both | ''''oor-''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} edcbeddaf99db98abd3c1c79a4324e9aee05d837 1702 1701 2014-04-03T14:10:13Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Personal pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krąqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 17d87d804b503d45ff8d14710eb8f6af044fdd01 1703 1702 2014-04-03T14:11:25Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Gender */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2495ec122bae84762820a598c78cf0a6147a7289 1704 1703 2014-04-03T16:37:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 9d2f73e157aadb9765ba33d0fc343580b000eff6 1705 1704 2014-04-03T20:23:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Objectives */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 222b2d0941d6fd764a02f4de47df27846b160a87 1706 1705 2014-04-03T21:35:57Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Other prepositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} dad1d499cc0c410617440dcb99fb3268ae3b0d5c 1707 1706 2014-04-04T10:36:49Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕iś''' | we both | ''''ãŋiś''' | we all |- | ''''e'iś''' | we both and you | ''''ehiś''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕iś''' | You both | ''''ooriś''' | You all |- | ''''ookiś''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċiś''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7e7a8b1f146b22131801cbdb3d648b8c8aef83bd 1708 1707 2014-04-04T10:45:39Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Possessive pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ec59be0f2d81114d34be54042fd630e010a5348c 1709 1708 2014-04-04T14:23:42Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Possessive pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqta''' | like this here | '''kətloqta''' | like that | '''ŋətloqta''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 023c52e1ccbdd54b1c8d80a18b0a37ed3ff09558 1710 1709 2014-04-04T15:17:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Demonstrative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesgaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 156682e32aa9650bec0cb93c43731d3718294031 1711 1710 2014-04-04T15:52:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ab9605dff6268f5e8ec439ccd55898fc19f17de2 1712 1711 2014-04-04T15:58:19Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Personal pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 9e5d9c8f40babba010a186c469b3e50cdbb7108f 1713 1712 2014-04-04T16:00:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Negative, universal and alternative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 32efaf07bbc0454aa143db03ddde71aecf52b9e0 1714 1713 2014-04-04T16:01:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 6a488227aa683a4e7f8ce770486e3245e632a15b 1715 1714 2014-04-04T16:05:43Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numeral pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''rè + byæ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 14d688a56ea15e5c6a78d393cddef4dd484dff7d 1716 1715 2014-04-04T16:06:16Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === * VSO == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 3c577c36c2982d80a6f7147c1c8cb3afee464bab 1717 1716 2014-04-04T16:14:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Syntax */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} === Syntax === ====Word order==== * VSO ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} f17a4769c4a0f60061cbbf3c3ff18b7c4b2d9721 1718 1717 2014-04-04T16:22:00Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Polarity particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} === Syntax === ====Word order==== * VSO ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} b2d4926b64ebe3b29f3a74fe777084bc419c1cbb 1719 1718 2014-04-04T17:50:17Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ċi-''' | '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-doom-''' | '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''baa-''' | '''ndart''' → '''baandart''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḥool-''' | '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''daal-''' | '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jootuu''' | '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-teh-''' | '''buuln''' → '''buulteht''' | cattle → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-dja-''' | '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan''' | bird → birds (as a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tlo-''' | '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)'' | '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś''' | herbalist → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-dja-teh-''' | '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} === Syntax === ====Word order==== * VSO ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 70f88e0e71d9fa94e7026c26846edf47f9a3c9d2 1720 1719 2014-04-04T18:13:38Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ċi-''' | '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-doom-''' | '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''baa-''' | '''ndart''' → '''baandart''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḥool-''' | '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''daal-''' | '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jootuu''' | '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-teh-''' | '''buuln''' → '''buulteht''' | cattle → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-dja-''' | '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan''' | bird → birds (as a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tlo-''' | '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-teh-dja-ś''' | '''quudyś''' → '''quudytehdjaś''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)'' | '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś''' | herbalist → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-dja-teh-''' | '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-iq-''' | '''ndart''' → '''ndartiqt''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-aw-''' | '''wããḥaw''' → '''wããḥawawt''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-netse-''' | '''karḥan''' → '''karḥanetset''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-dũ-''' | '''śeneś''' → '''śenedũt''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-iqaw-''' | '''krãljee''' → '''krãliqawt''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''baa-...-iq-''' | '''tũũtuu''' → '''baatũũtiqt''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} === Syntax === ====Word order==== * VSO ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} b92f998ec556e6b481c29ec9d69a1d1638e90c23 1721 1720 2014-04-04T18:30:09Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ċi-''' | '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-doom-''' | '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''baa-''' | '''ndart''' → '''baandart''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḥool-''' | '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''daal-''' | '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jootuu''' | '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-teh-''' | '''buuln''' → '''buulteht''' | cattle → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-dja-''' | '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan''' | bird → birds (as a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tlo-''' | '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-teh-dja-ś''' | '''quudyś''' → '''quudytehdjaś''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)'' | '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś''' | herbalist → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-dja-teh-''' | '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-iq-''' | '''ndart''' → '''ndartiqt''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-aw-''' | '''wããḥaw''' → '''wããḥawawt''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-netse-''' | '''karḥan''' → '''karḥanetset''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-dũ-''' | '''śeneś''' → '''śenedũt''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-iqaw-''' | '''krãljee''' → '''krãliqawt''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''baa-...-iq-''' | '''tũũtuu''' → '''baatũũtiqt''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-teh-''' | '''kte-''' → '''kteteht''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-ne-''' | '''luub-''' → '''luubnet''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-weh-''' | '''bag-''' → '''bagwehuu''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-juu''' | '''kloor̕-''' → '''kloor̕juu''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nĩs-''' | '''qaap-''' → '''qaapnĩs''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tloquu''' | '''breeq-''' → '''breeqtloquu''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-juu''' | '''ga'ool''' → '''ga'ooljuu''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tĩk-''' | '''tsan''' → '''tsantĩkt''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-taar-''' | '''dwaad-''' → '''dwaadtaart''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-tow-''' | '''ċiik-''' → '''ċiiktowt''' | small → too small |} === Syntax === ====Word order==== * VSO ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} ecd244bdea358e280d912d72bd6569043574d1b9 1724 1721 2014-04-04T20:47:11Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Other prepositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Benefactive | '''s̕adãlo''' | for, destined to ! Genetive |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ċi-''' | '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-doom-''' | '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''baa-''' | '''ndart''' → '''baandart''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḥool-''' | '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''daal-''' | '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jootuu''' | '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-teh-''' | '''buuln''' → '''buulteht''' | cattle → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-dja-''' | '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan''' | bird → birds (as a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tlo-''' | '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-teh-dja-ś''' | '''quudyś''' → '''quudytehdjaś''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)'' | '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś''' | herbalist → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-dja-teh-''' | '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-iq-''' | '''ndart''' → '''ndartiqt''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-aw-''' | '''wããḥaw''' → '''wããḥawawt''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-netse-''' | '''karḥan''' → '''karḥanetset''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-dũ-''' | '''śeneś''' → '''śenedũt''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-iqaw-''' | '''krãljee''' → '''krãliqawt''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''baa-...-iq-''' | '''tũũtuu''' → '''baatũũtiqt''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-teh-''' | '''kte-''' → '''kteteht''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-ne-''' | '''luub-''' → '''luubnet''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-weh-''' | '''bag-''' → '''bagwehuu''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-juu''' | '''kloor̕-''' → '''kloor̕juu''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nĩs-''' | '''qaap-''' → '''qaapnĩs''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tloquu''' | '''breeq-''' → '''breeqtloquu''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-juu''' | '''ga'ool''' → '''ga'ooljuu''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tĩk-''' | '''tsan''' → '''tsantĩkt''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-taar-''' | '''dwaad-''' → '''dwaadtaart''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-tow-''' | '''ċiik-''' → '''ċiiktowt''' | small → too small |} === Syntax === ====Word order==== * VSO ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 29c3a1ef503bace1bfb2cc935d0aa8d3f19ece43 1725 1724 2014-04-04T20:49:21Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Other prepositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Benefactive | '''tsu''' | for, destined to ! Genetive |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ċi-''' | '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-doom-''' | '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''baa-''' | '''ndart''' → '''baandart''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḥool-''' | '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''daal-''' | '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jootuu''' | '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-teh-''' | '''buuln''' → '''buulteht''' | cattle → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-dja-''' | '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan''' | bird → birds (as a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tlo-''' | '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-teh-dja-ś''' | '''quudyś''' → '''quudytehdjaś''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)'' | '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś''' | herbalist → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-dja-teh-''' | '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-iq-''' | '''ndart''' → '''ndartiqt''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-aw-''' | '''wããḥaw''' → '''wããḥawawt''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-netse-''' | '''karḥan''' → '''karḥanetset''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-dũ-''' | '''śeneś''' → '''śenedũt''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-iqaw-''' | '''krãljee''' → '''krãliqawt''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''baa-...-iq-''' | '''tũũtuu''' → '''baatũũtiqt''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-teh-''' | '''kte-''' → '''kteteht''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-ne-''' | '''luub-''' → '''luubnet''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-weh-''' | '''bag-''' → '''bagwehuu''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-juu''' | '''kloor̕-''' → '''kloor̕juu''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nĩs-''' | '''qaap-''' → '''qaapnĩs''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tloquu''' | '''breeq-''' → '''breeqtloquu''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-juu''' | '''ga'ool''' → '''ga'ooljuu''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tĩk-''' | '''tsan''' → '''tsantĩkt''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-taar-''' | '''dwaad-''' → '''dwaadtaart''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-tow-''' | '''ċiik-''' → '''ċiiktowt''' | small → too small |} === Syntax === ====Word order==== * VSO ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} eb5f2df1e1a69fd06bc87cfb5628cd0b58e23b0f 1726 1725 2014-04-04T20:59:38Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Derived numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''baan̕o''' | many |- | '''ċiiko''' | little |- | '''daal''' | half |- | '''p̕eśkee''' | how many times ? |- | '''səptyn''' | so often |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Benefactive | '''tsu''' | for, destined to ! Genetive |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ċi-''' | '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-doom-''' | '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''baa-''' | '''ndart''' → '''baandart''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḥool-''' | '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''daal-''' | '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jootuu''' | '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-teh-''' | '''buuln''' → '''buulteht''' | cattle → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-dja-''' | '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan''' | bird → birds (as a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tlo-''' | '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-teh-dja-ś''' | '''quudyś''' → '''quudytehdjaś''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)'' | '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś''' | herbalist → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-dja-teh-''' | '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-iq-''' | '''ndart''' → '''ndartiqt''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-aw-''' | '''wããḥaw''' → '''wããḥawawt''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-netse-''' | '''karḥan''' → '''karḥanetset''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-dũ-''' | '''śeneś''' → '''śenedũt''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-iqaw-''' | '''krãljee''' → '''krãliqawt''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''baa-...-iq-''' | '''tũũtuu''' → '''baatũũtiqt''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-teh-''' | '''kte-''' → '''kteteht''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-ne-''' | '''luub-''' → '''luubnet''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-weh-''' | '''bag-''' → '''bagwehuu''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-juu''' | '''kloor̕-''' → '''kloor̕juu''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nĩs-''' | '''qaap-''' → '''qaapnĩs''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tloquu''' | '''breeq-''' → '''breeqtloquu''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-juu''' | '''ga'ool''' → '''ga'ooljuu''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tĩk-''' | '''tsan''' → '''tsantĩkt''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-taar-''' | '''dwaad-''' → '''dwaadtaart''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-tow-''' | '''ċiik-''' → '''ċiiktowt''' | small → too small |} === Syntax === ====Word order==== * VSO ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e4ef253557ebd29096590349a7b56f8872a35c0e 1727 1726 2014-04-04T21:01:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numeral adverbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- | '''baan̕o''' | many |- | '''ċiiko''' | little |- | '''daal''' | half |- | '''p̕eśkee''' | how many times ? |- | '''səptyn''' | so often |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Benefactive | '''tsu''' | for, destined to ! Genetive |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ċi-''' | '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-doom-''' | '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''baa-''' | '''ndart''' → '''baandart''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḥool-''' | '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''daal-''' | '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jootuu''' | '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-teh-''' | '''buuln''' → '''buulteht''' | cattle → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-dja-''' | '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan''' | bird → birds (as a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tlo-''' | '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-teh-dja-ś''' | '''quudyś''' → '''quudytehdjaś''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)'' | '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś''' | herbalist → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-dja-teh-''' | '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-iq-''' | '''ndart''' → '''ndartiqt''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-aw-''' | '''wããḥaw''' → '''wããḥawawt''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-netse-''' | '''karḥan''' → '''karḥanetset''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-dũ-''' | '''śeneś''' → '''śenedũt''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-iqaw-''' | '''krãljee''' → '''krãliqawt''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''baa-...-iq-''' | '''tũũtuu''' → '''baatũũtiqt''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-teh-''' | '''kte-''' → '''kteteht''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-ne-''' | '''luub-''' → '''luubnet''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-weh-''' | '''bag-''' → '''bagwehuu''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-juu''' | '''kloor̕-''' → '''kloor̕juu''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nĩs-''' | '''qaap-''' → '''qaapnĩs''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tloquu''' | '''breeq-''' → '''breeqtloquu''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-juu''' | '''ga'ool''' → '''ga'ooljuu''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tĩk-''' | '''tsan''' → '''tsantĩkt''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-taar-''' | '''dwaad-''' → '''dwaadtaart''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-tow-''' | '''ċiik-''' → '''ċiiktowt''' | small → too small |} === Syntax === ====Word order==== * VSO ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e8c551e5d32cd54a28b920442451526bcda47381 1728 1727 2014-04-04T21:01:55Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Cardinal numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- | '''baan̕o''' | many |- | '''ċiiko''' | little |- | '''daal''' | half |- | '''p̕eśkee''' | how many times ? |- | '''səptyn''' | so often |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Benefactive | '''tsu''' | for, destined to ! Genetive |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ċi-''' | '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-doom-''' | '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''baa-''' | '''ndart''' → '''baandart''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḥool-''' | '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''daal-''' | '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jootuu''' | '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-teh-''' | '''buuln''' → '''buulteht''' | cattle → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-dja-''' | '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan''' | bird → birds (as a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tlo-''' | '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-teh-dja-ś''' | '''quudyś''' → '''quudytehdjaś''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)'' | '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś''' | herbalist → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-dja-teh-''' | '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-iq-''' | '''ndart''' → '''ndartiqt''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-aw-''' | '''wããḥaw''' → '''wããḥawawt''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-netse-''' | '''karḥan''' → '''karḥanetset''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-dũ-''' | '''śeneś''' → '''śenedũt''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-iqaw-''' | '''krãljee''' → '''krãliqawt''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''baa-...-iq-''' | '''tũũtuu''' → '''baatũũtiqt''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-teh-''' | '''kte-''' → '''kteteht''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-ne-''' | '''luub-''' → '''luubnet''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-weh-''' | '''bag-''' → '''bagwehuu''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-juu''' | '''kloor̕-''' → '''kloor̕juu''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nĩs-''' | '''qaap-''' → '''qaapnĩs''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tloquu''' | '''breeq-''' → '''breeqtloquu''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-juu''' | '''ga'ool''' → '''ga'ooljuu''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tĩk-''' | '''tsan''' → '''tsantĩkt''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-taar-''' | '''dwaad-''' → '''dwaadtaart''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-tow-''' | '''ċiik-''' → '''ċiiktowt''' | small → too small |} === Syntax === ====Word order==== * VSO ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 4255eca9cdaf45d02df367897a861265140bf2c4 1733 1728 2014-04-05T10:19:14Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Syntax */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- | '''baan̕o''' | many |- | '''ċiiko''' | little |- | '''daal''' | half |- | '''p̕eśkee''' | how many times ? |- | '''səptyn''' | so often |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Benefactive | '''tsu''' | for, destined to ! Genetive |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ċi-''' | '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-doom-''' | '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''baa-''' | '''ndart''' → '''baandart''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḥool-''' | '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''daal-''' | '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jootuu''' | '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-teh-''' | '''buuln''' → '''buulteht''' | cattle → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-dja-''' | '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan''' | bird → birds (as a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tlo-''' | '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-teh-dja-ś''' | '''quudyś''' → '''quudytehdjaś''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)'' | '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś''' | herbalist → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-dja-teh-''' | '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-iq-''' | '''ndart''' → '''ndartiqt''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-aw-''' | '''wããḥaw''' → '''wããḥawawt''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-netse-''' | '''karḥan''' → '''karḥanetset''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-dũ-''' | '''śeneś''' → '''śenedũt''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-iqaw-''' | '''krãljee''' → '''krãliqawt''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''baa-...-iq-''' | '''tũũtuu''' → '''baatũũtiqt''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-teh-''' | '''kte-''' → '''kteteht''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-ne-''' | '''luub-''' → '''luubnet''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-weh-''' | '''bag-''' → '''bagwehuu''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-juu''' | '''kloor̕-''' → '''kloor̕juu''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nĩs-''' | '''qaap-''' → '''qaapnĩs''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tloquu''' | '''breeq-''' → '''breeqtloquu''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-juu''' | '''ga'ool''' → '''ga'ooljuu''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tĩk-''' | '''tsan''' → '''tsantĩkt''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-taar-''' | '''dwaad-''' → '''dwaadtaart''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-tow-''' | '''ċiik-''' → '''ċiiktowt''' | small → too small |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * VSO ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 2c9aa56e20caeabe9f77f2dc4aaaafcdeeebb2fd 1734 1733 2014-04-05T10:59:14Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word order */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- | '''baan̕o''' | many |- | '''ċiiko''' | little |- | '''daal''' | half |- | '''p̕eśkee''' | how many times ? |- | '''səptyn''' | so often |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Benefactive | '''tsu''' | for, destined to ! Genetive |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ċi-''' | '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-doom-''' | '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''baa-''' | '''ndart''' → '''baandart''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḥool-''' | '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''daal-''' | '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jootuu''' | '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-teh-''' | '''buuln''' → '''buulteht''' | cattle → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-dja-''' | '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan''' | bird → birds (as a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tlo-''' | '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-teh-dja-ś''' | '''quudyś''' → '''quudytehdjaś''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)'' | '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś''' | herbalist → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-dja-teh-''' | '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-iq-''' | '''ndart''' → '''ndartiqt''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-aw-''' | '''wããḥaw''' → '''wããḥawawt''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-netse-''' | '''karḥan''' → '''karḥanetset''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-dũ-''' | '''śeneś''' → '''śenedũt''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-iqaw-''' | '''krãljee''' → '''krãliqawt''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''baa-...-iq-''' | '''tũũtuu''' → '''baatũũtiqt''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-teh-''' | '''kte-''' → '''kteteht''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-ne-''' | '''luub-''' → '''luubnet''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-weh-''' | '''bag-''' → '''bagwehuu''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-juu''' | '''kloor̕-''' → '''kloor̕juu''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nĩs-''' | '''qaap-''' → '''qaapnĩs''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tloquu''' | '''breeq-''' → '''breeqtloquu''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-juu''' | '''ga'ool''' → '''ga'ooljuu''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tĩk-''' | '''tsan''' → '''tsantĩkt''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-taar-''' | '''dwaad-''' → '''dwaadtaart''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-tow-''' | '''ċiik-''' → '''ċiiktowt''' | small → too small |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * VSO * head-final ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e86ed89eb71c3e905c673eeb5b0692b250ba553c 1735 1734 2014-04-05T11:09:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Syntax */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Qanday |pronunciation = |region = Seforma, Archipelago |familycolor = Proto-Qanday |map = ProtoQanday.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Qanday}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Pharyng. bilabial ! Alveolar ! Pharyng. alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Paryng. postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial. velar ! Uvular ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | nˤ | | | | colspan=3 | ŋ~ɴ | |- ! Prenasalized plosive | | ᵐbˤ | | ⁿdˤ | | | | | | ᶰɢ | |- ! Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | | | | k | | q ɢ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | | colspan=3 | x~χ | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | colspan=2 | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | r | rˤ | | | | | | | |- ! Approximant | | | | | | | j | ɰ | w | | |} ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/ p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/ bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/ t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/ d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/ s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/ m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/ ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/ r rˤ /r r̕/ j ɰ w /j ḥ w/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |- |- ! Mid | e̞ | eː | | | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ | |} i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/ e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/ ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/ iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/ eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/ äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/ === Phonotactics === (C)CV(ː)(C)(C) === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable. === Nouns === * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient). * Secundative ditransitive alignment. * Definiteness by pronoun. * Possessor by pronoun. [Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner] ====Gender==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=3 | Animate ! rowspan=2 | Human ! Masculine | -t / -ət | '''ndart''' | man |- ! Feminine | -jee | '''ndarjee''' | woman |- ! colspan=2 | Non-Human | -n / -ən | '''wahiin''' | wolf |- ! rowspan=2 | Inaminate ! colspan=2 | Transportable | -ś / -əś | '''krãqś''' | stone |- ! colspan=2 | Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | '''ngoomuu''' | mountain |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Absolutive | - | '''ndart''' | rowspan=3 | man |- ! Ergative | -ke | '''ndartke''' |- ! Accusative | -ta | '''ndartta''' |- ! Instrumental | -rĩĩ | '''ndartrĩĩ''' | by man |- ! Genetive | -ãh | '''ndartãh''' | of man |- ! Abessive | -nũ | '''ndartnũ''' | without man |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Singular | - | '''tpanən''' | bird |- ! Dual | -suu | '''tpanənsuu''' | two birds |- ! Plural | -laa | '''tpanənlaa''' | birds |} ====Nominal pre-determination of moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''gambiiw''' | tree |- ! Irrealis | -i / -j | '''gambiiwi''' | tree (in non-indicative clause) |} === Verbs === * Causative with using an auxiliary verb. [Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality] ====Tense-aspects==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Past completive | -uq | ''''eċuq''' | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |- ! Past incompletive | -oor | ''''eċoor''' | to go (action was incompleted) |- ! Past habitual | -ooḥ | ''''eċooḥ''' | to go (action was habitually repeated) |- ! Future in past | -ããt | ''''eċããt''' | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |- ! Present continuous | - | ''''eċ''' | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |- ! Present habitual | -iis̕ | ''''eċiis̕''' | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |- ! Future convinced | -eeh | ''''eċeeh''' | to go (action is inevitable in future) |- ! Future dubious | -eem | ''''eċeem''' | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |} ====Voice==== =====Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | '''ŋaajar̕''' | to see |} =====Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''ŋaaj''' | to see |- ! Passive | -l / -əl | '''ŋaajl''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | '''ŋaajũts''' | to see self |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''kloor̕''' | to speak |- ! Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | '''kloor̕p̕ĩĩ''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -taa | '''kloor̕taa''' | may speak |- ! Directive | -id / -'id | '''kloorid''' | speak |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | ḥaa- | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | rowspan=2 | hat̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''hat̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | ''''ãŋŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | 'eh | ''''ehŋaaj''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | 'oos- | rowspan=2 | ''''oosŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | Thou art seeing | rowspan=2 | 'oos̕- | rowspan=2 | ''''oos̕ŋaaj''' | rowspan=2 | You both are seeing | 'oor- | ''''oorŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, but not them |- | 'ooċ- | ''''ooċŋaaj''' | You all are seeing, together with them |- ! 3. | 'ĩp- | ''''ĩpŋaaj''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | ''''ĩp̕ŋaaj''' | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | ''''ĩĩbŋaaj''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | win- | '''winŋaaj''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Dual ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -aa / -'aa | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaa''' | rowspan=2 | see me | rowspan=2 | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajaat̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | '''ŋaajãŋ''' | see us all, but not you |- | -eh / -'eh | '''ŋaajeh''' | see us all, together with you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | -oos / -'oos | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos''' | rowspan=2 | see thee | rowspan=2 | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | rowspan=2 | '''ŋaajoos̕''' | rowspan=2 | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | '''ŋaajoor''' | see you all, but not them |- | -ooċ / -'ooċ | '''ŋaajooċ''' | see you all, together with them |- ! 3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | '''ŋaajĩp''' | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | '''ŋaajĩp̕i''' | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | '''ŋaajĩbe''' | see them all |- ! 4. | -win | '''ŋaajwin''' | see someone / something |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''qudz''' | to sit (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -kĩ | '''qudzkĩ''' | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |- ! Reported | -jã | '''qudzjã''' | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |- ! Assumed | -qoo | '''qudzqoo''' | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -ma- | '''ŋaajmaś''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -rah | '''ŋaajrah''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | -ro | '''ŋaajro''' | seeing |} ===Adjective=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsan''' | '''wa'tsan''' | '''mbartsan''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | wa'- | mbar- |- | '''tsano''' | '''wa'tsano''' | '''mbartsano''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | ngaan |- ! 2. | 'oċaar |- ! 3. | lurkũ |- ! 4. | dwãsũ |- ! 5. | tigine |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ma-'' ! ''śkee-'' ! ''nari-'' ! ''dũsu-'' |- ! 1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |- ! 2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |- ! 3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |- ! 4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |- ! 5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- | '''baan̕o''' | many |- | '''ċiiko''' | little |- | '''daal''' | half |- | '''p̕eśkee''' | how many times ? |- | '''səptyn''' | so often |} === Pronouns === * Gender suffixes on number stems. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaan''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''hat̕''' | we both | ''''ãŋ''' | we all |- | ''''e'''' | we both and you | ''''eh''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oos''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''oos̕''' | You both | ''''oor''' | You all |- | ''''ook''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''ooċ''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩp''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕''' | Both of them | ''''ĩĩb''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''win''' | Someone / something |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''hnaa''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ht̕a''' | we both | ''''ãŋaa''' | we all |- | ''''e'aa''' | we both and you | '''hee''' | we all and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''osaa''' | rowspan=2 | Thou | ''''os̕aa''' | You both | ''''oraa''' | You all |- | ''''okaa''' | You both and he / she / it | ''''oċaa''' | You all and he / she / it |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpa''' | He / she / it | ''''ĩp̕a''' | Both of them | ''''ĩbaa''' | They all |- ! 4. | '''winaa''' | Someone / something |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ḥaaniś''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''hat̕iś''' | of both us | ''''ãŋiś''' | of us all |- | ''''e'iś''' | of both us and your | ''''ehiś''' | of us all and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | ''''oosiś''' | rowspan=2 | thy | ''''oos̕iś''' | of you both | ''''ooriś''' | of you all |- | ''''ookiś''' | of you both and him / her / its | ''''ooċiś''' | of you all and him / her / its |- ! 3. | ''''ĩpiś''' | Him / her / its | ''''ĩp̕iś''' | of both them | ''''ĩĩbiś''' | of they all |- ! 4. | '''winiś''' | Someone / something else's |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''səə''' | this | '''kəə''' | that | '''ŋəə''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''sətloq''' | here | '''kətloq''' | there | '''ŋətloq''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | ''''awsətloq''' | from here | ''''awkətloq''' | from there | ''''awŋətloq''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'sətloq''' | to here | '''se'kətloq''' | to there, so far | '''se'ŋətloq''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''səkwal''' | this way | '''kəkwal''' | that way | '''ŋəkwal''' | some way |- ! Time | '''səboon''' | now | '''kəboon''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''səraak''' | in this way | '''kəraak''' | in that way | '''ŋəraak''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''səbaan̕''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''sətloqsə''' | like this here | '''kətloqkə''' | like that | '''ŋətloqŋə''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''səmaag''' | for this reason | '''kəmaag''' | for that reason | '''ŋəmaag''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''p̕el''' | who ? which ? | '''p̕elŋ''' | someone | '''p̕elŋaan''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''p̕etloq''' | where ? | '''p̕eltloqŋ''' | somewhere | '''p̕eltloqŋaan''' | anywhere |- ! Source | ''''awp̕etloq''' | whence ? | ''''awp̕etloqŋ''' | from somewhere | ''''awp̕etloqŋaan''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'p̕etloq''' | whither ? | '''se'p̕etloqŋ''' | to somewhere | '''se'p̕etloqŋaan''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''p̕ekwal''' | which way ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | via some way | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''p̕eboon''' | when ? | '''p̕ekwalŋ''' | once | '''p̕ekwalŋaan''' | ever |- ! Method | '''p̕eraak''' | how ? | '''p̕eraakŋ''' | somehow | '''p̕eraakŋaan''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | somehow much | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''p̕ees''' | which one ? | '''ngaanes''' | some | '''p'eesŋaan''' | any |- ! Reason | '''se'maag''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''baap̕e''' | nobody, nothing | '''rtãã''' | every | '''p̕eqtot''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''baatloq''' | nowhere | '''rtããtloq''' | everywhere | '''tloqtot''' ''(← tloq-qtot)'' | elswhere |- ! Source | ''''awbaatloq''' | from nowhere | ''''awrtããtloq''' | from everywhere | ''''awtloqtot''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''se'baatloq''' | to nowhere | '''se'rtããtloq''' | to everywhere | '''se'tloqtot''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''baakwal''' | through no way | '''rtããkwal''' | through all ways | '''kwaalqtot''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''baaboon''' | never | '''rtããboon''' | always | '''booŋqtot''' | when else |- ! Method | '''baaraak''' | nohow | '''rtããraak''' | in all methods | '''raaqtot''' ''(← raak-qtot)'' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''baabaan'''' | nothing | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''baats''' | neuter, indistinct | '''tsəraak''' | any | '''tsəət''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''p̕ebaan'''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''p̕ebaan'ŋ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''p̕ebaan'ŋaan''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''baabaan'''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''baaŋqtot''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''śih''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''śihċi''' (← ''śih + ċi'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ḥo | in, inside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awḥo | from inside ! Accusative |- ! se'ḥo | to inside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a | on ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a | from on ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a | onto ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! s̕a'o | above ! Absolutive |- ! 'aws̕a'o | from above ! Accusative |- ! se's̕a'o | to above ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! tsa'o | under ! Absolutive |- ! 'awtsa'o | from under ! Accusative |- ! se'tsa'o | to under ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! knen | beside ! Absolutive |- ! 'awknen | from beside ! Accusative |- ! se'knen | to beside ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gaaw | away ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgaan | from away ! Accusative |- ! se'gaan | to away ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! lago | between ! Absolutive |- ! 'awlago | from between ! Accusative |- ! se'lago | to between ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! daam | behind ! Absolutive |- ! 'awdaam | from behind ! Accusative |- ! se'daam | to behind ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! de | out ! Absolutive |- ! 'awde | from out ! Accusative |- ! se'de | to out ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ḥoċatar | around ! Absolutive |- ! 'awċatar | from around ! Accusative |- ! se'ċatar | to around ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! gook | before, opposite to ! Absolutive |- ! 'awgook | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- ! se'gook | to before, to opposite to ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! boon | during, in time of ! Absolutive |- ! 'awboon | from time of ! Accusative |- ! se'boon | to time of ! Genetive |- | colspan=3 | |- ! ktsa | after ! Absolutive |- ! 'awktsa | from after ! Accusative |- ! se'ktsa | to after ! Genetive |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''ḥal''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''aw''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''se'''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''bar̕''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | '''ḥotloq''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''preeḥ''' | against ! Genetive |- ! Resistance | '''ḥada''' | despite, though ! Genetive |- ! Stylization | '''s̕adãlo''' | along to, according to ! Instrumental |- ! Benefactive | '''tsu''' | for, destined to ! Genetive |- ! Essive | '''ḥoskaat''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |- ! Excessive | ''''awskaat''' | from character of ! Accusative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''ċi''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''ċikaa''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''weel''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''oot''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kaa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''t̕ĩ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''nak''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''toho''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''se'nak''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''taś''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''ky''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ngaano''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ċita'''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''ja'''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''baa''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ċi-''' | '''t̕wãkjee''' → '''t̕wãkċijee''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-doom-''' | '''ngoomuu''' → '''ngoomdoomuu''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''baa-''' | '''ndart''' → '''baandart''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḥool-''' | '''gambiiw''' → '''gambiḥooluu''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''daal-''' | '''kalabn''' → '''daalkalabn''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jootuu''' | '''ḥoort̕''' → '''ḥoort̕jootuu''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-teh-''' | '''buuln''' → '''buulteht''' | cattle → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-dja-''' | '''tpanən''' → '''tpandjan''' | bird → birds (as a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tlo-''' | '''pyyr̕ś''' → '''pyyr̕tloś''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-teh-dja-ś''' | '''quudyś''' → '''quudytehdjaś''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-dja-tuuś''' ''(← -dja-jootuu-ś)'' | '''sylqydjateht''' → '''sylqydjatuuś''' | herbalist → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-dja-teh-''' | '''sylqyn''' → '''sylqydjateht''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-iq-''' | '''ndart''' → '''ndartiqt''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-aw-''' | '''wããḥaw''' → '''wããḥawawt''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-netse-''' | '''karḥan''' → '''karḥanetset''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-dũ-''' | '''śeneś''' → '''śenedũt''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-iqaw-''' | '''krãljee''' → '''krãliqawt''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''baa-...-iq-''' | '''tũũtuu''' → '''baatũũtiqt''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-teh-''' | '''kte-''' → '''kteteht''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-ne-''' | '''luub-''' → '''luubnet''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-weh-''' | '''bag-''' → '''bagwehuu''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance, abstract | '''-juu''' | '''kloor̕-''' → '''kloor̕juu''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nĩs-''' | '''qaap-''' → '''qaapnĩs''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tloquu''' | '''breeq-''' → '''breeqtloquu''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-juu''' | '''ga'ool''' → '''ga'ooljuu''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tĩk-''' | '''tsan''' → '''tsantĩkt''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-taar-''' | '''dwaad-''' → '''dwaadtaart''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-tow-''' | '''ċiik-''' → '''ċiiktowt''' | small → too small |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * VSO * head-final ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''ksũs''' | became |- ! Essive | '''soḥ''' | be |} ===Causativity=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=4 colspan=1 | rãd |- | rowspan=3 colspan=1 | to cause | '''ḥaaŋaaj → ḥaarãd ŋaajmaś''' | I am seeing → I am showing |- | '''ḥaa'eċ → ḥaarãd 'eċmaś''' | I am going → I am leading |- | '''ḥaamũt → ḥaarãd mũtmaś''' | I am carrying → I am elevating |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} a4a1f74884f04eb263135b5584d285173b4fd88f Proto-Nnadū language 0 218 1697 1648 2014-04-02T20:18:10Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Nnadū |pronunciation = /nnədɨː/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Nnadū |map = ProtoNnadū.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Nnadū}} }} Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features. == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Bilabialized palatal ! Velar ! Bilabialized velar |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | cᵝ | k | kᵝ |- ! Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | cʼᵝ | kʼ | kʼᵝ |- ! Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | ɟᵝ | g | gᵝ |- ! Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ʄᵝ | ɠ | ɠᵝ |- ! Fricative | | s | | | x | xᵝ |- ! Ejective fricative | | sʼ | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | ʟ | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | j | | | |} [p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/<br> [pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/<br> [b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/<br> [ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/<br> [s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/<br> [m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/<br> [l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/<br> [j β̝] /j w/<br> ===Vowels=== '''a''' - tenuis short vowel<br> '''ã''' - nasalized short vowel<br> '''a̤''' - breathy short vowel<br> '''aː''' - long vowel {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long ! Short ! Long |- ! Close | | iː ĩː i̤ː | | ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː | | uː ũː ṳː |- ! Near-close | | | ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈ | | ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤ | |- ! Close-mid | e ẽ e̤ | | | | | |- ! Mid | | | ə ə̃ ə̤ | | | |- ! Open | | | | aː ãː a̤ː | | |} [iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/<br> [ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/<br> [uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/<br> [ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/<br> [ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/<br> [e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/<br> [ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/<br> [aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/ === Phonotactics === (C)(C)V(R)(C) ===Accent === Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III). * I - noun/verb stress ('''á : aá''') * II - adjectival/participial stress ('''à : aà''') * III - adverbial stress ('''â : aâ''') * Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress * Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress === Nouns === * tripartite and three-way patient alignment * possessor (preffixal). '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]'' ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''gwụłǫh''' | man | - | '''kųųł''' | wolf |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''gwụłǫsa''' | two men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | two wolves |- ! Plural | - | '''gwụł''' | men | -ii | '''kųųłii''' | wolves |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intransitive | subject of intransitive clauses | - | '''kųųł''' | colspan=1 rowspan=3 | wolf |- ! Ergative | agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses | nį- | '''nįkųųł''' |- ! Accusative | object of transitive clauses | lạ- | '''lạkųųł''' |- ! Causal | agent of causative clauses | sǫ- | '''sǫkųųł''' | by wolf, because of wolf |- ! Instrumental | instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses | hwaa- | '''hwaakųųł''' | with wolf |- ! Dative | goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses | mu- | '''mukųųł''' | to / for wolf |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral | - | '''ġwąąḷǫh''' | woman |- ! Indefinite | ạm | '''ạm ġwąąḷǫh''' | a woman |- ! Definite proper | ąs | '''ąs ġwąąḷǫh''' | the woman |- ! Definite distant | ooł | '''ooł ġwąąḷǫh''' | yonder woman |} ====Nominal tense==== Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking). {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Non-past | - | '''b̕ịịnǫh''' | male man |- ! Past | -o | '''b̕ịịnǫho''' | male man (in past action or situation) |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''-ąąh''' (← ''aanǫh'') | my | '''-ǫǫsa''' (← ''aanǫsa'') | of both us | '''-aan''' (← ''aan'') | of all us | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫh'') | thy | '''-kw̕ǫǫs''' (← ''kw̕ǫǫsa'') | of you both | '''-ǫkw̕''' (← ''kw̕ǫ'') | of you all | '''-ǫcw̕''' (← ''cw̕ǫ'') | thy | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you both | '''-ǫcw̕įį''' (← ''cw̕ǫii'') | of you all |- ! 3. | '''-tǫǫh''' (← ''tạạǫh'') | his / her | '''-tǫǫs''' (← ''tạạǫsa'') | of they both | '''-tạạ''' (← ''tạạ'') | of they all | '''-sạạ''' (← ''sạạ'') | it | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they both | '''-sịị''' (← ''sạạii'') | of they all |} === Verbs === * pronominal persons before verb. * subjective persons cliticized to objectives. '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)] '' ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Imperfective | - | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' | to speak |- ! Iterative | -waaw- | '''p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-''' | to speak many times |- ! Perfective | -ạd- | '''p̕ǫǫkọạd-''' | to say |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Active | - | '''paat̕-''' | to see |- ! Passive | -il- | '''paat̕il-''' | to be seen |- ! Medial | -ųs̕- | '''paat̕ųs̕-''' | to see self |} ====Mood==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Indicative | - | '''d̕ii-''' | to go |- ! Conditional | -ną | '''d̕iiną''' | ... would go |- ! Jussive | -lạạ | '''d̕iilạạ''' | ... should go |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''k̕ụụ-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | ą- | '''ąk̕ụụ-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" ! Visual | - | '''p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | nịŋ | '''nịŋ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source) |- ! Reported | łọọ | '''łọọ p̕aap-''' | to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand) |- ! Assumed | hạj | '''hạj pʼaap-''' | to beat (and it is deducted from a traces) |} ====Gender and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Human ! colspan=3 | Non-Human |- ! Singular | -ǫh | '''k̕uŋǫh''' | to make (by human) | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by something other) |- ! Dual | -ǫsa | '''k̕uŋǫsa''' | to make (by two humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by two non-humans) |- ! Plural | - | '''k̕uŋ''' | to make (by a humans) | -ii | '''k̕uŋii''' | to make (by more than two non-humans) |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -nuu | '''paat̕nuu''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | rowspan=2 | pa | '''pa paàt̕''' | seeing |- ! Adverbial | '''pa paât''' | seeing |} ===Adjective and adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ạ̀''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ''' |- | good | better | best |} ====Adverbs==== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | pąą | stạạ |- | '''tkw̕ậ hụ''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ pąą''' | '''tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | ǫtạạ |- ! 2. | tkųųs |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 4. | kłaasọ |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoo |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo tkųųs |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ |- ! 10. | b̕isaal |- ! 11. | b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 12. | b̕isaal tkųųs |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo |- ! 20. | tkųųs b̕isaal |- ! 21. | tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ |- ! 30. | tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal |- ! 100. | b̕isaal b̕isaal |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-jo'' ! ''-s̕iim'' ! ''-muuł'' ! ''-ṇaaŋ'' ! ''-tlįk'' |- ! 1. | ǫtạạjo | ǫtạạs̕iim | ǫtạạmuuł | ǫtạạṇaaŋ | ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 2. | tkųųsjo | tkųųss̕iim | tkųųsmuuł | tkųųsṇaaŋ | tkųųstlįk |- ! 3. | p̕k̕ụụḷijo | p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 4. | kłaasọjo | kłaasọs̕iim | kłaasọmuuł | kłaasọṇaaŋ | kłaasọtlįk |- ! 5. | s̕oŋkoojo | s̕oŋkoos̕iim | s̕oŋkoomuuł | s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 6. | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 7. | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk |- ! 8. | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk |- ! 9. | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ | s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk |- ! 10. | b̕isaaljo | b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 11. | b̕isaal-tkųųsjo | b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim | b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł | b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk |- ! 15. | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 20. | tkųųs-b̕isaaljo | tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk |- ! 21. | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ | tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk |- ! 30. | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ | tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk |- ! 100. | b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo | b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim | b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł | b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ | b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk |} === Pronouns === * tense marker * gender stems with number cliticization. ====Personal pronouns==== Objective personal pronouns are pre-cliticized to subjectives. =====Objectives===== Objectives of the 1.-2. persons have their own stems. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''lǫh''' | me | '''lǫǫs''' | us both | '''la''' | us all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''jǫh''' | thee | '''jǫǫs''' | two | '''ja''' | we all | '''hwǫh''' | thou | '''hwǫǫs''' | we two | '''hwa''' | we all |- ! 3. | '''tạǫǫh''' | he / she | '''tạǫǫs''' | they two | '''tạ''' | they all | '''sạ''' | it | '''sạii''' | they two | '''sạii''' | they all |} =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Human ! colspan=6 | Non-Human |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Dual ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''aanǫh''' | I | '''aanǫsa''' | we two | '''aan''' | we all | colspan=6 | - |- ! 2. | '''kw̕ǫǫh''' | thou | '''kw̕ǫǫsa''' | you both | '''kw̕ǫ''' | you all | '''cw̕ǫ''' | thou | '''cw̕ǫii''' | you both | '''cw̕ǫii''' | you all |- ! 3. | '''tạạǫh''' | he / she | '''tạạǫsa''' | they two | '''tạạ''' | they all | '''sạạ''' | it | '''sạạii''' | they two | '''sạạii''' | they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite proper ! colspan=2 | Definite distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | someone |- ! Non-Human | '''ąs''' | this | '''ooł''' | that | '''ạm''' | something |- ! Place | '''ąspaad̕''' | here | '''oołpaad̕''' | there | '''ạmpaad̕''' | somewhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąspaad̕''' | from here | '''hụnoołpaad̕''' | from there | '''hụnạmpaad̕''' | from somewhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąspaad̕''' | to here | '''koołpaad̕''' | to there, so far | '''koạmpaad̕''' | to somewhere |- ! Path | '''ąsg̕uła''' | this way | '''oołg̕uła''' | that way | '''ạmg̕uła''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ąscạạł''' | now | '''oołcạạł''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ąsḷịị''' | in this way | '''oołḷịị''' | in that way | '''ạmḷịị''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ąsg̕łaa''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷiiąs''' | like this here | '''ḷiiooł''' | like that | '''ḷiiạm''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ąspạạ''' | for this reason | '''oołpạạ''' | for that reason | '''ạmpạạ''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person | '''tii''' | who ? which ? | '''tiiha''' | someone | '''tiisa''' | anyone |- ! Non-Human | '''pạạ''' | what ? which ? | '''pạạha''' | something | '''pạạsa''' | anything |- ! Place | '''magwi''' | where ? | '''magwiha''' | somewhere | '''magwisa''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''hụnmagwi''' | whence ? | '''hụnmagwiha''' | from somewhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''komagwi''' | whither ? | '''komagwiha''' | to somewhere | '''komagwisa''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ḷịg̕uła''' | which way ? | '''ḷịg̕ułaha''' | via some way | '''ḷịg̕ułasa''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''ḷịcạạł''' | when ? | '''ḷịcạạłha''' | once | '''ḷịcạạłsa''' | ever |- ! Method | '''ḷịị''' | how ? | '''ḷịịha''' | somehow | '''ḷịịsa''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | somehow much | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''ḷịtii''' | which one ? | '''kaa''' | some | '''kwąą''' | any |- ! Reason | '''kopạạ''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person | '''ątii''' | nobody | '''maatii''' | every | '''hwịtiisa''' | anyone else |- ! Non-Human | '''ąpạạ''' | nothing | '''maapạạ''' | every, all | '''hwịpạạsa''' | anything else |- ! Place | '''ąmagwi''' | nowhere | '''maamagwi''' | everywhere | '''hwịmagwisa''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''hụnąmagwi''' | from nowhere | '''hụnmaamagwi''' | from everywhere | '''hụnmagwisa''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''koąmagwi''' | to nowhere | '''komaamagwi''' | to everywhere | '''komagwisa''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''ąg̕uła''' | through no way | '''maag̕uła''' | through all ways | '''g̕ułasa''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''ącạạł''' | never | '''maacạạł''' | always | '''cạạłsa''' | when else |- ! Method | '''ąị''' | nohow | '''maaị''' | in all methods | '''ịsa''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''ąsụk̕''' | neuter, indistinct | '''maasụk̕''' | any | '''sụk̕sa''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''ḷịg̕łaa''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''ḷịg̕łaaha''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''ḷịg̕łaasa''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''ąg̕łaa''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''maag̕łaa''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive | '''cų''' | oneself |- ! Reciprocal | '''tkųųc''' (← ''tkųųs-cu'') | each other |- ! Cooperative | '''cilt̕ạ''' (← ''cil-t̕ạ'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕ | in, inside ! Instrumental |- | from inside ! Accusative |- | to inside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ṇį | on ! Instrumental |- | from on ! Accusative |- | to on ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | t̕aab | above ! Instrumental |- | from above ! Accusative |- | to above ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | d̕ọọm | under ! Instrumental |- | from under ! Accusative |- | to under ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | kịṇ | beside ! Instrumental |- | from beside ! Accusative |- | to beside ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | gwǫǫk̕ | away ! Instrumental |- | from away ! Accusative |- | to away ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕tkųųs | between ! Instrumental |- | from between ! Accusative |- | to between ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | htaa | behind ! Instrumental |- | from behind ! Accusative |- | to behind ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | wạạ | out ! Instrumental |- | from out ! Accusative |- | to out ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | hwąąk | around ! Instrumental |- | from around ! Accusative |- | to around ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | psaaw | before, opposite to ! Instrumental |- | from before, from opposite to ! Accusative |- | to before, to opposite to ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ạs̕cạạł | during, in time of ! Instrumental |- | from time of ! Accusative |- | to time of ! Dative |- | colspan=3 | |- ! rowspan=3 | ġwi | after ! Instrumental |- | from after ! Accusative |- | to after ! Dative |} ====Other prepositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''cil''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Origin | '''hụn''' | from ! Accusative |- ! Lack | '''uus''' | without ! Accusative |- ! Alternative | '''ạspaad̕''' | instead ! Accusative |- ! Contrary | '''ạspsaaw''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''ałą''' | despite, though ! Accusative |- ! Stylization | '''ṇįġ̕is̕''' | along to, according to ! Dative |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''t̕ạ''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''hụt̕''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''jạ''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ḷǫǫ''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ŋọọ''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''łuuŋ''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''kwį''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''głoo''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋkiin''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''p̕ịị''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''knah''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''hwǫt''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ạhcị''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''bạ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ąą''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ṇii''' | '''dlạạhwįǫh''' → '''dlạạhwįṇiiǫh''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-b̕ạạ''' | '''waaguu''' → '''waaguub̕ạạ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ą-''' | '''gwụłǫh''' → '''ągwụłǫh''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''nsup̕-''' | '''buŋką''' → '''nsupbuŋką''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''t̕ạạl-''' | '''sk̕ųųla''' → '''t̕ạạlsk̕ųųla''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-łoos̕''' | '''bạạc̕ǫh''' → '''bạạc̕łoos̕''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-įk''' | '''gʷọọma''' → '''gʷọọmaįk''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ạt''' | '''p̕ạp̕įk''' → '''p̕ạp̕įkạt''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-mooḷ''' | '''t̕uk̕''' → '''t̕uk̕mooḷ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-hmaada''' | '''koomb̕ṇi''' → '''koombṇihmaada''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-jọọġ''' | '''cḷąąh''' → '''cḷąąhjọọġ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-jọọġįk''' | '''cḷąąhjọọġ''' → '''cḷąąhjọọġįk''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-tiiŋ''' | '''gwụłǫh''' → '''gwụłtiiŋǫh''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-hụn''' | '''ŋgwoom''' → '''ŋgwoomhụn''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-taat''' | '''hpooj''' → '''hpoojtaat''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-maaṇ''' | '''ḷiic''' → '''ḷiicmaaṇ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-jon''' | '''mnịịgw̕ǫh''' → '''mnịịgw̕jonǫh''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ą-...-tiiŋ''' | '''g̕iṇc''' → '''ąg̕iṇctiiŋ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ąk''' | '''sooh-''' → '''soohąk''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-nuu''' | '''d̕jaał-'''- → '''d̕jaałnuu''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-saah''' | '''kad̕-'''- → '''kad̕saah''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-ṇi''' | '''p̕ǫǫkọ-''' → '''p̕ǫǫkọṇi''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-k̕oḷ''' | '''p̕aap-''' → '''p̕aapk̕oḷ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-mooḷ''' | '''dag-''' → '''dagmooḷ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-jaas''' | '''bọọŋ''' → '''bọọŋjaas''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-liis''' | '''tkw̕â''' → '''tkwâliis''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-skaa''' | '''mbaâs''' → '''mbaâsskaa''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-pi''' | '''cwį̂t''' → '''cwį̂tpi''' | small → too small |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * '''OSV''' ''(Object - Subject - Verb)'' ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! Translative | '''nukoh''' | became |- ! Essive | '''nu''' | be |- ! Excessive | '''nugạt̕''' | cease to be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} b50b191423a238119b52a10d8af5f2ff7fde994c Proto-Kinnərə language 0 247 1722 1662 2014-04-04T20:14:25Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonology */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /y/ i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ '''Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)''' i~e u~o ə~ä '''Phonotactics''' (C)(C)V(G)(C) '''Accent''' Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * number (preffixal): singular, plural * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] '''Verbs''' * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] '''Pronouns''' * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. '''Syntax''' * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] d4bded3df18ca10852549c224b546ae8119b8ede 1723 1722 2014-04-04T20:28:04Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonology */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== (C)(C)V(G)(C) ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * number (preffixal): singular, plural * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] '''Verbs''' * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] '''Pronouns''' * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. '''Syntax''' * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] dfd80a9231d4b9cc5dec3779272ce1a9c53ad431 1729 1723 2014-04-05T10:07:08Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonotactics */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any vowel '''R =''' any resonantal consonant '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * number (preffixal): singular, plural * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] '''Verbs''' * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] '''Pronouns''' * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. '''Syntax''' * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] c44ec7a24269007db263c85553e6000e5169f8ac 1730 1729 2014-04-05T10:08:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonotactics */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * number (preffixal): singular, plural * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] '''Verbs''' * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] '''Pronouns''' * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. '''Syntax''' * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 3f1015135c314c6bc16e91a9a12e6ad4026af112 1731 1730 2014-04-05T10:14:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /y/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives become fricatives in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * number (preffixal): singular, plural * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] '''Verbs''' * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] '''Pronouns''' * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. '''Syntax''' * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 03e924f0a06c8c2948081428178eb5f135167d31 1732 1731 2014-04-05T10:16:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Deplosivization */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /y/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * number (preffixal): singular, plural * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] '''Verbs''' * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] '''Pronouns''' * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. '''Syntax''' * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 02aca405e01d4081af39e35efe28f6981dee0002 1736 1732 2014-04-05T11:45:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Grammar */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /y/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 5e2d6c6739fc8aa0780d89384926d9316792ed68 Proto-Kinnərə language 0 247 1737 1736 2014-04-05T11:56:40Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Number */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /y/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 102a07b91358e08dc37ee43d6a1dd4e810482ab8 1738 1737 2014-04-05T12:09:41Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Spelling */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] d6b1aec2b0de58e8bf7b20bc6d54ce92f113844e 1739 1738 2014-04-05T13:55:17Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Number */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | loḍjata | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | loḍjane | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 0c206f4e7ecf8bc428b2c7007675c1fda1eff901 1740 1739 2014-04-05T13:56:08Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Tense */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] bbe34cd3a917d71764c0d8dd12a5033a6d03e733 1741 1740 2014-04-05T14:24:28Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | -ḍi | '''-taxeḍi''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | -ne | '''-taxene''' | to work (in future) |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] a9eeac886c01406527cd8cab8c545ca6bd128b78 1742 1741 2014-04-05T15:04:20Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Tense */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Durative | - | | |- ! Frequentative | - | | |- ! Momentane | - | | |- ! Perfective | - | | |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] b170c8b69605896c15832b8e4ec749f29caa6797 1743 1742 2014-04-05T15:13:40Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Aspect */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] b743d831277c22887bce6782d7783ed27efbae10 1744 1743 2014-04-05T15:43:16Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Aspect */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Intransitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in transitive clause) |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] a5be5649dd98c192798656e758ee2a5e4da77bca 1745 1744 2014-04-05T15:44:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Transitivity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 813efdc0185e6987296cb17f7764be9b77d89654 1746 1745 2014-04-05T15:59:47Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Transitivity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 325c955da48a141a6c69655234e25683975c3929 1747 1746 2014-04-05T18:31:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Moods */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''vavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''vavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''vavjem''' | living |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] fa38fbff40d767abd93b484f3e7bd9fa5142a783 1748 1747 2014-04-05T18:37:21Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Non-finite verbal forms */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''vavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''vavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''vavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 9bc709b784a367818026772f7e799255a021293a 1749 1748 2014-04-05T20:02:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Moods */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''vavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''vavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''vavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 92d8af5b05673f5310a08aaa6fdb6fb31b80162b 1750 1749 2014-04-05T20:18:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Non-finite verbal forms */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] a186deac2bdc414594d57e9eddad51bd16002e3a 1751 1750 2014-04-05T20:46:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Adjective / Adverb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] aba3e8b9212deda14c0839a0ec6f72c14d833fe7 1752 1751 2014-04-06T11:54:49Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Postposition] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 4c97eb925225355d050ea1d6ed0a4a2a6430aedd 1753 1752 2014-04-06T12:46:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Relational nouns==== [Possessor + Relational noun] + Noun '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 77588548ce3301a292cde2858566b95013940064 1754 1753 2014-04-06T14:07:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Relational nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Relational nouns==== [Possessor + Relational noun] + Noun '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} ====Other relationals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 52c6d2ecbfa3cd0b83c0de8705571f8b13d2b0db 1755 1754 2014-04-06T14:09:07Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Relational nouns==== [Possessor + Relational noun] + Noun '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} ====Other relationals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 0d171409c8c1f0e93e6d182741cd664b80fb5d11 1756 1755 2014-04-06T14:10:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Other relationals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Relational nouns==== [Possessor + Relational noun] + Noun '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 0dfa8dcbfed8607137b099afb2be5a40b7dc9c87 1757 1756 2014-04-06T15:13:34Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Objective */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Relational nouns==== [Possessor + Relational noun] + Noun '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 3768963ffde2e2a8dd1af17ac8477e980a9d5f70 1758 1757 2014-04-06T15:16:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * non-clitic postpositions * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== [Possessor + Relational noun] + Noun '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] ea2ecf8b6fcbbd14f39c4d3cd866786e45864e15 1759 1758 2014-04-06T15:31:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * relational nouns * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== [Possessor + Relational noun] + Noun '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 16a42cbae3d0aa2754b5ec45837806a11da86735 1760 1759 2014-04-06T15:38:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Subjective */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * relational nouns * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== [Possessor + Relational noun] + Noun '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 48ede16a0c53b7db66bc64790b218e5d5761302b 1761 1760 2014-04-06T16:04:14Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Objective */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * relational nouns * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== [Possessor + Relational noun] + Noun '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''di''' | this | '''mu''' | someone / something |- ! Place | ''''aḍe''' | here | '''maṭamo''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''tahaḍe''' | this way | '''tahamo''' | some way |- ! Time | '''naxatḍe''' | now | '''naxatmo''' | then |- |- ! Method | ''''eseḍe''' | in this way | ''''esemo''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''nafḍe''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''saḍoḍe''' | like this | '''saḍome''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''kafraḍe''' | for this reason | '''kaframo''' | for some reason |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 8cc6ff81b3ba22327b088778eea44a653259ba19 1762 1761 2014-04-06T16:36:55Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Demonstrative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * relational nouns * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== [Possessor + Relational noun] + Noun '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''di''' | this | '''mu''' | someone / something |- ! Place | ''''aḍe''' | here | '''maṭamo''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''tahaḍe''' | this way | '''tahamo''' | some way |- ! Time | '''naxatḍe''' | now | '''naxatmo''' | then |- |- ! Method | ''''eseḍe''' | in this way | ''''esemo''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''nafḍe''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''saḍoḍe''' | like this | '''saḍome''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''kafraḍe''' | for this reason | '''kaframo''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''pə''' | who ? which ? | '''pəfə''' | someone | '''pərəsu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''pəha''' | where ? | '''pəhəfə''' | somewhere | '''pəhərəsu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''pəṭəhə''' | which way ? | '''pəṭəhəfə''' | via some way | '''pəṭəhərəsu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''pənəxət''' | when ? | '''pənəxəṭfə''' | once | '''pənəxərəsu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''pəhisi''' | how ? | '''pəhisifə''' | somehow | '''pəhisirəsu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''pənəf''' | how much ? | '''pənəffə''' | somehow much | '''pənəfrəsu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''pəsəḍu''' | which one ? | '''pəsəḍufə''' | some | '''pəsəḍurəsu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''pəxəfrə''' | why ? |- |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 50e6c5c23b7153c088e0448fe11281000330fd4e 1763 1762 2014-04-06T17:36:40Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * relational nouns * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== [Possessor + Relational noun] + Noun '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''di''' | this | '''mu''' | someone / something |- ! Place | ''''aḍe''' | here | '''maṭamo''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''tahaḍe''' | this way | '''tahamo''' | some way |- ! Time | '''naxatḍe''' | now | '''naxatmo''' | then |- |- ! Method | ''''eseḍe''' | in this way | ''''esemo''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''nafḍe''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''saḍoḍe''' | like this | '''saḍome''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''kafraḍe''' | for this reason | '''kaframo''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''pə''' | who ? which ? | '''pəfə''' | someone | '''pərəsu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''pəha''' | where ? | '''pəhəfə''' | somewhere | '''pəhərəsu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''pəṭəhə''' | which way ? | '''pəṭəhəfə''' | via some way | '''pəṭəhərəsu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''pənəxət''' | when ? | '''pənəxəṭfə''' | once | '''pənəxərəsu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''pəhisi''' | how ? | '''pəhisifə''' | somehow | '''pəhisirəsu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''pənəf''' | how much ? | '''pənəffə''' | somehow much | '''pənəfrəsu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''pəsəḍu''' | which one ? | '''pəsəḍufə''' | some | '''pəsəḍurəsu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''pəxəfrə''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lofa''' | nobody, nothing | '''sarafa''' | every | '''pənuxi''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''loha''' | nowhere | '''saraha''' | everywhere | ''''anoxe''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''loṭəhə''' | through no way | '''saraṭəhə''' | through all ways | '''tahanoxe''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lonaxat''' | never | '''saranaxat''' | always | '''naxaṭnoxe''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lohese''' | nohow | '''sarahese''' | in all methods | ''''isinuxi''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lonap''' | nothing | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''losaḍo''' | neuter, indistinct | '''sarasaḍo''' | any | '''saḍonap''' | other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 41c1c4f1984919fbc0f06234da1a514b380d9caf 1764 1763 2014-04-06T17:46:32Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Relational nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * relational nouns * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== Noun + [Possessor + Relational noun] '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''di''' | this | '''mu''' | someone / something |- ! Place | ''''aḍe''' | here | '''maṭamo''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''tahaḍe''' | this way | '''tahamo''' | some way |- ! Time | '''naxatḍe''' | now | '''naxatmo''' | then |- |- ! Method | ''''eseḍe''' | in this way | ''''esemo''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''nafḍe''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''saḍoḍe''' | like this | '''saḍome''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''kafraḍe''' | for this reason | '''kaframo''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''pə''' | who ? which ? | '''pəfə''' | someone | '''pərəsu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''pəha''' | where ? | '''pəhəfə''' | somewhere | '''pəhərəsu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''pəṭəhə''' | which way ? | '''pəṭəhəfə''' | via some way | '''pəṭəhərəsu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''pənəxət''' | when ? | '''pənəxəṭfə''' | once | '''pənəxərəsu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''pəhisi''' | how ? | '''pəhisifə''' | somehow | '''pəhisirəsu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''pənəf''' | how much ? | '''pənəffə''' | somehow much | '''pənəfrəsu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''pəsəḍu''' | which one ? | '''pəsəḍufə''' | some | '''pəsəḍurəsu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''pəxəfrə''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lofa''' | nobody, nothing | '''sarafa''' | every | '''pənuxi''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''loha''' | nowhere | '''saraha''' | everywhere | ''''anoxe''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''loṭəhə''' | through no way | '''saraṭəhə''' | through all ways | '''tahanoxe''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lonaxat''' | never | '''saranaxat''' | always | '''naxaṭnoxe''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lohese''' | nohow | '''sarahese''' | in all methods | ''''isinuxi''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lonap''' | nothing | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''losaḍo''' | neuter, indistinct | '''sarasaḍo''' | any | '''saḍonap''' | other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] a830a8384ace1d0de6435110f792b9d7dabf4a38 1765 1764 2014-04-06T17:58:04Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Negative, universal and alternative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * relational nouns * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== Noun + [Possessor + Relational noun] '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''di''' | this | '''mu''' | someone / something |- ! Place | ''''aḍe''' | here | '''maṭamo''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''tahaḍe''' | this way | '''tahamo''' | some way |- ! Time | '''naxatḍe''' | now | '''naxatmo''' | then |- |- ! Method | ''''eseḍe''' | in this way | ''''esemo''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''nafḍe''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''saḍoḍe''' | like this | '''saḍome''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''kafraḍe''' | for this reason | '''kaframo''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''pə''' | who ? which ? | '''pəfə''' | someone | '''pərəsu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''pəha''' | where ? | '''pəhəfə''' | somewhere | '''pəhərəsu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''pəṭəhə''' | which way ? | '''pəṭəhəfə''' | via some way | '''pəṭəhərəsu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''pənəxət''' | when ? | '''pənəxəṭfə''' | once | '''pənəxərəsu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''pəhisi''' | how ? | '''pəhisifə''' | somehow | '''pəhisirəsu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''pənəf''' | how much ? | '''pənəffə''' | somehow much | '''pənəfrəsu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''pəsəḍu''' | which one ? | '''pəsəḍufə''' | some | '''pəsəḍurəsu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''pəxəfrə''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lofa''' | nobody, nothing | '''sarafa''' | every | '''pənuxi''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''loha''' | nowhere | '''saraha''' | everywhere | ''''anoxe''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''loṭəhə''' | through no way | '''saraṭəhə''' | through all ways | '''tahanoxe''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lonaxat''' | never | '''saranaxat''' | always | '''naxaṭnoxe''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lohese''' | nohow | '''sarahese''' | in all methods | ''''isinuxi''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lonap''' | nothing | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''losaḍo''' | neuter, indistinct | '''sarasaḍo''' | any | '''saḍonap''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''pənəf''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nafḍe''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''pənəfrəsu''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lonap''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''nun''' | oneself / each other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] fe2849d4670321c430e783f4900da6395dbed943 1766 1765 2014-04-06T21:28:38Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Polarity particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * relational nouns * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== Noun + [Possessor + Relational noun] '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''di''' | this | '''mu''' | someone / something |- ! Place | ''''aḍe''' | here | '''maṭamo''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''tahaḍe''' | this way | '''tahamo''' | some way |- ! Time | '''naxatḍe''' | now | '''naxatmo''' | then |- |- ! Method | ''''eseḍe''' | in this way | ''''esemo''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''nafḍe''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''saḍoḍe''' | like this | '''saḍome''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''kafraḍe''' | for this reason | '''kaframo''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''pə''' | who ? which ? | '''pəfə''' | someone | '''pərəsu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''pəha''' | where ? | '''pəhəfə''' | somewhere | '''pəhərəsu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''pəṭəhə''' | which way ? | '''pəṭəhəfə''' | via some way | '''pəṭəhərəsu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''pənəxət''' | when ? | '''pənəxəṭfə''' | once | '''pənəxərəsu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''pəhisi''' | how ? | '''pəhisifə''' | somehow | '''pəhisirəsu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''pənəf''' | how much ? | '''pənəffə''' | somehow much | '''pənəfrəsu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''pəsəḍu''' | which one ? | '''pəsəḍufə''' | some | '''pəsəḍurəsu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''pəxəfrə''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lofa''' | nobody, nothing | '''sarafa''' | every | '''pənuxi''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''loha''' | nowhere | '''saraha''' | everywhere | ''''anoxe''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''loṭəhə''' | through no way | '''saraṭəhə''' | through all ways | '''tahanoxe''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lonaxat''' | never | '''saranaxat''' | always | '''naxaṭnoxe''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lohese''' | nohow | '''sarahese''' | in all methods | ''''isinuxi''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lonap''' | nothing | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''losaḍo''' | neuter, indistinct | '''sarasaḍo''' | any | '''saḍonap''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''pənəf''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nafḍe''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''pənəfrəsu''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lonap''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''nun''' | oneself / each other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''binə''' → '''binəni''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-kavkan / -kəvkən''' | '''burk''' → '''burxkəvkən''' | dog → canid |- ! Feature | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''salaj''' → '''salajne''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''govta''' → '''govtane''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''lo-...-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''kefe''' → '''lokefene''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-jem / -jim''' | '''kent-''' → '''kentjem''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-(ə)n-jim / -(a)n-jem''' | '''tak-''' → '''takanjem''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ben / -bin''' | '''tab-''' → '''tavben''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''taḥla-''' → '''taḥla''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-mane / -məni''' | '''talp-''' → '''talpmane''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-'a / -ha / -'ə / -hə''' | '''təm-''' → '''təm'a''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 7b8d1efabcced65fef7390c716229aaa0b4f2480 1767 1766 2014-04-06T21:48:34Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * relational nouns * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== Noun + [Possessor + Relational noun] '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''di''' | this | '''mu''' | someone / something |- ! Place | ''''aḍe''' | here | '''maṭamo''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''tahaḍe''' | this way | '''tahamo''' | some way |- ! Time | '''naxatḍe''' | now | '''naxatmo''' | then |- |- ! Method | ''''eseḍe''' | in this way | ''''esemo''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''nafḍe''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''saḍoḍe''' | like this | '''saḍome''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''kafraḍe''' | for this reason | '''kaframo''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''pə''' | who ? which ? | '''pəfə''' | someone | '''pərəsu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''pəha''' | where ? | '''pəhəfə''' | somewhere | '''pəhərəsu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''pəṭəhə''' | which way ? | '''pəṭəhəfə''' | via some way | '''pəṭəhərəsu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''pənəxət''' | when ? | '''pənəxəṭfə''' | once | '''pənəxərəsu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''pəhisi''' | how ? | '''pəhisifə''' | somehow | '''pəhisirəsu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''pənəf''' | how much ? | '''pənəffə''' | somehow much | '''pənəfrəsu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''pəsəḍu''' | which one ? | '''pəsəḍufə''' | some | '''pəsəḍurəsu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''pəxəfrə''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lofa''' | nobody, nothing | '''sarafa''' | every | '''pənuxi''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''loha''' | nowhere | '''saraha''' | everywhere | ''''anoxe''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''loṭəhə''' | through no way | '''saraṭəhə''' | through all ways | '''tahanoxe''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lonaxat''' | never | '''saranaxat''' | always | '''naxaṭnoxe''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lohese''' | nohow | '''sarahese''' | in all methods | ''''isinuxi''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lonap''' | nothing | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''losaḍo''' | neuter, indistinct | '''sarasaḍo''' | any | '''saḍonap''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''pənəf''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nafḍe''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''pənəfrəsu''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lonap''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''nun''' | oneself / each other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ki / -ke''' | '''tahoje''' → '''tahojeke''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-ram / -rəm''' | '''baḥgo''' → '''baḥgoram''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''lo-''' | '''binə''' → '''lobena''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-kavka / -kəvkə''' | '''koḍeb''' → '''koḍevkavka''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-pok / -puk''' | '''burk''' → '''burxpuk''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jak / -jək''' | '''naḍaŋ''' → '''naḍaŋjak''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-binə / -bena''' | '''muxbi''' → '''muxbibinə''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-tahe / -təhi''' | ''''afla''' → ''''aflatahe''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-'a / -'ə / -ha / -hə''' | '''pirfir''' → '''pirfir'ə''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-məfki / -mafke''' | '''kovad''' → '''kovaḍmafke''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-deme / -dimi''' | '''soxma''' → '''soxmadimi''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-jem''' | '''soxma''' → '''soxmajem''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''binə''' → '''binəni''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''dande''' → '''dandane''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-kavkan / -kəvkən''' | '''burk''' → '''burxkəvkən''' | dog → canid |- ! Feature | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''salaj''' → '''salajne''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''govta''' → '''govtane''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''lo-...-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''kefe''' → '''lokefene''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-jem / -jim''' | '''kent-''' → '''kentjem''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-(ə)n-jim / -(a)n-jem''' | '''tak-''' → '''takanjem''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ben / -bin''' | '''tab-''' → '''tavben''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''taḥla-''' → '''taḥla''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-mane / -məni''' | '''talp-''' → '''talpmane''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-'a / -ha / -'ə / -hə''' | '''təm-''' → '''təm'a''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-jak / -jək''' | '''bahol''' → '''baholjak''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intensification | '''-gere / -giri''' | '''dubu''' → '''dubugiri''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-kat / -xat / -kət / -xət''' | '''tifi''' → '''tifixət''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 71b2bdbbf7c2dfb69f6910b25cbf873eb1430fbe 1768 1767 2014-04-06T21:57:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Syntax */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * relational nouns * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== Noun + [Possessor + Relational noun] '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''di''' | this | '''mu''' | someone / something |- ! Place | ''''aḍe''' | here | '''maṭamo''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''tahaḍe''' | this way | '''tahamo''' | some way |- ! Time | '''naxatḍe''' | now | '''naxatmo''' | then |- |- ! Method | ''''eseḍe''' | in this way | ''''esemo''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''nafḍe''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''saḍoḍe''' | like this | '''saḍome''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''kafraḍe''' | for this reason | '''kaframo''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''pə''' | who ? which ? | '''pəfə''' | someone | '''pərəsu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''pəha''' | where ? | '''pəhəfə''' | somewhere | '''pəhərəsu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''pəṭəhə''' | which way ? | '''pəṭəhəfə''' | via some way | '''pəṭəhərəsu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''pənəxət''' | when ? | '''pənəxəṭfə''' | once | '''pənəxərəsu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''pəhisi''' | how ? | '''pəhisifə''' | somehow | '''pəhisirəsu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''pənəf''' | how much ? | '''pənəffə''' | somehow much | '''pənəfrəsu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''pəsəḍu''' | which one ? | '''pəsəḍufə''' | some | '''pəsəḍurəsu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''pəxəfrə''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lofa''' | nobody, nothing | '''sarafa''' | every | '''pənuxi''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''loha''' | nowhere | '''saraha''' | everywhere | ''''anoxe''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''loṭəhə''' | through no way | '''saraṭəhə''' | through all ways | '''tahanoxe''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lonaxat''' | never | '''saranaxat''' | always | '''naxaṭnoxe''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lohese''' | nohow | '''sarahese''' | in all methods | ''''isinuxi''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lonap''' | nothing | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''losaḍo''' | neuter, indistinct | '''sarasaḍo''' | any | '''saḍonap''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''pənəf''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nafḍe''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''pənəfrəsu''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lonap''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''nun''' | oneself / each other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ki / -ke''' | '''tahoje''' → '''tahojeke''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-ram / -rəm''' | '''baḥgo''' → '''baḥgoram''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''lo-''' | '''binə''' → '''lobena''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-kavka / -kəvkə''' | '''koḍeb''' → '''koḍevkavka''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-pok / -puk''' | '''burk''' → '''burxpuk''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jak / -jək''' | '''naḍaŋ''' → '''naḍaŋjak''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-binə / -bena''' | '''muxbi''' → '''muxbibinə''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-tahe / -təhi''' | ''''afla''' → ''''aflatahe''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-'a / -'ə / -ha / -hə''' | '''pirfir''' → '''pirfir'ə''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-məfki / -mafke''' | '''kovad''' → '''kovaḍmafke''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-deme / -dimi''' | '''soxma''' → '''soxmadimi''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-jem''' | '''soxma''' → '''soxmajem''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''binə''' → '''binəni''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''dande''' → '''dandane''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-kavkan / -kəvkən''' | '''burk''' → '''burxkəvkən''' | dog → canid |- ! Feature | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''salaj''' → '''salajne''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''govta''' → '''govtane''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''lo-...-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''kefe''' → '''lokefene''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-jem / -jim''' | '''kent-''' → '''kentjem''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-(ə)n-jim / -(a)n-jem''' | '''tak-''' → '''takanjem''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ben / -bin''' | '''tab-''' → '''tavben''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''taḥla-''' → '''taḥla''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-mane / -məni''' | '''talp-''' → '''talpmane''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-'a / -ha / -'ə / -hə''' | '''təm-''' → '''təm'a''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-jak / -jək''' | '''bahol''' → '''baholjak''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intensification | '''-gere / -giri''' | '''dubu''' → '''dubugiri''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-kat / -xat / -kət / -xət''' | '''tifi''' → '''tifixət''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''sin''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tu'''' | be |} ===Causativity=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=4 colspan=1 | kuft |- | rowspan=3 colspan=1 | to cause | '''litemən → litemən likuft''' | I am seeing → I am showing |- | '''lihəxən → lihəxən likuft''' | I am going → I am leading |- | '''lifərən → lifərən likuft''' | I am carrying → I am elevating |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] eb9d037082ab13c2e31da62cc39a7d74de1249ee 1769 1768 2014-04-06T22:02:55Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Causativity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Kinnərə |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Kinnərə |map = ProtoKinnərə.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Kinnərə}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |- ! Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | | k~x | ʔ~h |- ! Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | | g~ɰ | |- ! Fricative | | s | | | |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Approximant | | l | j | | |} ====Spelling==== p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/ b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/ s /s/ m n ŋ /m n ŋ/ l r /l r/ j /j/ ====Deplosivization==== Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | i | | u |- ! Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Open | | a | |} i u /i u/ e ə o /e ə o/ ä /a/ ====Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! High | i ə u |- ! Low | e a o |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(R/F)(C)''' <br><br> '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''F =''' any fricative ===Accent=== Acute accent on first syllable. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * indirective ditransitive alignment * no case and gender * relational nouns * possessors (preffixal) * tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time * definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics [Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction] ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kujlə''' | wolf |- ! Plural | sa- | '''saxojla''' | wolves |} ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''loḍja''' | word |- ! Past | -ta / -tə | '''loḍjata''' | former word |- ! Future | -ne / -ni | '''loḍjane''' | future word |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Neutral / Gnomic | - | '''bolga''' | camel |- ! Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | '''bolgaḍe''' | the camel |- ! Indefinite | -mu / -mo | '''bolgamo''' | a camel |} ====Possessor==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li-''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni-''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi-''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə-''' | Thou | '''tol-''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka-''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl-''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ-''' | Someone / something |} ====Relational nouns==== Noun + [Possessor + Relational noun] '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'els | inside | in |- ! paṭa | top | on |- ! talba | head | above |- ! tote | foot | under |- ! 'afo | side | beside |- ! galam | distance | away |- ! maṭpa | centre | between |- ! kaḍa | back | behind, after |- ! 'əsrə | outside | out |- ! puluxu | wheel | around |- ! kəvri | front | before, opposite to |- ! naxat | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''keme''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''atla''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''tala'''' | to |- ! Lack | '''lokem''' | without |- ! Alternative | ''''ampere''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''surə''' | against |- ! Resistance | ''''ofet''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''najdo''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''kuxo''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''aja''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective * persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative * intransitivity suffixed * three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future * three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane * two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis * causative by auxiliary verb [Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood] ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Present | - | '''-taxe''' | to work |- ! Past | di- | '''-ditaxe''' | to work (in past) |- ! Future | ne- | '''-netaxe''' | to work (in future) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Durative | - | '''taḥla''' | to speak |- ! Frequentative | -ri / -re | '''taḥlare''' | to speak often |- ! Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | '''taḥlat''' | quickly to say |- ! Perfective | -es / -is / -s | '''taḥlas''' | to say |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Transitive | - | '''tem''' | to see (in transitive clause) |- ! Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | '''teman''' | to see (in intransitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Realis | - | '''ak''' | to go |- ! Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | '''axad''' | ... would go |} ====Person==== =====Subjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | li- | rowspan=2 | '''liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | ni- | '''niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | pi- | '''piṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | sə- | '''səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | to- | '''toṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | ka- | '''kaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | '''ahoṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | 'eŋ- | ''''eŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} =====Objective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | -li- | rowspan=2 | '''-liṭim''' | rowspan=2 | I am seeing | -ni- | '''-niṭim''' | we all are seeing, but not you |- | -fi- | '''-fiṭim''' | we all are seeing, together with you |- ! 2. | -sə- | '''-səṭim''' | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | '''-ṭoṭem''' | You all are seeing |- ! 3. | -xa- | '''-xaṭem''' | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | '''-hahṭem''' | They all are seeing |- ! 4. | -heŋ- | '''-heŋtem''' | Someone / something is seeing |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -ja / -jə | '''bavja''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -ko / -ku | '''bavko'''' | to live |- ! Participle | -jem / -jim | '''bavjem''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |- | '''jev''' | '''jevses''' | '''jevtat''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | 'aṭan |- ! 2. | sixik |- ! 3. | tamek |- ! 4. | tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | tamek sixik |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! '''a'' ! ''kal'a'' ! ''pəṭ'ə'' ! ''taha'' |- ! 1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |- ! 2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |- ! 3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |- ! 4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |- ! 5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity * age hierarchy: young, average, older. ====Personal pronouns==== =====Young age===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lixi''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nixi''' | we, but not you |- | '''pixi''' | we, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səxi''' | Thou | '''toxi''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kaxi''' | He / she / it | ''''ahki''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋki''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilki''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilki''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filki''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlki''' | Thee | '''tolke''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalke''' | He / she / it | ''''alehke''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋelke''' | Someone / something |} =====Average===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''li''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ni''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pi''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''sə''' | Thou | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''ka''' | He / she / it | ''''ahl''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋ''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lil''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nil''' | us all, but not you |- | '''fil''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səl''' | Thee | '''tol''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kal''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahl''' | Them all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋel''' | Someone / something |} =====Older===== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lisəp''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''nisəp''' | we all, but not you |- | '''pisəp''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səsəp''' | Thou | '''tosap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kasap''' | He / she / it | ''''ahsap''' | They all |- ! 4. | ''''eŋsap''' | Someone / something |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''lilsəp''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''nilsəp''' | us all, but not you |- | '''filsəp''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''səlsəp''' | Thee | '''tolsap''' | You all |- ! 3. | '''kalsap''' | Him / her / its | ''''ahelsap''' | Them all |- ! 4. | '''heŋelsap''' | Someone / something |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''di''' | this | '''mu''' | someone / something |- ! Place | ''''aḍe''' | here | '''maṭamo''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''tahaḍe''' | this way | '''tahamo''' | some way |- ! Time | '''naxatḍe''' | now | '''naxatmo''' | then |- |- ! Method | ''''eseḍe''' | in this way | ''''esemo''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''nafḍe''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''saḍoḍe''' | like this | '''saḍome''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''kafraḍe''' | for this reason | '''kaframo''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''pə''' | who ? which ? | '''pəfə''' | someone | '''pərəsu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''pəha''' | where ? | '''pəhəfə''' | somewhere | '''pəhərəsu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''pəṭəhə''' | which way ? | '''pəṭəhəfə''' | via some way | '''pəṭəhərəsu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''pənəxət''' | when ? | '''pənəxəṭfə''' | once | '''pənəxərəsu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''pəhisi''' | how ? | '''pəhisifə''' | somehow | '''pəhisirəsu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''pənəf''' | how much ? | '''pənəffə''' | somehow much | '''pənəfrəsu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''pəsəḍu''' | which one ? | '''pəsəḍufə''' | some | '''pəsəḍurəsu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''pəxəfrə''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lofa''' | nobody, nothing | '''sarafa''' | every | '''pənuxi''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''loha''' | nowhere | '''saraha''' | everywhere | ''''anoxe''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''loṭəhə''' | through no way | '''saraṭəhə''' | through all ways | '''tahanoxe''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lonaxat''' | never | '''saranaxat''' | always | '''naxaṭnoxe''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lohese''' | nohow | '''sarahese''' | in all methods | ''''isinuxi''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lonap''' | nothing | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''losaḍo''' | neuter, indistinct | '''sarasaḍo''' | any | '''saḍonap''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''pənəf''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nafḍe''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''pənəfrəsu''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lonap''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''saranap''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''nun''' | oneself / each other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | ''''i''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | ''''ihi''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''bəs''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | ''''ahe''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''jahe''' | so |- ! Comparative | ''''ohe''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''koxese''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | ''''ofet''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tiṭi''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''ja'o''' | if |- | colspan=2 | ''''erep''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | ''''aṭat''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''aṭe'a''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | ''''at''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lo''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ki / -ke''' | '''tahoje''' → '''tahojeke''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-ram / -rəm''' | '''baḥgo''' → '''baḥgoram''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''lo-''' | '''binə''' → '''lobena''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-kavka / -kəvkə''' | '''koḍeb''' → '''koḍevkavka''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-pok / -puk''' | '''burk''' → '''burxpuk''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-jak / -jək''' | '''naḍaŋ''' → '''naḍaŋjak''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-binə / -bena''' | '''muxbi''' → '''muxbibinə''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-tahe / -təhi''' | ''''afla''' → ''''aflatahe''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-'a / -'ə / -ha / -hə''' | '''pirfir''' → '''pirfir'ə''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-məfki / -mafke''' | '''kovad''' → '''kovaḍmafke''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-deme / -dimi''' | '''soxma''' → '''soxmadimi''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-jem''' | '''soxma''' → '''soxmajem''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''binə''' → '''binəni''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''dande''' → '''dandane''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-kavkan / -kəvkən''' | '''burk''' → '''burxkəvkən''' | dog → canid |- ! Feature | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''salaj''' → '''salajne''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''govta''' → '''govtane''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''lo-...-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne''' | '''kefe''' → '''lokefene''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-jem / -jim''' | '''kent-''' → '''kentjem''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-(ə)n-jim / -(a)n-jem''' | '''tak-''' → '''takanjem''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-ben / -bin''' | '''tab-''' → '''tavben''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''taḥla-''' → '''taḥla''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-mane / -məni''' | '''talp-''' → '''talpmane''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-'a / -ha / -'ə / -hə''' | '''təm-''' → '''təm'a''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-jak / -jək''' | '''bahol''' → '''baholjak''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intensification | '''-gere / -giri''' | '''dubu''' → '''dubugiri''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-kat / -xat / -kət / -xət''' | '''tifi''' → '''tifixət''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''sin''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tu'''' | be |} ===Causativity=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! rowspan=4 colspan=1 | kuft |- | rowspan=3 colspan=1 | to cause | '''litimən → litimən likuft''' | I am seeing → I am showing |- | '''lihəxən → lihəxən likuft''' | I am going → I am leading |- | '''lifərən → lifərən likuft''' | I am carrying → I am elevating |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 8ca310134154313bb0542f1af59d931060ff2867 Language 0 126 1770 1674 2014-04-08T19:30:32Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{browsebar}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:OldLace; border-style:solid; border-width:3px; border-color: DarkKhaki;" | width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;" | <div align="center"> <br /> {{LanguageImageMap}} <br /> {{legend0|#FF6347|Dreishawen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFC0CB|Thánan Languages}} {{legend0|#F08080|Kinnərə Languages}} {{legend0|#EECD46|Dwaripje Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Tinvok Languages}} {{legend0|#C1952C|Hatlh Languages}} {{legend0|#FFA500|Araqish Languages}} {{legend0|#EEF037|Sazāzasōj Languages}} {{legend0|#FFFF00|Œkhen Languages}} {{legend0|#FFD700|Tḷantali Languages}} {{legend0|#007C93|Engos Languages}} {{legend0|#1E59A6|Khenmussu Languages}} {{legend0|#5588BA|Efeip Languages}} {{legend0|#1EB5A6|Tifɯ Languages}} {{legend0|#1CD59A|Kiapni Languages}} {{legend0|#00FA9A|Blaiti Languages}}<br /> {{legend0|#3DC662|Ziai Languages}} {{legend0|#32CD32|Ampayrù languages}} {{legend0|#55AA27|Nnadū languages}} {{legend0|#72B623|Mkxwereh}} {{legend0|#9ACD32|Qanday Languages}} {{legend0|#7CFC00|Kódù Languages}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>'''The ''[[Language]]'' portal'''</big>|Language/Intro|}} {{LanguageIntro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:57%;"> <!-- This width add to the the margin below to equal 99%--> {{/box-header|Selected language|Language/SelectedLanguage|}} {{SelectedLanguage}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:42%"> <!-- This margin should be right of the above --> {{/box-header|Articles|Language/Articles|}} {{LanguageArticles}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Portals|Portals}} {{PortalNav}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> |} 086503e1739cf899d492d1b58a950b0d160894dd Template:LanguageImageMap 10 244 1771 1677 2014-04-08T19:30:46Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <imagemap> File:language2.png|center poly 498 389 485 408 487 456 479 460 479 475 482 478 492 474 514 502 505 510 504 514 509 525 532 534 546 532 553 541 566 541 570 538 577 529 593 536 602 536 578 520 585 509 596 501 612 502 613 499 604 483 603 461 600 449 607 436 596 426 585 429 576 435 565 430 558 419 552 412 543 389 520 391 [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] poly 607 436 600 449 603 461 603 483 613 499 612 502 629 509 641 505 634 489 633 472 629 460 641 448 633 439 [[Proto-Tinvok language|Tinvok]] poly 612 502 596 501 585 509 578 520 602 536 597 541 621 556 647 558 655 550 660 519 641 505 629 509 [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] poly 509 525 504 514 505 510 506 506 491 503 460 515 449 527 445 533 425 524 424 531 424 543 433 556 464 571 463 576 476 581 504 581 518 586 542 578 546 565 539 557 514 554 513 548 500 548 474 554 458 544 471 532 483 521 506 527 [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] poly 425 524 445 533 449 527 450 517 442 485 448 461 437 451 412 432 433 398 428 386 344 400 292 375 285 345 238 326 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 324 469 302 512 321 537 335 538 344 523 385 524 [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] poly 268 516 233 515 207 528 201 539 203 543 231 546 247 539 260 528 268 528 [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] poly 227 330 237 339 242 347 256 352 282 449 284 503 268 516 233 515 194 499 164 473 155 379 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 174 207 129 220 125 322 226 293 240 220 174 207 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 286 215 290 192 278 177 268 156 270 143 255 89 247 92 232 98 220 103 179 64 185 46 145 71 132 106 112 114 100 131 85 129 76 135 70 181 75 183 130 157 176 148 193 165 225 185 282 215 [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 282 215 275 239 283 251 335 259 441 252 457 226 [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] poly 416 185 378 184 375 176 356 174 286 215 290 192 277 177 279 169 296 174 301 156 320 138 331 150 344 143 363 149 396 156 [[Proto-Kinnərə language|Kinnərə]] poly 344 143 363 149 396 156 433 154 441 153 466 138 467 129 449 130 420 120 406 121 394 124 379 115 365 124 351 122 343 128 [[Proto-Thánan language|Thánan]] poly 750 295 746 311 748 323 756 313 773 311 781 320 788 336 796 361 791 366 773 364 752 351 751 344 733 327 733 311 736 308 731 293 735 286 [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] poly 750 295 774 287 778 293 773 302 763 307 746 311 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 744 226 738 225 729 231 719 247 719 299 733 311 737 308 731 293 735 286 738 281 731 274 739 265 741 248 [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] poly 773 302 779 293 798 303 819 300 843 310 863 330 874 352 868 370 829 378 820 373 819 359 823 347 807 341 786 320 [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] poly 820 373 819 359 816 351 807 349 796 366 803 374 805 384 [[Proto-Mkxwereh language|Mkxwereh]] poly 805 384 803 374 791 366 773 364 759 364 752 370 738 367 727 360 721 359 716 370 718 375 733 377 741 380 771 381 793 397 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 811 418 785 407 786 417 795 423 [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] poly 786 417 774 413 785 407 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 775 392 772 380 741 380 734 377 718 375 716 370 712 368 693 343 682 338 675 341 666 339 654 322 637 322 625 313 607 317 594 332 630 350 683 394 731 405 [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] poly 693 343 705 331 710 320 707 314 683 291 668 289 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 625 313 637 322 654 322 666 339 675 341 682 338 [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] poly 653 269 645 290 634 295 624 309 617 308 633 260 642 243 651 237 659 250 [[Proto-Tifɯ languages|Tifɯ]] poly 677 208 682 222 673 225 666 234 646 229 642 243 633 260 623 255 625 232 636 212 [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] poly 666 234 678 260 703 254 695 234 703 227 682 203 677 208 682 222 [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] </imagemap> ffd6e6b761717c76d965c1adfd6ae4ad7e52a76c Template:LanguageArticles 10 152 1772 1676 2014-04-08T19:31:14Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <center>'''Languages of the world'''</center> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_edu_languages.png|right|40px]] <small>'''Languages of the Archipelago:''' [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Dateline:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]]</small> <small>'''Languages of the Island Chain:''' Engos</small> <small>'''Languages of Omoserica:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]], [[Proto-Kinnərə language|Kinnərə]], [[Proto-Thánan language|Thánan]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Originalia:''' [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]], [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]], Tinvok, [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]], [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]], [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]], [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]]</small> <small>'''Languages of Seforma:''' [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]], [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]], [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]], [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]], [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]], [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]], [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]], Engos, [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]], [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]], [[Proto-Mkxwereh language|Mkxwereh]], [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]]</small> fe0e175ff11f560c0b67fd73e5b94af72541d250 Proto-Mkxwereh language 0 249 1773 2014-04-08T19:35:51Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{lege..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ '''Phonotactics''' C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. '''Accent''' Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case '''Verbs''' * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality '''Pronouns''' * active and inactive forms * no clusivity '''Syntax''' * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 5b9f3479d1735ad509c2c676fe002dbc8cee6b24 Template:LanguageNav 10 176 1774 1679 2014-04-08T19:36:53Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Language | title = [[Language]] | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:languageICO.png]] | imageleft = | groupstyle = background: #E6E6FF; | group1 = '''[[Archipelago]]''' | list1 = [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] | group2 = '''[[Dateline]]''' | list2 = [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] | group3 = '''[[Island Chain]]''' | list3 = Engos | group4 = '''[[Omoserica]]''' | list4 = [[Proto-Dreishawen language|Dreishawen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Thánan language|Thánan]] • [[Proto-Kinnərə language|Kinnərə]] | group5 = '''[[Originalia]]''' | list5 = [[Proto-Araqish language|Araqish]] {{small|([[Proto-Araqish dialects|dialects]])}} {{small|([[Etymological_dictionary_of_Proto-Araqish|dictonary]])}} • [[Proto-Œkhen language|Œkhen]] • [[Proto-Dwaripje language|Dwaripje]] • [[Proto-Hatlh language|Hatlh]] • [[Proto-Sazāzasōj language|Sazāzasōj]] • Tinvok • [[Proto-Tḷantali language|Tḷantali]] | group6 = '''[[Seforma]]''' | list6 = [[Proto-Blaiti language|Blaiti]] • [[Proto-Efeip language|Efeip]] • Engos • [[Proto-Khenmussu language|Khenmussu]] • [[Proto-Kiapni language|Kiapni]] • [[Proto-Kódù language|Kódù]] • [[Proto-Ampayrù language|Ampayrù]] • [[Proto-Nnadū language|Nnadū]] • [[Proto-Mkxwereh language|Mkxwereh]] • [[Proto-Qanday language|Qanday]] • [[Proto-Tifɯ language|Tifɯ]] • [[Proto-Ziai language|Ziai]] }} 1ad601b174c0e3d8461553c347071f6d189dcca1 Proto-Tḷantali language 0 211 1775 1664 2014-04-09T10:30:57Z Artaxes 3370985 /* See Also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Tḷantali |pronunciation = /t͡ɬɑntɑli/ |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-Tḷantali |map = ProtoTḷantali.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Tḷantali }} }} ==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Velarized dental ! Alveolar ! Velarized alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Uvular |- ! Nasal | m | | | | n | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ŋ~ɴ |- ! Plosive | b b̰ | | | | t d d̰ | tˠ dˠ d̰ˠ | | k g g̰ | q ɢ ɢ̰ |- ! Fricative | | f~fˠ v~vˠ | θ ð | θˠ ðˠ | s z | sˠ zˠ | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | x~χ ɣ~ʁ |- ! Approximant | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɹ~ɹˠ | j | w | |- ! Lateral fricative | | | | | colspan=2 rowspan=1 | ɬ~ɬˠ ɮ~ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | | | | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | l | lˠ | | | |} ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Low | æ æː | | ɑ ɑː |} ====Vocalic harmony==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 10cm;" |- ! Front | i iː e̞ e̞ː æ æː |- ! Neutral | u uː o̞ o̞ː |- ! Back | ɯ ɯː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː ɑ ɑː |} ====A-mutation==== Low vowels /æ æː ɑ ɑː/ are causing a vowel mutation, in which high vowels /i iː ɯ ɯː u uː/ are lowering to middle counterparts /e̞ e̞ː ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ o̞ː/ before syllable containing low vowels. ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant '''V =''' any short vowel '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== First syllable for singular number, last syllable for plural. Words may have only one stress. Monosyllabic words are unstressed, but pronouns have two variants: monosyllabic singular pronouns are unstressed, but the same forms in plural are stressed for distinction. ==Grammar== ===Noun=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''Class + (Root + Number) + Root extensions + Definiteness + Possession'' ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Neutral | '''''-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Indefinite | '''''-a''''' | '''ugarua''' | a wolf |- ! Definite | '''''-re''''' | '''ugarurə''' | the wolf |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Human masculine | '''''æ-''''' | '''æðǽm''' | man |- ! Human feminine | '''''í-''''' | '''íðǽm''' | woman |- ! Animal | '''''u-''''' | '''ugaru''' | wolf |- ! Vegetal | '''''y-''''' | '''ydýn''' | birch |- ! Body parts | '''''a-''''' | '''aḷós'''' | ear |- ! Spiritual | '''''is-''''' | '''iððǽm''' | ancestor |- ! Substantial | '''''ol-''''' | '''olol''' | water |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''gyksy''' | stone |} ====Possession==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! colspan=4 | Subordinating ! colspan=4 | Equal ! colspan=4 | Subordinated |- ! my | -mí ! our | -mís ! my | -me ! our | -mes ! my | -mu ! our | -mus |- ! thee | -θáy ! your | -θáys ! thee | -θa ! your | -θas ! thee | -θu ! your | -θus |- ! his / her / its | -keí ! their | -keís ! his / her / its | -ke ! their | -kes ! his / her / its | -ku ! their | -kus |} ===Verb=== '''Morphemic order:''' ''[Subject] + [Modal particle] + [Modal verb] + [Root + Circumstantiality + Aspect] + [Object]'' ====Circumstantiality==== Circumstantials are promoting object of a transitive or ditransitive clause into position of subject. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Agentive | '''''-''''' | '''tək''' | be closing |- ! Patientive | '''''-al''''' | '''təkal''' | be closed |- ! Indirective | '''''-em''''' | '''ġərəm''' | be having received ... |- ! Instrumental | '''''-od'''-'' | '''ketod''' | be cutting with ... |- ! Vialis | '''''-is''''' | '''ǽris''' | be going via ... |- ! Ablative | '''''-áθ''''' | '''ǽrǽθ''' | be going from ... |- ! Allative | '''''-íḷ''''' | '''ǽríḷ''' | be going to ... |- ! Benefactive | '''''-ów''''' | '''ǽrów''' | be going for ... |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Inchoative | '''''-iḅ-''''' | '''ḷýdyḅ''' | began speaking |- ! Incompletive | '''''-''''' | '''ḷýd''' | be speaking |- ! Defective | '''''-otḷ-''''' | '''ḷýdotḷ''' | almost be said |- ! Completive | '''''-ag-''''' | '''ḷə́dag''' | be said |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Visual | '''''vǽ''''' | '''vǽ ḅat''' | be beat (and I was seeing it) |- ! Heard | '''''ḷós'''''' | '''ḷós ḅat''' | be beat (and I was hearing it) |- ! Other | '''''-''''' | '''ḅat''' | be beat (and I know it from another source) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! colspan=4 | Actionals |- ! Action noun | '''''-nan''''' | '''tḷə́hnan''' | living |- ! Infinitive | '''''-nað'''''' | '''tḷə́hnað'''' | to live |- ! colspan=4 | Participles |- ! Adjective | '''''-ní''''' | '''tḷə́hný''' | living |- ! Adverbial | '''''-ne''''' | '''tḷə́hnə''' | living |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | wák |- ! 2. | qoda |- ! 3. | sebdæ |- ! 4. | oqəda |- ! 5. | inθ'edæ |- ! 6. | anḷəda |- ! 7. | bǽldæ |- ! 8. | xaðda |- ! 9. | hagəda |- ! 10. | dógda |- ! 11. | dógda wák |- ! 12. | dógda qoda |- ! 20. | qoda dógda |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wák |- ! 30 | sebdæ dógda |- ! 100. | dodógda |- ! 101. | dodógda wák |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógda |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógda wák |- ! 200. | qoda dodógda |- ! 1.000. | gyndógda |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógda |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''-ori'' ! ''-sarah'' ! ''-tóta'' ! ''-wín'' ! ''-mæk'' |- ! 1. | wákory | wáksarah | wáktóta | wákwýn | wákmak |- ! 2. | qodaory | qodasarah | qodatóta | qodawýn | qodamak |- ! 3. | sebdæori | sebdæsæræh | sebdætóta | sebdæwín | sebdæmæk |- ! 4. | oqədaory | oqədasarah | oqədatóta | oqədawýn | oqədamak |- ! 5. | inθ'edæori | inθ'edæsæræh | inθ'edætótæ | inθ'edæwín | inθ'edæmæk |- ! 6. | anḷədaory | anḷədasarah | anḷədatóta | anḷədawín | anḷədamak |- ! 7. | bǽldæori | bǽldæsæræh | bǽldætótæ | bǽldæwín | bǽldæmæk |- ! 8. | xaðdaory | xaðdasarah | xaðdatóta | xaðdawýn | xaðdamak |- ! 9. | hagədaory | hagədasarah | hagədatóta | hagədawýn | hagədamak |- ! 10. | dógdaory | dógdasarah | dógdatóta | dógdawýn | dógdamak |- ! 11. | dógda wákory | dógda wáksarah | dógda wáktóta | dógda wákwýn | dógda wákmak |- ! 20. | qoda dógdaory | qoda dógdasarah | qoda dógdatóta | qoda dógdawýn | qoda dógdamak |- ! 21. | qoda dógda wákory | qoda dógda wáksarah | qoda dógda wáktóta | qoda dógda wákwýn | qoda dógda wákmak |- ! 100. | dodógdaory | dodógdasarah | dodógdatóta | dodógdawýn | dodógdamak |- ! 101. | dodógda wákory | dodógda wáksarah | dodógda wáktóta | dodógda wákwýn | dodógda wákmak |- ! 120. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 121. | dodógda qoda dógdaory | dodógda qoda dógdasarah | dodógda qoda dógdatóta | dodógda qoda dógdawýn | dodógda qoda dógdamak |- ! 200. | qoda dodógdaory | qoda dodógdasarah | qoda dodógdatóta | qoda dodógdawýn | qoda dodógdamak |- ! 1000. | gyndógdaory | gyndógdasarah | gyndógdatóta | gyndógdawýn | gyndógdamak |- ! 10.000. | dógda gyndógdaory | dógda gyndógdasarah | dógda gyndógdatóta | dógda gyndógdawýn | dógda gyndógdamak |} ====Numeral adverbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- | '''gýn''' | many |- | '''tíḷ''' | little |- | '''báġ''' | half |- | '''kalsarah''' | how many times ? |- | '''rəsarah''' | so often |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- | ! Subordinating ! Equal ! Subordinated |- ! I / we | amí | me | meru |- ! thou / you | θáy | θa | θaru |- ! he / she / it / they | keí | ke | keru |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant |- ! Person / Object | '''re''' | this | '''da''' | that |- ! Place | '''retol''' | here | '''datol''' | there |- ! Source | '''abrə''' | from here | '''abdə''' | from there |- ! Purpose direction | '''arrə''' | to here | '''ardə''' | to there, so far |- ! Path | '''revæd''' | this way | '''davad''' | that way |- ! Time | '''reġæm''' | now | '''daġam''' | then |- ! Method | '''reben''' | in this way | '''dabən''' | in that way |- ! Quantity | '''regén''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''rekæḷ''' | like this here | '''dakaḷ''' | like that |- ! Reason | '''reów''' | for this reason | '''daów''' | for that reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''t'ə''' | who ? which ? | '''t'əzə''' | someone | '''t'əwákə''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''t'əbo''' | where ? | '''t'əbozə''' | somewhere | '''t'əbowákə''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''átt'əbo''' (← ''áθ + t'əbo'') | whence ? | '''átt'əbozə''' | from somewhere | '''átt'əbowákə''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''iḷt'ebo''' | whither ? | '''iḷt'ebozə''' | to somewhere | '''iḷt'ebowákə''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''ist'ebo''' | which way ? | '''ist'ebozə''' | via some way | '''ist'ebowákə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''t'eġǽm''' | when ? | '''t'eġǽmze''' | once | '''t'eġǽmwǽke''' | ever |- ! Method | '''t'eben''' | how ? | '''t'ebenze''' | somehow | '''t'ebenwǽke''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''t'eli''' | how much ? | '''t'elize''' | somehow much | '''t'eliwǽke''' | anyhow much |- ! Qualify | '''t'ere''' | which one ? | '''t'ereze''' | some | '''t'erewǽke''' | any |- ! Reason | '''t'ereów''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''lat'ə''' | nobody, nothing | '''vǽrt'e''' | every | '''irt'ə''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''lat'əbo''' | nowhere | '''vǽrt'ebo''' | everywhere | '''irt'ebo''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''laátt'əbo''' | from nowhere | '''vǽrǽtt'ebo''' | from everywhere | '''irǽtt'ebo''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''layḷt'əbo''' | to nowhere | '''vǽriḷt'ebo''' | to everywhere | '''iriḷt'ebo''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''layst'əbo''' | through no way | '''vǽrist'ebo''' | through all ways | '''irist'ebo''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''lat'əġám''' | never | '''vǽrt'eġǽm''' | always | '''irt'eġǽm''' | when else |- ! Method | '''lat'əbən''' | nohow | '''vǽrt'eben''' | in all methods | '''irt'eben''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''lat'əly''' | nothing | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''lat'ərə''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vǽrt'ere''' | any | '''irt'ere''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''t'eli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''t'elize''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''t'eliwǽke''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''lat'əly''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''irt'eli''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive / reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''jý''' | oneself |- ! Cooperative | '''wód''' (← ''ú + od'') | together cooperatively |} ===Prepositions=== ====Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! ú | in, inside |- ! sy | on |- ! sybo | above |- ! gú | under |- ! úbyk | beside |- ! máb | away |- ! nahdy | between |- ! ví | behind |- ! vídi | out |- ! digur | around |- ! ḍór | before, opposite to |- ! úgám | during, in time of |- ! di | after |} ====Other postpositions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''od''' | with |- ! Origin | '''áθ''' | from |- ! Lack | '''laod''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''úpár''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''gúḍór''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''dire''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''úbən''' | along to, according to |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''po''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''épo''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''aθa''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''ǽk''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''és''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''iḷé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''kælé''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''kidæ''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''iri''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''xó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''wákə''' | only |- ! Additive | '''irve''' | yet |} ====Intensifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Very strongly | '''''áġ''''' | '''áġ wǽlí''' | to whiten very strongly |- ! Strongly | '''''ḍǽ''''' | '''ḍǽ wǽlí''' | to whiten strongly |- ! Normally | '''''-''''' | '''wǽlí''' | to whiten |- ! Weakly | '''''ḷí''''' | '''ḷí wǽlí''' | to whiten lightly |- ! Very weakly | '''''sí''''' | '''sí wǽlí''' | to whiten very lightly |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''zǽ''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''lá''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-nú''' | '''íθǽlwæ''' → '''éθǽlwænú''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-ġá''' | '''ġáw''' → '''ġáwġá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''lá-''' ''(not causing a-mutation)'' | '''æðǽm''' → '''lá-æðǽm''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-jóka''' | '''ytundu''' → '''(y)tundujóka''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''báġ-''' | '''ukunu''' → '''ubáġkunu''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-fyly''' | '''æheġ'e''' → '''æheġ'efili''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-kǽr''' | '''uwóḅan''' → '''æwóḅænkǽr''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-tóm''' | '''okaḷýs''' → '''okaḷýstóm''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tel''' | '''xok''' → '''xoktəl''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-rén'''' | '''ezbærúm''' → '''barúmrə́n'''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-xóð'-tóm''' | '''ufohja''' → '''ufohjaxóð'tóm''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-xóð'-kǽr''' | '''fohjaxóð'''' → '''fohjaxóḍ'kár''' | herbalist knowledge → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-nen''' | '''æðǽm''' → '''æðǽmnen''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-ním''' | '''istǽlge''' → '''tǽlgením''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-sampá''' | '''umərθə''' → '''umərθəsampá''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-orhe''' | '''aθ'əḷə''' → '''θ'eḷjórhe''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-in''' | '''ten'etóm''' → '''ten'etómin''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''lá-...-''[any adjectivizer]''''' | '''akə́pθə''' → '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-kǽr''' | '''n'ip-''' → '''æn'epkǽr''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-al-kǽr''' | '''téhæs-''' → '''ætéhesælkǽr''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-agú''' | '''dón'-''' → '''dón'agú''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-lán''' | '''ḷýd-''' → '''isḷédlǽn''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-od''' | '''qáh-''' → '''qáhod''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tel''' | '''vóġ-''' → '''vóġtəl''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-fyly''' | '''ḍýg''' → '''izḍígfili''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-maḷḷa''' | '''sís''' → '''sísmæḷḷæ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-gaxí''' | '''ḅábú''' → '''ḅábógaxý''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-níri''' | '''tíḷḷí''' → '''tíḷḷíníri''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== Word order is '''SVO''', and is not free. Subject of a clause is always first before an object. Reversing of order of subject and object means replacing the theta roles between those. ===Copular verb=== Copular roots are combined with evidentiality. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" ! Visual | '''vǽv''' (← ''vǽ + ve'') | be (because something is visible) |- ! Heard | '''ḷóves''' (← ''ḷós + ve'') | be (because something is heard) |- ! Other | '''ve''' | be (because knowledge has another origin) |} ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 730px;" |- ! Potentional | '''nád''' | Expresses an action or situation which ''may'' be happen. |- ! Hypothetical | '''móh''' | Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation. |- ! Precative | '''jíl''' | Expresses a requests. |- ! Dubitative | '''fó''' | Expresses a dubious event or action. |- ! Desiderative | '''ġúl''' | Expresses a wishes or desires. |- ! Jussive | '''xǽs''' | Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event. |- ! Obligative | '''gata''' | Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action. |- ! Permissive | '''jét''' | Expresses a subject's permission to action or event. |- ! Necessitative | '''kóḍa''' | Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose. |} ==Notes== * Adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and nouns. Intensificative particles are counterparts of comparison's degrees. == See Also == * [[Proto-Tḷantali dialects]] {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] ecb519019a6010b9e0654064820fc0a74f3f95c1 Proto-Tḷantali dialects 0 250 1776 2014-04-09T10:44:44Z Artaxes 3370985 Created page with "== Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! cols..." wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} f1186474945b27b0fcffe389d239ff9bcc0e71de 1777 1776 2014-04-09T11:02:44Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Most distinctive features */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | | | | |- | ɯ ɯː | | | | |- | u uː | | | | |- | e̞ e̞ː | | | | |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | | | | |- | o̞ o̞ː | | | | |- | æ æː | | | | |- | ɑ ɑː | | | | |- | t tˠ k q | | | | |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | | | | |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | | | | |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ xχ | | | | |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ ɣʁ | | | | |- | ɹ | | | | |- | j w | | | | |- | ɬ ɮ | | | | |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | | | | |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | | | | |- | l lˠ | | | | |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} {{LanguageNav}} f61241adbc42a602af3ec36dddb0821b87a1d343 1778 1777 2014-04-09T11:18:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Most distinctive features */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | | | |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | | | |- | u uː | u uː | | | |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | | | |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | | | |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | | | |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | | | |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | | | |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | | | |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | | | |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | | | |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | | | |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z ɣ {ø ʀ} | | | |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | {ɹ ɣ} | | | |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | | | |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | | | |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | | | |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | | | |- | l lˠ | l l | | | |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} {{LanguageNav}} cd91c5cf160c039c1cbcdac9166522b90692e14a 1779 1778 2014-04-09T11:31:10Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Most distinctive features */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | | |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | | |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | | |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | | |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | | |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | | |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | | |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | | |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | | |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | | |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | | |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | | |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | | |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | | |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | | |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | | |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | | |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | | |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | | |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} {{LanguageNav}} 07a460f8998ecd360a4ff2dce4d65d3f964273cc 1780 1779 2014-04-09T11:55:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Most distinctive features */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | u uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | u uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} {{LanguageNav}} 66669c29ecbdb3bd8b1cbe38fae52f6240fc1444 1781 1780 2014-04-09T11:58:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Most distinctive features */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} {{LanguageNav}} a877897e6e18bb6fb5e0094436549a0af717a17d Proto-Thánan language 0 248 1782 1678 2014-04-09T12:59:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonology */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ '''Phonotactics''' (C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C) '''Accent''' Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] '''Verbs''' * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] '''Pronouns''' * clusivity '''Syntax''' * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] c2bfc5c3052b94f23021b6d8c80116cacf052f6c 1783 1782 2014-04-09T13:36:54Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] '''Verbs''' * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] '''Pronouns''' * clusivity '''Syntax''' * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] af04f7f2443707301c0700d3ed99f0852ad4d5a6 1784 1783 2014-04-09T13:48:46Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Grammar */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ===Pronouns=== * clusivity ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 021c35600edd2a8423a999ebb2afd98ff58dd22d 1785 1784 2014-04-09T14:23:53Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -se | '''hulmáse''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ===Pronouns=== * clusivity ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 186526dc09cfb40922b601afc2f7b804273ac2b5 1786 1785 2014-04-09T15:44:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -se | '''hulmáse''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ===Pronouns=== * clusivity ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 30fda204cb3bfcff79001d2de97f97c0288ae557 Proto-Thánan language 0 248 1787 1786 2014-04-09T16:45:52Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -se | '''hulmáse''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | '''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 23e0737d4d9a9d719f490d89e98008c1c160a77d 1788 1787 2014-04-09T16:47:34Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Transitivity */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -se | '''hulmáse''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 59c3ba4a6b7c2550747ce78ff49a955046e0a2af 1789 1788 2014-04-09T17:01:55Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Moods */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -se | '''hulmáse''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 0930892d7833863f8e80cec17d9e5d89802f9af8 1790 1789 2014-04-09T17:21:38Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Non-finite verbal forms */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -se | '''hulmáse''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | | | |- ! 2. | kucara ju | | | |- ! 3. | varakma ju | | | |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | | | |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | | | |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] e4836b44fbd1f10c724c1e529aeb5d7b3be7ebb3 1791 1790 2014-04-09T17:25:47Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Derived numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -se | '''hulmáse''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 55215f3cb96b1cabd753e8f90f00f6e09b2a637b 1792 1791 2014-04-09T17:51:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Definiteness */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -se | '''hulmáse''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Noun + [Possessor + Relational noun] '''Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''hasu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 80846cbd92be59ed73bff60a2aab3e6d98c453bc 1793 1792 2014-04-09T17:52:09Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Relational nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -se | '''hulmáse''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Noun + [Relational noun + Genetive ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''hasu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== * clusivity ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] a148429fcefbbcd8bacc6466a59368d430c7e6aa 1794 1793 2014-04-09T18:11:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -se | '''hulmáse''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Noun + [Relational noun + Genetive ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''hasu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 99cbccf007f99044df7407eafc470610cb4af6b2 1795 1794 2014-04-09T18:21:41Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Relational nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -se | '''hulmáse''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Genetive ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapθe ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 921c6e4a3cd2aa3a28c9a58ba15cfe07a2c79657 1796 1795 2014-04-09T18:22:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Prepositional | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various prepositions |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Genetive ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapθe ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 7e0e39f79afe5e525f36abd3bd3764aa742e00c8 1797 1796 2014-04-09T18:24:13Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Genetive ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapθe ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 36e6ebf24c085d0b5f0aa4e38d2a781048905b82 1798 1797 2014-04-09T18:27:53Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Relational nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 4d1b2d0e298a2d81daf880570e0555d23224b497 1799 1798 2014-04-09T19:00:42Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Objective */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Syntax== * VOS * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 92df05e808fe1deb41ccfda4e12cc8b6e0d47dc1 1800 1799 2014-04-09T19:10:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Syntax */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * VOS * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''fé''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''aç'''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 274dbbc32124c517b1fa317da27aaed634fefbc2 1801 1800 2014-04-09T19:56:15Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Objective */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} =====Possessive pronouns===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nijah''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''léjah''' | of us all, but not you |- | '''námjah''' | of us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíjah''' | thy | '''θemjah''' | of you all |- ! 3. | ''''arjah''' | his / her / its | '''camjah''' | of they all |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * VOS * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''fé''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''aç'''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] fb212d7935f8313b2c50b9220e4e366bda671c86 1802 1801 2014-04-09T19:57:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Possessive pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nijah''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''léjah''' | of us all, but not you |- | '''námjah''' | of us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíjah''' | thy | '''θemjah''' | of you all |- ! 3. | ''''arjah''' | his / her / its | '''camjah''' | of they all |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * VOS * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''fé''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''aç'''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 0a52af8ca1b5efd3f5f21e32ea8edc306b100ffc 1803 1802 2014-04-10T12:41:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Possessive pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nijah''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''léjah''' | of us all, but not you |- | '''námjah''' | of us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíjah''' | thy | '''θemjah''' | of you all |- ! 3. | ''''arjah''' | his / her / its | '''camjah''' | of they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ða''' | this | '''ha''' | someone / something |- ! Place | '''ðanah''' | here | '''hanah''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''ðatrem''' | this way | '''hatrem''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ðanúm''' | now | '''hanúm''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ðanréθ''' | in this way | '''hanréθ''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ðaxáli''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ðaḫa'ov''' | like this | '''haḫa'ov''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ðapanθi''' | for this reason | '''hapanθi''' | for some reason |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * VOS * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''fé''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''aç'''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 42acc3c801a7946ea358112e05b39d61036582df 1804 1803 2014-04-10T12:58:28Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Demonstrative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nijah''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''léjah''' | of us all, but not you |- | '''námjah''' | of us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíjah''' | thy | '''θemjah''' | of you all |- ! 3. | ''''arjah''' | his / her / its | '''camjah''' | of they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ða''' | this | '''ha''' | someone / something |- ! Place | '''ðanah''' | here | '''hanah''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''ðatrem''' | this way | '''hatrem''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ðanúm''' | now | '''hanúm''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ðanréθ''' | in this way | '''hanréθ''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ðaxáli''' | so much |- ! Quality | '''ðaḫa'ov''' | like this | '''haḫa'ov''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ðapanθi''' | for this reason | '''hapanθi''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''xat''' | who ? which ? | '''xavi''' | someone | '''xaθuŋlu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''xanah''' | where ? | '''xanahvi''' | somewhere | '''xanahθuŋlu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''xatrem''' | which way ? | '''xatremvi''' | via some way | '''xatremθuŋlu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''xanúm''' | when ? | '''xanúmvi''' | once | '''xanúmθuŋlu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''xanréθ''' | how ? | '''xanréθvi''' | somehow | '''xanréθθuŋlu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? | '''xaxálivi''' | somehow much | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''xaḫa'ov''' | which one ? | '''xaḫa'ovvi''' | some | '''xaḫa'ovθuŋlu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''xapanθi''' | why ? |- |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * VOS * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''fé''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''aç'''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 86ec916ca3744ef68196ac0265cb40ed0300abe3 1805 1804 2014-04-10T13:22:09Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nijah''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''léjah''' | of us all, but not you |- | '''námjah''' | of us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíjah''' | thy | '''θemjah''' | of you all |- ! 3. | ''''arjah''' | his / her / its | '''camjah''' | of they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ða''' | this | '''ha''' | someone / something |- ! Place | '''ðanah''' | here | '''hanah''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''ðatrem''' | this way | '''hatrem''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ðanúm''' | now | '''hanúm''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ðanréθ''' | in this way | '''hanréθ''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ðaxáli''' | so much |- ! Quality | '''ðaḫa'ov''' | like this | '''haḫa'ov''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ðapanθi''' | for this reason | '''hapanθi''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''xat''' | who ? which ? | '''xavi''' | someone | '''xaθuŋlu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''xanah''' | where ? | '''xanahvi''' | somewhere | '''xanahθuŋlu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''xatrem''' | which way ? | '''xatremvi''' | via some way | '''xatremθuŋlu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''xanúm''' | when ? | '''xanúmvi''' | once | '''xanúmθuŋlu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''xanréθ''' | how ? | '''xanréθvi''' | somehow | '''xanréθθuŋlu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? | '''xaxálivi''' | somehow much | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''xaḫa'ov''' | which one ? | '''xaḫa'ovvi''' | some | '''xaḫa'ovθuŋlu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''xapanθi''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''vexa''' | nobody, nothing | '''járxa''' | every | '''rúxaθuŋ''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''vexanah''' | nowhere | '''járnah''' | everywhere | '''rúnahθuŋ''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''vexatrem''' | through no way | '''jártrem''' | through all ways | '''rútremθuŋ''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''vexanúm''' | never | '''járnúm''' | always | '''rúnúmθuŋ''' | when else |- ! Method | '''venréθ''' | nohow | '''járnréθ''' | in all methods | '''rúnréθθuŋ''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''vexáli''' | nothing | '''rúxáliθuŋ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''veḫa'ov''' | neuter, indistinct | '''járvi''' | any | '''rúθuŋ''' | other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * VOS * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''fé''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''aç'''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] d327531f034723eac9dcdece8574c4511e7b80ee 1806 1805 2014-04-10T13:28:35Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Negative, universal and alternative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nijah''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''léjah''' | of us all, but not you |- | '''námjah''' | of us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíjah''' | thy | '''θemjah''' | of you all |- ! 3. | ''''arjah''' | his / her / its | '''camjah''' | of they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ða''' | this | '''ha''' | someone / something |- ! Place | '''ðanah''' | here | '''hanah''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''ðatrem''' | this way | '''hatrem''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ðanúm''' | now | '''hanúm''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ðanréθ''' | in this way | '''hanréθ''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ðaxáli''' | so much |- ! Quality | '''ðaḫa'ov''' | like this | '''haḫa'ov''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ðapanθi''' | for this reason | '''hapanθi''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''xat''' | who ? which ? | '''xavi''' | someone | '''xaθuŋlu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''xanah''' | where ? | '''xanahvi''' | somewhere | '''xanahθuŋlu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''xatrem''' | which way ? | '''xatremvi''' | via some way | '''xatremθuŋlu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''xanúm''' | when ? | '''xanúmvi''' | once | '''xanúmθuŋlu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''xanréθ''' | how ? | '''xanréθvi''' | somehow | '''xanréθθuŋlu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? | '''xaxálivi''' | somehow much | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''xaḫa'ov''' | which one ? | '''xaḫa'ovvi''' | some | '''xaḫa'ovθuŋlu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''xapanθi''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''vexa''' | nobody, nothing | '''járxa''' | every | '''rúxaθuŋ''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''vexanah''' | nowhere | '''járnah''' | everywhere | '''rúnahθuŋ''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''vexatrem''' | through no way | '''jártrem''' | through all ways | '''rútremθuŋ''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''vexanúm''' | never | '''járnúm''' | always | '''rúnúmθuŋ''' | when else |- ! Method | '''venréθ''' | nohow | '''járnréθ''' | in all methods | '''rúnréθθuŋ''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''vexáli''' | nothing | '''rúxáliθuŋ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''veḫa'ov''' | neuter, indistinct | '''járvi''' | any | '''rúθuŋ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''xaxálivi''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''vexáli''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''rúxáliθuŋ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''liŋ''' | oneself / each other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * VOS * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''fé''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''aç'''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 1afe5f53a08bbd9d8230f8eeb6ee255f19562064 1807 1806 2014-04-10T13:35:42Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Polarity particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nijah''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''léjah''' | of us all, but not you |- | '''námjah''' | of us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíjah''' | thy | '''θemjah''' | of you all |- ! 3. | ''''arjah''' | his / her / its | '''camjah''' | of they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ða''' | this | '''ha''' | someone / something |- ! Place | '''ðanah''' | here | '''hanah''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''ðatrem''' | this way | '''hatrem''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ðanúm''' | now | '''hanúm''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ðanréθ''' | in this way | '''hanréθ''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ðaxáli''' | so much |- ! Quality | '''ðaḫa'ov''' | like this | '''haḫa'ov''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ðapanθi''' | for this reason | '''hapanθi''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''xat''' | who ? which ? | '''xavi''' | someone | '''xaθuŋlu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''xanah''' | where ? | '''xanahvi''' | somewhere | '''xanahθuŋlu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''xatrem''' | which way ? | '''xatremvi''' | via some way | '''xatremθuŋlu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''xanúm''' | when ? | '''xanúmvi''' | once | '''xanúmθuŋlu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''xanréθ''' | how ? | '''xanréθvi''' | somehow | '''xanréθθuŋlu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? | '''xaxálivi''' | somehow much | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''xaḫa'ov''' | which one ? | '''xaḫa'ovvi''' | some | '''xaḫa'ovθuŋlu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''xapanθi''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''vexa''' | nobody, nothing | '''járxa''' | every | '''rúxaθuŋ''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''vexanah''' | nowhere | '''járnah''' | everywhere | '''rúnahθuŋ''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''vexatrem''' | through no way | '''jártrem''' | through all ways | '''rútremθuŋ''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''vexanúm''' | never | '''járnúm''' | always | '''rúnúmθuŋ''' | when else |- ! Method | '''venréθ''' | nohow | '''járnréθ''' | in all methods | '''rúnréθθuŋ''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''vexáli''' | nothing | '''rúxáliθuŋ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''veḫa'ov''' | neuter, indistinct | '''járvi''' | any | '''rúθuŋ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''xaxálivi''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''vexáli''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''rúxáliθuŋ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''liŋ''' | oneself / each other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → canid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * VOS * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''fé''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''aç'''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 11d5951bc61205983b757ce367d22e8e0096e441 1808 1807 2014-04-10T14:04:00Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''geme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tigeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nijah''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''léjah''' | of us all, but not you |- | '''námjah''' | of us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíjah''' | thy | '''θemjah''' | of you all |- ! 3. | ''''arjah''' | his / her / its | '''camjah''' | of they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ða''' | this | '''ha''' | someone / something |- ! Place | '''ðanah''' | here | '''hanah''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''ðatrem''' | this way | '''hatrem''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ðanúm''' | now | '''hanúm''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ðanréθ''' | in this way | '''hanréθ''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ðaxáli''' | so much |- ! Quality | '''ðaḫa'ov''' | like this | '''haḫa'ov''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ðapanθi''' | for this reason | '''hapanθi''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''xat''' | who ? which ? | '''xavi''' | someone | '''xaθuŋlu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''xanah''' | where ? | '''xanahvi''' | somewhere | '''xanahθuŋlu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''xatrem''' | which way ? | '''xatremvi''' | via some way | '''xatremθuŋlu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''xanúm''' | when ? | '''xanúmvi''' | once | '''xanúmθuŋlu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''xanréθ''' | how ? | '''xanréθvi''' | somehow | '''xanréθθuŋlu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? | '''xaxálivi''' | somehow much | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''xaḫa'ov''' | which one ? | '''xaḫa'ovvi''' | some | '''xaḫa'ovθuŋlu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''xapanθi''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''vexa''' | nobody, nothing | '''járxa''' | every | '''rúxaθuŋ''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''vexanah''' | nowhere | '''járnah''' | everywhere | '''rúnahθuŋ''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''vexatrem''' | through no way | '''jártrem''' | through all ways | '''rútremθuŋ''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''vexanúm''' | never | '''járnúm''' | always | '''rúnúmθuŋ''' | when else |- ! Method | '''venréθ''' | nohow | '''járnréθ''' | in all methods | '''rúnréθθuŋ''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''vexáli''' | nothing | '''rúxáliθuŋ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''veḫa'ov''' | neuter, indistinct | '''járvi''' | any | '''rúθuŋ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''xaxálivi''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''vexáli''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''rúxáliθuŋ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''liŋ''' | oneself / each other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== =====Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ńí''' | '''tlíńci''' → '''tlińcińi''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-uxa / -xa''' | '''vaðú''' → '''vaðúxa''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ve-''' | '''keme''' → '''vekeme''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḫa'ov''' | '''pampú''' → '''pampúḫa'ov''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-θele''' | '''juke''' → '''jukeθele''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-mén''' | '''karaḷ''' → '''karaḷmén''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-ní''' | '''vúva''' → '''vúvaní''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ḫar''' | '''feteθ''' → '''feteθḫar''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-nah''' | '''kek''' → '''keknah''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-tu'ok''' | '''ḫaraŋ''' → '''ḫaraŋtu'ok''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-ðáv-ḫar''' | '''kuθlí''' → '''kuθlíðávḫar''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-ðáv-ní''' | '''kuθlí''' → '''kuθlíðávní''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-ma''' | '''keme''' → '''kemema''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-'ari''' | '''návu''' → '''návu'ari''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-ḫa'ov-ma''' | '''juke''' → '''jukeḫa'ovma''' | dog → canid |- ! Feature | '''-jár-ma''' | '''fjéθ''' → '''fjéθjárma''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-jeh-ma''' | '''tímpa''' → '''tímpajehma''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ve-...-ma''' | '''funt''' → '''vefuntma''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * VOS * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''fé''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''aç'''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 699cfc4584ea4a5fb5a1fb3e200bfa788afa7a22 1809 1808 2014-04-10T14:04:42Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Number */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''keme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tikeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nijah''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''léjah''' | of us all, but not you |- | '''námjah''' | of us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíjah''' | thy | '''θemjah''' | of you all |- ! 3. | ''''arjah''' | his / her / its | '''camjah''' | of they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ða''' | this | '''ha''' | someone / something |- ! Place | '''ðanah''' | here | '''hanah''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''ðatrem''' | this way | '''hatrem''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ðanúm''' | now | '''hanúm''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ðanréθ''' | in this way | '''hanréθ''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ðaxáli''' | so much |- ! Quality | '''ðaḫa'ov''' | like this | '''haḫa'ov''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ðapanθi''' | for this reason | '''hapanθi''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''xat''' | who ? which ? | '''xavi''' | someone | '''xaθuŋlu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''xanah''' | where ? | '''xanahvi''' | somewhere | '''xanahθuŋlu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''xatrem''' | which way ? | '''xatremvi''' | via some way | '''xatremθuŋlu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''xanúm''' | when ? | '''xanúmvi''' | once | '''xanúmθuŋlu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''xanréθ''' | how ? | '''xanréθvi''' | somehow | '''xanréθθuŋlu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? | '''xaxálivi''' | somehow much | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''xaḫa'ov''' | which one ? | '''xaḫa'ovvi''' | some | '''xaḫa'ovθuŋlu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''xapanθi''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''vexa''' | nobody, nothing | '''járxa''' | every | '''rúxaθuŋ''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''vexanah''' | nowhere | '''járnah''' | everywhere | '''rúnahθuŋ''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''vexatrem''' | through no way | '''jártrem''' | through all ways | '''rútremθuŋ''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''vexanúm''' | never | '''járnúm''' | always | '''rúnúmθuŋ''' | when else |- ! Method | '''venréθ''' | nohow | '''járnréθ''' | in all methods | '''rúnréθθuŋ''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''vexáli''' | nothing | '''rúxáliθuŋ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''veḫa'ov''' | neuter, indistinct | '''járvi''' | any | '''rúθuŋ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''xaxálivi''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''vexáli''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''rúxáliθuŋ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''liŋ''' | oneself / each other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== =====Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ńí''' | '''tlíńci''' → '''tlińcińi''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-uxa / -xa''' | '''vaðú''' → '''vaðúxa''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ve-''' | '''keme''' → '''vekeme''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḫa'ov''' | '''pampú''' → '''pampúḫa'ov''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-θele''' | '''juke''' → '''jukeθele''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-mén''' | '''karaḷ''' → '''karaḷmén''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-ní''' | '''vúva''' → '''vúvaní''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ḫar''' | '''feteθ''' → '''feteθḫar''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-nah''' | '''kek''' → '''keknah''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-tu'ok''' | '''ḫaraŋ''' → '''ḫaraŋtu'ok''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-ðáv-ḫar''' | '''kuθlí''' → '''kuθlíðávḫar''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-ðáv-ní''' | '''kuθlí''' → '''kuθlíðávní''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-ma''' | '''keme''' → '''kemema''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-'ari''' | '''návu''' → '''návu'ari''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-ḫa'ov-ma''' | '''juke''' → '''jukeḫa'ovma''' | dog → canid |- ! Feature | '''-jár-ma''' | '''fjéθ''' → '''fjéθjárma''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-jeh-ma''' | '''tímpa''' → '''tímpajehma''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ve-...-ma''' | '''funt''' → '''vefuntma''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * VOS * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''fé''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''aç'''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] a31bfbb0dd8c1059727c8f55c85a21af30d95eeb 1810 1809 2014-04-10T14:13:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Thánan |pronunciation = |region = Omoserica |familycolor = Proto-Thánan |map = ProtoThánan.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Thánan}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 15cm;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |- ! Trill | | r | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | ʎ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/ f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/ v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/ m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/ l ʎ r /l ḷ r/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | rowspan=2 | ! rowspan=2 | Front ! colspan=2 | Central ! colspan=2 | Back |- ! Unrounded ! Rounded ! Unrounded ! Rounded |- ! Close | iː | | | | uː |- ! Mid-Close | | ɘ | ɵ | | |- ! Mid-Open | ɛː | | ɞ | | |- ! Open | | | | ɑ | ɒː |} ====Spelling==== '''Long vowels''' iː uː /í ú/ ɛː /é/ ɒː /á/ '''Long vowels''' ɘ ɵ /i u/ ɞ /e/ ɑ /a/ ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)''' '''C =''' any consonant<br> '''R =''' any resonantal consonant<br> '''V =''' any vowel<br> '''Vː =''' any long vowel ===Accent=== Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * ergative-genetive alignment * secundative ditransitive alignment * four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional * no gender * definite article, indefinite article based on number one. * number (preffixal): singular, plural [Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case] ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Ergative | - | '''hulmá''' | wolf | agent, lexical form |- ! Genetive | -θe | '''hulmáθe''' | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |- ! Instrumental | -lal | '''hulmálal''' | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |- ! Relational | -ni | '''hulmáni''' | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Singular | - | '''keme''' | man |- ! Plural | ti- / c- | '''tikeme''' | men |} ====Definiteness==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Definite | ða | '''ða çrél''' | the flower |- ! Indefinite | ha | '''ha çrél''' | a flower |} ====Relational nouns==== Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending] '''Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' =====Spatials===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'aḫu | inside | in |- ! θíp | top | on |- ! kavða | head | above |- ! tám | bottom | under |- ! pék | side | beside |- ! xál | distance | away |- ! ciŋke | centre | between |- ! kelp | back | behind, after |- ! náḫ | outside | out |- ! vekele | wheel | around |- ! 'aftu | front | before, opposite to |- ! númu | time | during, in time of |} =====Other relationals===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 450px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''jeh''' | with |- ! Originative direction | ''''ari''' | from |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''haθu''' | to |- ! Lack | '''vajeh''' | without |- ! Alternative | '''kelke''' | instead |- ! Contrary | '''tavá''' | against |- ! Resistance | '''haθri''' | despite, though |- ! Stylization | '''xajva''' | along to, according to |- ! Benefactive | '''ńín''' | for, destined to |- ! Essive | ''''íçu''' | as, at character of |} ===Verbs=== * transitivity marked * two aspects: progressive, stative * two moods: realis, irrealis * causative infixed into root [Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject] ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Incompletive | - | ''''uc''' | to go (incomplete action) |- ! Completive | reduplication of root's onset | ''''u'uc''' | to go (completed action) |} ====Causativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Non-causative | - | '''kén''' | to see |- ! Causative | -ra- | '''kéran''' | to show |} ====Transitivity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 425px;" ! Intransitive | - | ''''ic''' | to eat (in intransitive clause) |- ! Transitive | -eh | ''''iceh''' | to eat (in transitive clause) |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 525px;" ! Realis | - | '''kláθ''' | to speak |- ! Irrealis | -tú | '''kláθtú''' | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |} ====Non-finite verbal forms==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Action noun | -lí | '''jíplí''' | living |- ! Infinitive | -at -'at | '''jípat''' | to live |- ! Participle | -ní | '''jipní''' | living |} ===Adjective / Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | -já | -θar |- | '''fíl''' | '''fíḷá''' ''(← fíl-já)'' | '''fílθar''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! 1. | harakap |- ! 2. | kucara |- ! 3. | varakma |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''ju'' ! ''kín'' ! ''ta'éh'' ! ''pep'' |- ! 1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |- ! 2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |- ! 3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |- ! 4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |- ! 5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |} ===Pronouns=== ====Personal pronouns==== ======Subjective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''jíθ''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''lé''' | we all, but not you |- | '''nám''' | we all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çí''' | Thou | '''θem''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''ar''' | He / she / it | '''cam''' | They all |} ======Objective====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''ni''' | rowspan=2 | me | '''li''' | us all, but not you |- | '''nemi''' | us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíri''' | Thee | '''θemri''' | You all |- ! 3. | ''''arri''' | Him / her / its | '''camri''' | Them all |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 |Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nijah''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''léjah''' | of us all, but not you |- | '''námjah''' | of us all, together with you |- ! 2. | '''çíjah''' | thy | '''θemjah''' | of you all |- ! 3. | ''''arjah''' | his / her / its | '''camjah''' | of they all |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Definite ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ða''' | this | '''ha''' | someone / something |- ! Place | '''ðanah''' | here | '''hanah''' | somewhere |- ! Path | '''ðatrem''' | this way | '''hatrem''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ðanúm''' | now | '''hanúm''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''ðanréθ''' | in this way | '''hanréθ''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ðaxáli''' | so much |- ! Quality | '''ðaḫa'ov''' | like this | '''haḫa'ov''' | like something |- ! Reason | '''ðapanθi''' | for this reason | '''hapanθi''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''xat''' | who ? which ? | '''xavi''' | someone | '''xaθuŋlu''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''xanah''' | where ? | '''xanahvi''' | somewhere | '''xanahθuŋlu''' | anywhere |- ! Path | '''xatrem''' | which way ? | '''xatremvi''' | via some way | '''xatremθuŋlu''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''xanúm''' | when ? | '''xanúmvi''' | once | '''xanúmθuŋlu''' | ever |- ! Method | '''xanréθ''' | how ? | '''xanréθvi''' | somehow | '''xanréθθuŋlu''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? | '''xaxálivi''' | somehow much | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''xaḫa'ov''' | which one ? | '''xaḫa'ovvi''' | some | '''xaḫa'ovθuŋlu''' | any |- ! Reason | '''xapanθi''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''vexa''' | nobody, nothing | '''járxa''' | every | '''rúxaθuŋ''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''vexanah''' | nowhere | '''járnah''' | everywhere | '''rúnahθuŋ''' | elswhere |- ! Path | '''vexatrem''' | through no way | '''jártrem''' | through all ways | '''rútremθuŋ''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''vexanúm''' | never | '''járnúm''' | always | '''rúnúmθuŋ''' | when else |- ! Method | '''venréθ''' | nohow | '''járnréθ''' | in all methods | '''rúnréθθuŋ''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''vexáli''' | nothing | '''rúxáliθuŋ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''veḫa'ov''' | neuter, indistinct | '''járvi''' | any | '''rúθuŋ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''xaxáli''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''xaxálivi''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''xaxáliθuŋlu''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''vexáli''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''rúxáliθuŋ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''liŋ''' | oneself / each other |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''hí''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''híni''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''te''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''té'''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫúm''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''jaf''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''fáða''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''helða''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | ''''elkip''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''fá''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''θíŋ''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''lete''' | only |- ! Additive | '''hute''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''na''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ve''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== =====Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-ńí''' | '''tlíńci''' → '''tlińcińi''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-uxa / -xa''' | '''vaðú''' → '''vaðúxa''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ve-''' | '''keme''' → '''vekeme''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-ḫa'ov''' | '''pampú''' → '''pampúḫa'ov''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-θele''' | '''juke''' → '''jukeθele''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-mén''' | '''karaḷ''' → '''karaḷmén''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-ní''' | '''vúva''' → '''vúvaní''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ḫar''' | '''feteθ''' → '''feteθḫar''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-nah''' | '''kek''' → '''keknah''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-tu'ok''' | '''ḫaraŋ''' → '''ḫaraŋtu'ok''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-ðáv-ḫar''' | '''kuθlí''' → '''kuθlíðávḫar''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-ðáv-ní''' | '''kuθlí''' → '''kuθlíðávní''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-ma''' | '''keme''' → '''kemema''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-'ari''' | '''návu''' → '''návu'ari''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-ḫa'ov-ma''' | '''juke''' → '''jukeḫa'ovma''' | dog → canid |- ! Feature | '''-jár-ma''' | '''fjéθ''' → '''fjéθjárma''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-jeh-ma''' | '''tímpa''' → '''tímpajehma''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ve-...-ma''' | '''funt''' → '''vefuntma''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ní''' | '''fút-''' → '''fútní''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee, object | '''-liŋ-ní''' | '''θríl-''' → '''θrílliŋní''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-fe''' | '''kap-''' → '''kapfe''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-naç''' | '''kláθ-''' → '''kláθnaç''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-tul''' | '''ḫap-''' → '''ḫaptul''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-nah''' | '''xem-''' → '''xemnah''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-mén''' | '''xárt''' → '''xártmén''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Intensification | '''-xál''' | '''dáŋ''' → '''dáŋxál''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-líń''' | '''míŋk''' → '''míŋklíń''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * VOS * head-initial ===Copular particles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''fé''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''aç'''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 0a6c66f1f20e48867c9607f09960ec2f395fb65c Proto-Mkxwereh language 0 249 1811 1773 2014-04-10T15:33:26Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Phonology */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | | | | | | | |- ! Plosive | | | | | | | |- ! Affricate | | | | | | | |- ! Fricative | | | | | | | |- ! Trill | | | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | | | | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case '''Verbs''' * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality '''Pronouns''' * active and inactive forms * no clusivity '''Syntax''' * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] a21ec91c190d4a1ab80bcf6756f2ddf74b3cd476 1812 1811 2014-04-10T15:44:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case '''Verbs''' * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality '''Pronouns''' * active and inactive forms * no clusivity '''Syntax''' * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] ae44ff561c750c2e9a3480fdaa6ef30104587624 1813 1812 2014-04-10T15:47:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Consonants */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == '''Nouns''' * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case '''Verbs''' * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality '''Pronouns''' * active and inactive forms * no clusivity '''Syntax''' * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 16b8c128b2ddd308cd198c33efe70b48995bb98c 1814 1813 2014-04-10T16:14:18Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Grammar */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] b22e041820c125a9fad68c84f7ccef68552578e1 1815 1814 2014-04-10T16:57:55Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%" ! Absolutive | - | | |- ! Ergative | - | | |- ! Genetive | - | | |- ! Dative | - | | |- ! Instrumental | - | | |- ! Locative | - | | |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 65add64e8387e4b05adcb0ffbe95b5292a4d1e4c 1816 1815 2014-04-10T17:24:08Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Declension */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 3cfd8129581055bdfd8a2c061fd5ce451603975e 1817 1816 2014-04-10T19:05:59Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] fd6ea484b796a20ec627af2c6ca8e13ee9dd772b 1818 1817 2014-04-10T20:02:59Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] dc92b9c2b97afd38c4500e6d41c86e469b743a3a 1819 1818 2014-04-10T21:08:27Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 7ba523a56685a2010ad21db511746192e611c9d3 1820 1819 2014-04-10T21:21:27Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 4ce032dd5ed92cae43c3ca9a2b5b3c76b214bae1 1821 1820 2014-04-10T21:36:21Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Evidentiality */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | | | I lie, I am situated | | | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | | | thu lie, thu art situated | | | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | | | he / she / it lie, I am situated | | | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | | | I am working | | | we are working |- ! 2. | | | thou art working | | | you are working |- ! 3. | | | he / she / it are working | | | they are working |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 5c6536ea77de060427278a28966be1cdf818e664 1822 1821 2014-04-10T21:51:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Person */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 7bd7e7ae62af067bd0462578ff0bf8078a5e71d0 1823 1822 2014-04-10T21:57:36Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Active */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 985cee70ecf8e151f5666d1c3dde812e9f744924 1824 1823 2014-04-10T21:58:11Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Infinitives */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] c5db738a7b1c298d428d2e075e8719caaa867a1c 1825 1824 2014-04-10T22:05:43Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Non-finite verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] f41533cf81a5be19a17ca8e840f5424c071624ab 1826 1825 2014-04-11T11:00:17Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Adverbials */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 2c46a7a879f0bc3b7e0f8a923fcbb065d8931442 1827 1826 2014-04-11T11:00:40Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Adverb */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] bf9969416c29452e7830aa5e3c5daa74fb70a55d 1828 1827 2014-04-11T11:49:06Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Degrees of comparison */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 695792a942decb1b3877155dfe8baa676167ab4f 1829 1828 2014-04-11T12:22:44Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 704f0b9a155b0bf1c233dbb5173e4ea45b9ef667 1830 1829 2014-04-11T13:21:53Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=6 | Animate ! colspan=6 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | ''' ''' | I | ''' ''' | we | ''' ''' | I / me | ''' ''' | we / us |- ! 2. | ''' ''' | thou | ''' ''' | you | ''' ''' | thou | ''' ''' | you |- ! 3. | ''' ''' | he / she | ''' ''' | they | ''' ''' | it | ''' ''' | they |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | ''' ''' | I | ''' ''' | we |- ! 2. | ''' ''' | thou | ''' ''' | you |- ! 3. | ''' ''' | he / she | ''' ''' | they |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] e4253bb3d12212c94a17fc91c38e4a48810cd6db 1831 1830 2014-04-11T13:36:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Personal pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | '''ná''' | I / me | '''lə́n''' | we / us |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] d8fa9321cea2108ca3490d27573bf2f15aecf9f6 1832 1831 2014-04-11T13:47:59Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Inactives */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 2b470bee81ebe16d6fbc3dfa6f91d84d3fac731b 1833 1832 2014-04-11T13:56:50Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Actives */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] e30077bb32392c1b4f449191088133e23d8b9034 1834 1833 2014-04-11T14:16:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Possessive pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 7a278d1393ae765cfc53b4d1db10fe698495c912 1835 1834 2014-04-11T16:11:44Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Demonstrative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 1246db4c0d2914e8eaf0afff9b6864d7d45bde37 1836 1835 2014-04-11T16:28:15Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla'''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 5bb85ae508d1ab2866c12984f3717a5835773076 Proto-Mkxwereh language 0 249 1837 1836 2014-04-11T16:32:11Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Negative, universal and alternative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] a5085c07d46dcceb292595322bc1ed11c76b2ef7 1838 1837 2014-04-11T16:35:30Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Numeral pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] cf13fea7953711aa7737a2ff64ad7892ef31d109 1839 1838 2014-04-11T17:36:14Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] e1f99e3afe5989515371fcab7d6f8ffb0d3cfd83 1840 1839 2014-04-11T17:57:16Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Postpositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 875bb2020f061f16f56d080d57777fd8e36ee573 1841 1840 2014-04-11T17:58:45Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Polarity particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== * SOV * head-initial == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 64b3894f30d1cd1f8a9d8d57f118e4c831bea73f 1842 1841 2014-04-11T18:04:58Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Syntax */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šuł''' | thou | '''tuł''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] ff665a33834f80a538604da0782a2e4afc8109e2 1843 1842 2014-04-11T18:08:32Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Actives */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džurgḫu |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigul |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárum |- ! 11. | tárum moyto |- ! 12. | tárum baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárum |- ! 21. | baryá tárum moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárum |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 3cd29c9f130f86799fa2e0bc26509f8b91868283 1844 1843 2014-04-11T18:09:43Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Cardinal numerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájltu''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 7a0c4048142095a857c33cfd17fad40a26c8788d 1845 1844 2014-04-11T18:10:29Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Moods */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -tu | '''kwájlto''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 19830560dec26fa77ce420d87033bcb779d6bbc2 1846 1845 2014-04-11T18:11:01Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Moods */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -to | '''kwájlto''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -ju | ''''akwaju''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] ad29ab5338881dedd3e2c32bdd1b317f3d17cbf7 1847 1846 2014-04-11T18:11:30Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Evidentiality */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -to | '''kwájlto''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -jo | ''''akwajo''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] ef7fe3f804eaec509b2e7741a835365b85b4717b 1848 1847 2014-04-11T20:35:50Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -to | '''kwájlto''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -jo | ''''akwajo''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-šik''' | '''šəkwank''' → '''šəkwankšik''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-vá''' | '''móng''' → '''móngvá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ma-''' | '''šmer''' → '''mašmer''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-trenθ''' | '''θərpfə''' → '''θərpfətrenθ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-ðáł''' | '''šəbver''' → '''šəbverðáł''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-yooh''' | '''šxwére''' → '''šxwéreyooh''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-ori''' | '''škaplə''' → '''škaplori''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ad-ah''' | '''hapfa''' → '''hapfa'adah''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''tok''' → '''toktalah''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-ori-ah''' | '''ḫwargḫa''' → '''ḫwargḫa'ori'ah''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-jong-ah''' | '''hiłgi''' → '''hiłgijongah''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-ori''' | ''' hiłgi''' → '''hiłgi'ori''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 0b419bb1d05fbde794cb72024add645827319339 1849 1848 2014-04-11T20:57:01Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -to | '''kwájlto''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -jo | ''''akwajo''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-šik''' | '''šəkwank''' → '''šəkwankšik''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-vá''' | '''móng''' → '''móngvá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ma-''' | '''šmer''' → '''mašmer''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-trenθ''' | '''θərpfə''' → '''θərpfətrenθ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-ðáł''' | '''šəbver''' → '''šəbverðáł''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''šxwére''' → '''šxwéreyóh''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-ori''' | '''škaplə''' → '''škaplori''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ad-ah''' | '''hapfa''' → '''hapfa'adah''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''tok''' → '''toktalah''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-ori-ah''' | '''ḫwargḫa''' → '''ḫwargḫa'ori'ah''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-yong-ah''' | '''hiłgi''' → '''hiłgiyongah''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-ori''' | ''' hiłgi''' → '''hiłgi'ori''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-tíθ''' | '''šmer''' → '''šmertíθ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-at''' | '''wángə́''' → '''wángə́'at''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-trentí''' ''(← trenθ-tí)'' | '''šmərgḫa''' → '''šmərgḫatrenθí''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-tíθ''' | '''lyáfa''' → '''lyáfatíθ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-em-tíθ''' | '''šnígwə''' → '''šnígwemtíθ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ma-...-tíθ''' | '''gnitš''' → '''magnitštíθ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ori''' | '''šitš-''' → '''ššitšori''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-ori-af''' | '''fagw-''' → '''fagwori'af''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-vat''' | '''ked-''' → '''kedvat''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-yóh''' | '''kwáyl-''' → '''kwáylyóh''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nin''' | '''bvat-''' → '''bvatnin''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''brík-''' → '''bríktalah''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''džag''' → '''džagyóh''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 86b39300fe57383437d2e6ed11c43701c9adf6c8 1850 1849 2014-04-11T21:08:23Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Adjective to adjective */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Evidentiality ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''' ''' | to be seen | - | ''' ''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwájl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -to | '''kwájlto''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwájllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwájlšə́''' | may speak |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -jo | ''''akwajo''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-šik''' | '''šəkwank''' → '''šəkwankšik''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-vá''' | '''móng''' → '''móngvá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ma-''' | '''šmer''' → '''mašmer''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-trenθ''' | '''θərpfə''' → '''θərpfətrenθ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-ðáł''' | '''šəbver''' → '''šəbverðáł''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''šxwére''' → '''šxwéreyóh''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-ori''' | '''škaplə''' → '''škaplori''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ad-ah''' | '''hapfa''' → '''hapfa'adah''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''tok''' → '''toktalah''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-ori-ah''' | '''ḫwargḫa''' → '''ḫwargḫa'ori'ah''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-yong-ah''' | '''hiłgi''' → '''hiłgiyongah''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-ori''' | ''' hiłgi''' → '''hiłgi'ori''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-tíθ''' | '''šmer''' → '''šmertíθ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-at''' | '''wángə́''' → '''wángə́'at''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-trentí''' ''(← trenθ-tí)'' | '''šmərgḫa''' → '''šmərgḫatrenθí''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-tíθ''' | '''lyáfa''' → '''lyáfatíθ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-em-tíθ''' | '''šnígwə''' → '''šnígwemtíθ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ma-...-tíθ''' | '''gnitš''' → '''magnitštíθ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ori''' | '''šitš-''' → '''ššitšori''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-ori-af''' | '''fagw-''' → '''fagwori'af''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-vat''' | '''ked-''' → '''kedvat''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-yóh''' | '''kwáyl-''' → '''kwáylyóh''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nin''' | '''bvat-''' → '''bvatnin''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''brík-''' → '''bríktalah''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''džag''' → '''džagyóh''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tin''' | ''''išah''' → ''''išahtin''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-mag''' | '''gwád''' → '''gwádmag''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-vok''' | '''tšíli''' → '''tšilivok''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 1493d0622819bfa6abfaf4c993600a235bf9a219 1851 1850 2014-04-11T21:18:15Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands ''Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Affirmativity + Evidentiality'' ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''''ar gwéðaf''' | to be seen | - | ''''ar gwénəðaf''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwáyl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -to | '''kwáylto''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwáyllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwáylšə́''' | may speak |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''ket-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | -ma- | '''ketam-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -yo | ''''akwayo''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''jó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-šik''' | '''šəkwank''' → '''šəkwankšik''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-vá''' | '''móng''' → '''móngvá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ma-''' | '''šmer''' → '''mašmer''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-trenθ''' | '''θərpfə''' → '''θərpfətrenθ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-ðáł''' | '''šəbver''' → '''šəbverðáł''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''šxwére''' → '''šxwéreyóh''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-ori''' | '''škaplə''' → '''škaplori''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ad-ah''' | '''hapfa''' → '''hapfa'adah''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''tok''' → '''toktalah''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-ori-ah''' | '''ḫwargḫa''' → '''ḫwargḫa'ori'ah''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-yong-ah''' | '''hiłgi''' → '''hiłgiyongah''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-ori''' | ''' hiłgi''' → '''hiłgi'ori''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-tíθ''' | '''šmer''' → '''šmertíθ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-at''' | '''wángə́''' → '''wángə́'at''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-trentí''' ''(← trenθ-tí)'' | '''šmərgḫa''' → '''šmərgḫatrenθí''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-tíθ''' | '''lyáfa''' → '''lyáfatíθ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-em-tíθ''' | '''šnígwə''' → '''šnígwemtíθ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ma-...-tíθ''' | '''gnitš''' → '''magnitštíθ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ori''' | '''šitš-''' → '''ššitšori''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-ori-af''' | '''fagw-''' → '''fagwori'af''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-vat''' | '''ked-''' → '''kedvat''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-yóh''' | '''kwáyl-''' → '''kwáylyóh''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nin''' | '''bvat-''' → '''bvatnin''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''brík-''' → '''bríktalah''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''džag''' → '''džagyóh''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tin''' | ''''išah''' → ''''išahtin''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-mag''' | '''gwád''' → '''gwádmag''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-vok''' | '''tšíli''' → '''tšilivok''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] a3263409cb4ff86c23d2c9ee573ff0519b961e2b 1852 1851 2014-04-11T21:19:12Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Degrees of comparison */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands ''Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Affirmativity + Evidentiality'' ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''''ar gwéðaf''' | to be seen | - | ''''ar gwénəðaf''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwáyl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -to | '''kwáylto''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwáyllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwáylšə́''' | may speak |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''ket-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | -ma- | '''ketam-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -yo | ''''akwayo''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | yó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''yó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | jó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''jó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-šik''' | '''šəkwank''' → '''šəkwankšik''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-vá''' | '''móng''' → '''móngvá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ma-''' | '''šmer''' → '''mašmer''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-trenθ''' | '''θərpfə''' → '''θərpfətrenθ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-ðáł''' | '''šəbver''' → '''šəbverðáł''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''šxwére''' → '''šxwéreyóh''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-ori''' | '''škaplə''' → '''škaplori''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ad-ah''' | '''hapfa''' → '''hapfa'adah''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''tok''' → '''toktalah''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-ori-ah''' | '''ḫwargḫa''' → '''ḫwargḫa'ori'ah''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-yong-ah''' | '''hiłgi''' → '''hiłgiyongah''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-ori''' | ''' hiłgi''' → '''hiłgi'ori''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-tíθ''' | '''šmer''' → '''šmertíθ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-at''' | '''wángə́''' → '''wángə́'at''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-trentí''' ''(← trenθ-tí)'' | '''šmərgḫa''' → '''šmərgḫatrenθí''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-tíθ''' | '''lyáfa''' → '''lyáfatíθ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-em-tíθ''' | '''šnígwə''' → '''šnígwemtíθ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ma-...-tíθ''' | '''gnitš''' → '''magnitštíθ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ori''' | '''šitš-''' → '''ššitšori''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-ori-af''' | '''fagw-''' → '''fagwori'af''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-vat''' | '''ked-''' → '''kedvat''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-yóh''' | '''kwáyl-''' → '''kwáylyóh''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nin''' | '''bvat-''' → '''bvatnin''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''brík-''' → '''bríktalah''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''džag''' → '''džagyóh''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tin''' | ''''išah''' → ''''išahtin''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-mag''' | '''gwád''' → '''gwádmag''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-vok''' | '''tšíli''' → '''tšilivok''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 7391cee860e38b17ebadd66df779629a43f90bee 1853 1852 2014-04-11T21:19:37Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Degrees of comparison */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands ''Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Affirmativity + Evidentiality'' ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''''ar gwéðaf''' | to be seen | - | ''''ar gwénəðaf''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwáyl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -to | '''kwáylto''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwáyllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwáylšə́''' | may speak |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''ket-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | -ma- | '''ketam-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -yo | ''''akwayo''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -uł / -'uł | '''habuł''' | thou art working | -ułt / -'ułt | '''habułt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | yó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''yó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | yó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''yó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-šik''' | '''šəkwank''' → '''šəkwankšik''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-vá''' | '''móng''' → '''móngvá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ma-''' | '''šmer''' → '''mašmer''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-trenθ''' | '''θərpfə''' → '''θərpfətrenθ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-ðáł''' | '''šəbver''' → '''šəbverðáł''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''šxwére''' → '''šxwéreyóh''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-ori''' | '''škaplə''' → '''škaplori''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ad-ah''' | '''hapfa''' → '''hapfa'adah''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''tok''' → '''toktalah''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-ori-ah''' | '''ḫwargḫa''' → '''ḫwargḫa'ori'ah''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-yong-ah''' | '''hiłgi''' → '''hiłgiyongah''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-ori''' | ''' hiłgi''' → '''hiłgi'ori''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-tíθ''' | '''šmer''' → '''šmertíθ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-at''' | '''wángə́''' → '''wángə́'at''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-trentí''' ''(← trenθ-tí)'' | '''šmərgḫa''' → '''šmərgḫatrenθí''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-tíθ''' | '''lyáfa''' → '''lyáfatíθ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-em-tíθ''' | '''šnígwə''' → '''šnígwemtíθ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ma-...-tíθ''' | '''gnitš''' → '''magnitštíθ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ori''' | '''šitš-''' → '''ššitšori''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-ori-af''' | '''fagw-''' → '''fagwori'af''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-vat''' | '''ked-''' → '''kedvat''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-yóh''' | '''kwáyl-''' → '''kwáylyóh''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nin''' | '''bvat-''' → '''bvatnin''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''brík-''' → '''bríktalah''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''džag''' → '''džagyóh''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tin''' | ''''išah''' → ''''išahtin''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-mag''' | '''gwád''' → '''gwádmag''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-vok''' | '''tšíli''' → '''tšilivok''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] e92eae64345f512664bb04827141fdecedadf054 1854 1853 2014-04-11T21:21:02Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Active */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands ''Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Affirmativity + Evidentiality'' ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''''ar gwéðaf''' | to be seen | - | ''''ar gwénəðaf''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwáyl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -to | '''kwáylto''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwáyllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwáylšə́''' | may speak |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''ket-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | -ma- | '''ketam-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -yo | ''''akwayo''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -ił / -'ił | '''habił''' | thou art working | -iłt / -'iłt | '''habiłt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | yó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''yó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | yó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''yó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-šik''' | '''šəkwank''' → '''šəkwankšik''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-vá''' | '''móng''' → '''móngvá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ma-''' | '''šmer''' → '''mašmer''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-trenθ''' | '''θərpfə''' → '''θərpfətrenθ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-ðáł''' | '''šəbver''' → '''šəbverðáł''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''šxwére''' → '''šxwéreyóh''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-ori''' | '''škaplə''' → '''škaplori''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ad-ah''' | '''hapfa''' → '''hapfa'adah''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''tok''' → '''toktalah''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-ori-ah''' | '''ḫwargḫa''' → '''ḫwargḫa'ori'ah''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-yong-ah''' | '''hiłgi''' → '''hiłgiyongah''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-ori''' | ''' hiłgi''' → '''hiłgi'ori''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-tíθ''' | '''šmer''' → '''šmertíθ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-at''' | '''wángə́''' → '''wángə́'at''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-trentí''' ''(← trenθ-tí)'' | '''šmərgḫa''' → '''šmərgḫatrenθí''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-tíθ''' | '''lyáfa''' → '''lyáfatíθ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-em-tíθ''' | '''šnígwə''' → '''šnígwemtíθ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ma-...-tíθ''' | '''gnitš''' → '''magnitštíθ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ori''' | '''šitš-''' → '''ššitšori''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-ori-af''' | '''fagw-''' → '''fagwori'af''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-vat''' | '''ked-''' → '''kedvat''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-yóh''' | '''kwáyl-''' → '''kwáylyóh''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nin''' | '''bvat-''' → '''bvatnin''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''brík-''' → '''bríktalah''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''džag''' → '''džagyóh''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tin''' | ''''išah''' → ''''išahtin''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-mag''' | '''gwád''' → '''gwádmag''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-vok''' | '''tšíli''' → '''tšilivok''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 4e4c0dfc70b78597e34e8c33c671d2305293f494 1855 1854 2014-04-11T22:09:14Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Relational nouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Mkxwereh |pronunciation = |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Mkxwereh |map = ProtoMkxwereh.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Mkxwereh}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Alveolar ! Postalveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labialized velar ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | | n | | | | | |- ! Plosive | p b | | t d | | | k g | kʷ gʷ | ʔ |- ! Affricate | | p̪͡f b̪͡v | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | k͡x g͡ɣ | k͡xʷ g͡ɣʷ | |- ! Fricative | | f v | θ̱ ð̱ | ʃ ʒ | | x ɣ | xʷ ɣʷ | ɦ |- ! Tap | | | ɾ | | | | | |- ! Glide | | | | | j | | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | | l | | | ʟ | | |} ====Spelling==== p t k kʷ ʔ /p t k kw '/ b d g gʷ /b d g gw/ p̪͡f t͡ʃ k͡x k͡xʷ /pf tš kx kxw/ b̪͡v d͡ʒ g͡ɣ g͡ɣʷ /bv dž gḫ gḫw/ f θ̱ ʃ x xʷ /f θ š x xw/ v ð̱ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ ɦ /v ð ž ḫ ḫw h/ m n /m n/ l ʟ /l ł/ ɾ /r/ j /y/ ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! Close | | ɨ ɨː | |- ! Mid | e̞ e̞ː | ə əː | o̞ o̞ː |- ! Open | | ä äː | |} ====Spelling==== ɨ ɨː /i í/ e̞ e̞ː ə əː o̞ o̞ː /e é ə ə́ o ó/ ä äː /a á/ ===Phonotactics=== C(R)V(ː)(n-P)(C) n-P = non-plosive consonant V = any vowel or syllabic nasal/lateral Geminates are not allowed in syllabic onset. ===Accent=== Acute accent on second syllable of word, grave on first. == Grammar == ===Nouns=== * split-active alignment * three-way object * two noun class (preffixal): Animate, Inaminate * six cases: Absolutive (Inactive), Ergative (Active), Genetive, Dative, Instrumental, Locative * number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural * relational nouns for locational contexts, and postpositions for others (mixed system) (Noun class + Number) + Root + Root extension + Case ====Noun class and number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Animate singular | š- / šə- | '''šmer''' | man |- ! Animate plural | t- / tə- | '''tmer''' | men |- ! Inanimate singular | '- / - | '''kxwek''' | stone |- ! Inanimate plural | l- / ł- | '''łkxwek''' | stones |} ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px" ! Absolutive | - | '''šəḫwá''' | rowspan=2 | jaguar |- ! Ergative | -at / -t | '''šəḫwát''' |- ! Genetive | -ja | '''šəḫwája''' | of jaguar |- ! Dative | -ri | '''šəḫwári''' | to/for jaguar |- ! Instrumental | -nen | '''šəḫwánen''' | by/with jaguar |- ! Locative | -lo | '''šəḫwálo''' | (in/on) jaguar |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] '''Šəbver kəθ kxiθlo vakxəja kəθja sapf.''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! 'ałaθ | inside | in |- ! kxiθ | top | on |- ! tšə́kxa | head | above |- ! gḫóm | bottom | under |- ! tap | side | beside |- ! bárə | distance | away |- ! tóntə | centre | between |- ! klep | back | behind, after |- ! bve | outside | out |- ! 'ołog | wheel | around |- ! trap | front | before, opposite to |- ! yéme | time | during, in time of |} ===Verbs=== * affirmativity (suffixal) * four tenses (suffixal): Remote past, Prehodiernal past, Hodiernal past, Non-past * two aspects (preffixal): Completive, Incompletive * four moods (suffixal): Declarative, Energetic, Conditional, Subjunctive * Active, Passive vs Causative (constructional passive vs infixal causative) * three subjective persons (preffixal), active and inactive forms, no clusivity * evidentiality (cliticized): from first hand, from second hand, from other hands ''Subject + Aspect + (Root + Causativity) + Root extension + Tense + Mood + Affirmativity + Evidentiality'' ====Tense==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Remote past | -ə́ḫw / -ḫw | ''''etə́ḫw''' | to go (action in far past, but no later as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Prehodiernal past | -l / -ł | ''''etl''' | to go (action accomplished before today, but no further as week or two weeks ago) |- ! Hodiernal past | -iθ / -θ | ''''etiθ''' | to go (action accomplished earlier today) |- ! Non-past | - | ''''et''' | to go (action in present or future time) |} ====Aspect==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Incompletive | - | '''θlál''' | to think (action is incompleted) |- ! Completive | pe- / pe'- | '''peθlál''' | to think (action is completed) |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''gwéð''' | to see | -nə- | '''gwénəð''' | to show |- ! Passive | [copular verb + passive participle] | ''''ar gwéðaf''' | to be seen | - | ''''ar gwénəðaf''' | to be shown |} ====Moods==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Declarative | - | '''kwáyl''' | to speak |- ! Energetic | -to | '''kwáylto''' | surely to speak |- ! Conditional | -lá- | '''kwáyllá''' | would speak |- ! Subjunctive | -šə́ | '''kwáylšə́''' | may speak |} ====Polarity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''ket-''' | to stand |- ! Negative | -ma- | '''ketam-''' | don't to stand |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! From first hand | -kí | ''''akwakí''' | to drink (and it is known from direct witness) |- ! From second hand | -yo | ''''akwayo''' | to drink (and it is known from indirect source) |- ! From other hands | -noh | ''''akwanoh''' | to drink (and it is known from widespread rumor) |} ====Person==== =====Inactive===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -am / -'am | '''hotšam''' | I lie, I am situated | -ant / -'ant | '''hotšant''' | we lie, we are situated |- ! 2. | -eθ / -'eθ | '''hotšeθ''' | thou lie, thu art situated | -eθt | '''hotšeθt''' | you lie, you are situated |- ! 3. | - | '''hotš''' | he / she / it lie, I am situated | -í / -'í | '''hotše''' | they lie, they are situated |} =====Active===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Singular ! colspan=3 | Plural |- ! 1. | -oy / -'oy | '''haboy''' | I am working | -oyt | '''haboyt''' | we are working |- ! 2. | -ił / -'ił | '''habił''' | thou art working | -iłt / -'iłt | '''habiłt''' | you are working |- ! 3. | -əh / -'əh | '''habəh''' | he / she / it are working | -əht / -'əht | '''habəht''' | they are working |} ====Non-finite verbs==== =====Infinitives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lon | '''gwéðlon''' | vision, seeing |- ! Infinitive | -la | '''gwéðla''' | to see |- ! Supinum | -lik | '''gwéðlik''' | to/for seeing |} =====Participles===== ======Adjectivals====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or / -'or | '''gwéðor''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af / -'af | '''gwéðaf''' | seen |} ======Adverbials====== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Active | -or-e / -'or-e | '''gwéðore''' | seeing |- ! Passive | -af-e / -'af-e | '''gwéðafe''' | seen |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | yó | féx |- | ''''išah''' | '''yó 'išah''' | '''féx 'išah''' |- | good | better | best |} ===Adverbs=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Superlative |- | - | yó | féx |- | ''''išahe''' | '''yó 'išahe''' | '''féx 'išahe''' |- | well | better | best |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | moyto |- ! 2. | baryá |- ! 3. | fobyeh |- ! 4. | 'inepe |- ! 5. | metlé |- ! 6. | džorgḫo |- ! 7. | tšołor |- ! 8. | θigol |- ! 9. | kinsár |- ! 10. | tárom |- ! 11. | tárom moyto |- ! 12. | tárom baryá |- ! 20. | baryá tárom |- ! 21. | baryá tárom moyto |- ! 30 | fobyeh tárom |- ! 100. | tartár |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive |- ! ''yá'' ! ''kxaya'' ! ''kotša'' ! ''fey'' |- ! 1. | '''moyto yá''' | '''moyto kxaya''' | '''moyto kotša''' | '''moyto fey''' |} ===Pronouns=== * active and inactive forms * no clusivity ====Personal pronouns==== =====Inactives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šná''' | I / me | '''tə́n''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyé''' | thou / thee | '''təyé''' | you | '''yé''' | thou / thee | '''lyé''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́''' | they / them | '''θə́''' | it | '''lθé''' | they / them |} =====Actives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šoy''' | I | '''toy''' | we |- ! 2. | '''šił''' | thou | '''tił''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəh''' | he / she | '''təh''' | they |} ====Possessive pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 colspan=1 | ! colspan=4 | Animate ! colspan=4 | Inaminate |- ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! 1. | '''šnár''' | I / me | '''tə́nr''' | we / us | colspan=4 | |- ! 2. | '''šəyér''' | thou / thee | '''təyér''' | you | '''yér''' | thou / thee | '''lyér''' | you |- ! 3. | '''šəθə́r''' | he / him / she / her | '''təθə́r''' | they / them | '''θə́r''' | it | '''lθér''' | they / them |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''kəθ''' | this | '''dəθ''' | that | '''xəθ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''kətal''' | here | '''dətal''' | there | '''xətal''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''kətalat''' | from here | '''dətalat''' | from there | '''xətalat''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''kətalto''' | to here | '''dətalto''' | to there, so far | '''xətalto''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''kəstak''' | this way | '''dəstak''' | that way | '''xəstak''' | some way |- ! Time | '''kəyém''' | now | '''dəyém''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''kəmand''' | in this way | '''dəmand''' | in that way | '''xəmand''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''kəfla''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''kətrenθ''' | like this here | '''dətrenθ''' | like that | '''xətrenθ''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''kəšerk''' | for this reason | '''dəšerk''' | for that reason | '''xəšerk''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''twa''' | who ? which ? | '''twali''' | someone | '''θeθtwali''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''twatal''' | where ? | '''twatalli''' | somewhere | '''θeθtwatali''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''twatalat''' | whence ? | '''twatalli'at''' | from somewhere | '''θeθtwatalli'at''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''twatalto''' | whither ? | '''twatallito''' | to somewhere | '''θeθtwatallito''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''twastak''' | which way ? | '''twastakli''' | via some way | '''θeθtwastakli''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''twayém''' | when ? | '''twayémli''' | once | '''θeθtwayémli''' | ever |- ! Method | '''twamand''' | how ? | '''twamandli''' | somehow | '''θeθtwamandli''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''twafla''' | how much ? | '''twaflali''' | somehow much | '''θeθtwaflali''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''twatrenθ''' | which one ? | '''twatrenθli''' | some | '''θeθtwatrenθli''' | any |- ! Reason | '''twašerk''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''matwa''' | nobody, nothing | '''xwášitwa''' | every | '''tenetwa''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''matal''' | nowhere | '''xwášital''' | everywhere | '''tenetal''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''matalat''' | from nowhere | '''xwášitalat''' | from everywhere | '''tenetalat''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''matalto''' | to nowhere | '''xwášitalto''' | to everywhere | '''tenetalto''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''mastak''' | through no way | '''xwášistak''' | through all ways | '''tenestak''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mayém''' | never | '''xwášiyém''' | always | '''teneyém''' | when else |- ! Method | '''mamand''' | nohow | '''xwášimand''' | in all methods | '''tenemand''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mafla''' | nothing | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''matrenθ''' | neuter, indistinct | '''xwášitrenθ''' | any | '''tenetrenθ''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''twafla''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''twaflali''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''θeθtwaflali''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mafla''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''tenefla''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''θen''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''θenem''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | ''''em''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | ''''at''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''to''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''ma'em''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''áθ''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''pfare''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tama''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''łándə''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''žot''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''xaš''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''že''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''žere''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''vah''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''atša''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''ḫwa''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''lo''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''žežot''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''džate''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''šerkem''' | because |- | colspan=2 | ''''arže''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''kwó''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''moyto'e''' | only |- ! Additive | ''''arkwó''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''kxay''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''má''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-šik''' | '''šəkwank''' → '''šəkwankšik''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-vá''' | '''móng''' → '''móngvá''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''ma-''' | '''šmer''' → '''mašmer''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-trenθ''' | '''θərpfə''' → '''θərpfətrenθ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-ðáł''' | '''šəbver''' → '''šəbverðáł''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''šxwére''' → '''šxwéreyóh''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-ori''' | '''škaplə''' → '''škaplori''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-ad-ah''' | '''hapfa''' → '''hapfa'adah''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''tok''' → '''toktalah''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-ori-ah''' | '''ḫwargḫa''' → '''ḫwargḫa'ori'ah''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-yong-ah''' | '''hiłgi''' → '''hiłgiyongah''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-ori''' | ''' hiłgi''' → '''hiłgi'ori''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-tíθ''' | '''šmer''' → '''šmertíθ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-at''' | '''wángə́''' → '''wángə́'at''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-trentí''' ''(← trenθ-tí)'' | '''šmərgḫa''' → '''šmərgḫatrenθí''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-tíθ''' | '''lyáfa''' → '''lyáfatíθ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-em-tíθ''' | '''šnígwə''' → '''šnígwemtíθ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ma-...-tíθ''' | '''gnitš''' → '''magnitštíθ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-ori''' | '''šitš-''' → '''ššitšori''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-ori-af''' | '''fagw-''' → '''fagwori'af''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-vat''' | '''ked-''' → '''kedvat''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-yóh''' | '''kwáyl-''' → '''kwáylyóh''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-nin''' | '''bvat-''' → '''bvatnin''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-tal-ah''' | '''brík-''' → '''bríktalah''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-yóh''' | '''džag''' → '''džagyóh''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-tin''' | ''''išah''' → ''''išahtin''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-mag''' | '''gwád''' → '''gwádmag''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-vok''' | '''tšíli''' → '''tšilivok''' | small → too small |} ==Syntax== ===Word order=== * '''SOV''' ''(Subject - Object - Verb)'' * head-initial ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''pfeh''' | became |- ! Essive | ''''ar''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Omoserican languages]] 7842c660482d18033c3e70780e88f4ed567f345d Proto-Ampayrù language 0 214 1856 1669 2014-04-12T13:38:29Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Number */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} c62773b71991ca1bf76cab3ab73a9e4e3e5b0d69 1857 1856 2014-04-12T14:05:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Possessors */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 7f1ede86470e69916fc8c1fae9c8dac7dd407108 1858 1857 2014-04-12T14:17:54Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Objectives */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋgarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} e5eb86784e630b94526281916f4274db4ab127ff 1859 1858 2014-04-12T15:18:43Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Postpositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋgarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} c5cb7b40cf09f88da93962238d9a59ad485fd595 1860 1859 2014-04-12T15:53:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Objectives */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋgarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 1839eeb57a6a8e3ee1cd5914c7d0973cbd6ee101 1861 1860 2014-04-12T15:54:47Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Postpositions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 1460d358eaab74fb0602c590f933b522d916f997 1862 1861 2014-04-12T16:13:24Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Demonstrative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 57fabe356c605740f8c19d55a2b75ebd6f526fe9 1863 1862 2014-04-12T16:43:10Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 750027450606e52950d77aa7ba4772b2c1ef371f 1864 1863 2014-04-12T16:52:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Negative, universal and alternative pronouns */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} === Syntax === - SOV == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} df96679b2208b4972288de0b534e04f81b7ef768 1865 1864 2014-04-12T18:13:36Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Syntax */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Energetic | | | |- ! Hypothetical | | | |- ! Conditional | | | |- ! Potentional | | | |- ! Eventive | | | |- ! Jussive | | | |- ! Precative | | | |- ! Necessitative | | | |- ! Permissive | | | |- ! Desiderative | | | |- |} ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''tsáts''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tlò''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} efa16b2e9956fd85ed2dd6a4bd3fd78b78dd6f57 1866 1865 2014-04-12T19:01:52Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Modal verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Energetic | '''vèṇṭṣá''' | to be sure of | |- ! Conditional | '''kóvla''' | would be | |- ! Potentional | '''ṇâṇ''' | to may | |- ! Eventive | '''ṇóŋkə̀''' | would may | |- ! Jussive | '''ṣèŋkxà''' | to should | |- ! Precative | '''palí''' | to please, to request | |- ! Necessitative | '''kxàŋà''' | to must | |- ! Permissive | '''tóntsô''' | to allow | |- ! Desiderative | '''jø̀cçé''' | to want | |} ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''tsáts''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tlò''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 65d65ce3e5ea6eb940aef1a6c547440884be759c 1867 1866 2014-04-12T19:02:44Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Modal verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Energetic | '''vèṇṭṣá''' | to be sure of |- ! Conditional | '''kóvla''' | would be |- ! Potentional | '''ṇâṇ''' | to may |- ! Eventive | '''ṇóŋkə̀''' | would may |- ! Jussive | '''ṣèŋkxà''' | to should |- ! Precative | '''palí''' | to please, to request |- ! Necessitative | '''kxàŋà''' | to must |- ! Permissive | '''tóntsô''' | to allow |- ! Desiderative | '''jø̀cçé''' | to want |} ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''tsáts''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tlò''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 5c022dd982532cef1d48e01ce6d4b9e71771ce90 1868 1867 2014-04-12T19:03:26Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Modal verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Energetic | '''vèṇṭṣá''' | to be sure of |- ! Conditional | '''kóvla''' | would be |- ! Potentional | '''ṇâṇ''' | to may |- ! Eventive | '''ṇóŋkə̀''' | would may |- ! Jussive | '''ṣèŋkxà''' | to should |- ! Precative | '''palí''' | to please, to request |- ! Necessitative | '''kxàŋà''' | to must |- ! Permissive | '''tóntsô''' | to allow |- ! Desiderative | '''jø̀cçé''' | to want |} ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''tsáts''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tlò''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 26921e3c75cc6b7f25a4ee59d6d9de67137dc10b 1869 1868 2014-04-12T19:04:34Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Modal verbs */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Energetic | '''vèṇṭṣá''' | to be sure of |- ! Conditional | '''kóvla''' | would be |- ! Potentional | '''ṇâṇ''' | to may |- ! Eventive | '''ṇóŋkə̀''' | would may |- ! Jussive | '''ṣèŋkxà''' | to should |- ! Precative | '''palí''' | to please, to request |- ! Necessitative | '''kxàŋà''' | to must |- ! Permissive | '''tóntsô''' | to allow |- ! Desiderative | '''jø̀ńcçé''' | to want |} ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''tsáts''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tlò''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 87c7f780cd79522cafb7f40f61c74269e879a7b1 1870 1869 2014-04-12T19:08:33Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Polarity particles */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | herbalism → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Energetic | '''vèṇṭṣá''' | to be sure of |- ! Conditional | '''kóvla''' | would be |- ! Potentional | '''ṇâṇ''' | to may |- ! Eventive | '''ṇóŋkə̀''' | would may |- ! Jussive | '''ṣèŋkxà''' | to should |- ! Precative | '''palí''' | to please, to request |- ! Necessitative | '''kxàŋà''' | to must |- ! Permissive | '''tóntsô''' | to allow |- ! Desiderative | '''jø̀ńcçé''' | to want |} ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''tsáts''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tlò''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} dabbd96850dc50291cf4f191523f67f8d66b8192 1871 1870 2014-04-12T19:32:52Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''ńíńí''' | '''cçájúli''' → '''cçájúli ńíńí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''kampâ''' | '''tâmpùrù''' → '''tâmpùrù kampâ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''má''' | '''tò'râ''' → '''má tò'râ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''ká'èṇṭe''' | '''tàntà''' → '''tàntà ká'èṇṭe''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''tè'òt''' | '''súŋkú''' → '''súŋkú tè'òt''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-sâsə''' | '''màŋky̌''' → '''màŋky̌sâsə''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-áśà''' | '''mǔmáŋky''' → '''mǔmáŋky'áśà''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-tâ''' | '''çáŋkalà''' → '''çáŋkalàtâ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-ntòntahì''' | ''''àmpâ''' → '''àmpântòntahì''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | ''''ø̀ŋkxáj''' | '''vǎjpǔ''' → ''''ø̀ŋkxáj vǎjpǔṣy''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''tə̂jmà''' | '''sûńcerè''' → '''tə̂jmà sûńcerèṣy''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''tə̂jmà'áśà''' | '''sûńcerè''' → '''tə̂jmà'áśà sûńcerèṣy''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''-...-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Energetic | '''vèṇṭṣá''' | to be sure of |- ! Conditional | '''kóvla''' | would be |- ! Potentional | '''ṇâṇ''' | to may |- ! Eventive | '''ṇóŋkə̀''' | would may |- ! Jussive | '''ṣèŋkxà''' | to should |- ! Precative | '''palí''' | to please, to request |- ! Necessitative | '''kxàŋà''' | to must |- ! Permissive | '''tóntsô''' | to allow |- ! Desiderative | '''jø̀ńcçé''' | to want |} ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''tsáts''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tlò''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} a27c8a7df33c10c1db4cc48fca4e209f42770340 1872 1871 2014-04-12T20:00:26Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''ńíńí''' | '''cçájúli''' → '''cçájúli ńíńí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''kampâ''' | '''tâmpùrù''' → '''tâmpùrù kampâ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''má''' | '''tò'râ''' → '''má tò'râ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''ká'èṇṭe''' | '''tàntà''' → '''tàntà ká'èṇṭe''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''tè'òt''' | '''súŋkú''' → '''súŋkú tè'òt''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-sâsə''' | '''màŋky̌''' → '''màŋky̌sâsə''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-áśà''' | '''mǔmáŋky''' → '''mǔmáŋky'áśà''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-tâ''' | '''çáŋkalà''' → '''çáŋkalàtâ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-ntòntahì''' | ''''àmpâ''' → '''àmpântòntahì''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | ''''ø̀ŋkxáj''' | '''vǎjpǔ''' → ''''ø̀ŋkxáj vǎjpǔṣy''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''tə̂jmà''' | '''sûńcerè''' → '''tə̂jmà sûńcerèṣy''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''tə̂jmà'áśà''' | '''sûńcerè''' → '''tə̂jmà'áśà sûńcerèṣy''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-la''' | '''tò'râ''' → '''tò'larâ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-sě''' | '''táŋàŋka''' → '''táŋàŋkasě''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''ká'èṇṭe ...-la''' | '''mø̀lø̀ŋka''' → '''ká'èṇṭe mø̀lø̀ŋkala''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-la''' | '''śílà''' → '''śílàla''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-la''' | '''kxè'ûntə''' → '''kxè'ûntəla''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ma-...-la''' | '''kòntla''' → '''kòntlala''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-''' | '''-''' → ''' ''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-''' | ''' ''' → ''' ''' | small → too small |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Energetic | '''vèṇṭṣá''' | to be sure of |- ! Conditional | '''kóvla''' | would be |- ! Potentional | '''ṇâṇ''' | to may |- ! Eventive | '''ṇóŋkə̀''' | would may |- ! Jussive | '''ṣèŋkxà''' | to should |- ! Precative | '''palí''' | to please, to request |- ! Necessitative | '''kxàŋà''' | to must |- ! Permissive | '''tóntsô''' | to allow |- ! Desiderative | '''jø̀ńcçé''' | to want |} ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''tsáts''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tlò''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 02c2e4ad6960be3558e3546989bcd735e6c042d7 1873 1872 2014-04-12T20:21:35Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Word formation */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''ńíńí''' | '''cçájúli''' → '''cçájúli ńíńí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''kampâ''' | '''tâmpùrù''' → '''tâmpùrù kampâ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''má''' | '''tò'râ''' → '''má tò'râ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''ká'èṇṭe''' | '''tàntà''' → '''tàntà ká'èṇṭe''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''tè'òt''' | '''súŋkú''' → '''súŋkú tè'òt''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-sâsə''' | '''màŋky̌''' → '''màŋky̌sâsə''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-áśà''' | '''mǔmáŋky''' → '''mǔmáŋky'áśà''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-tâ''' | '''çáŋkalà''' → '''çáŋkalàtâ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-ntòntahì''' | ''''àmpâ''' → '''àmpântòntahì''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | ''''ø̀ŋkxáj''' | '''vǎjpǔ''' → ''''ø̀ŋkxáj vǎjpǔṣy''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''tə̂jmà''' | '''sûńcerè''' → '''tə̂jmà sûńcerèṣy''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''tə̂jmà'áśà''' | '''sûńcerè''' → '''tə̂jmà'áśà sûńcerèṣy''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-la''' | '''tò'râ''' → '''tò'larâ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-sě''' | '''táŋàŋka''' → '''táŋàŋkasě''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''ká'èṇṭe ...-la''' | '''mø̀lø̀ŋka''' → '''ká'èṇṭe mø̀lø̀ŋkala''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-la''' | '''śílà''' → '''śílàla''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-la''' | '''kxè'ûntə''' → '''kxè'ûntəla''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ma-...-la''' | '''kòntla''' → '''kòntlala''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-áśà''' | ''''àts-''' → ''''àtsáśà''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-áśà-sî''' | '''têŋk-''' → '''têŋkáśàsî''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-jə̂''' | '''tàmpø-''' → '''tàmpøjə̂''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-jáj'''' | '''klǒŋe-''' → '''klǒŋejáj''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-tète''' | '''xàmp-''' → '''xàmptète''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-ntòntahì''' | '''tumu-''' → '''tumuntòntahì''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-sâsə''' | '''sùmpfù''' → '''sùmpfùsâsə''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-jǎla''' | '''çémě''' → '''çémějǎla''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-sùmpfù-la''' | '''pâṇṭá''' → '''pâṇṭásùmpfùla''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-vâhø-la''' | '''ńíńí''' → '''ńíńívâhøla''' | small → too small |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Energetic | '''vèṇṭṣá''' | to be sure of |- ! Conditional | '''kóvla''' | would be |- ! Potentional | '''ṇâṇ''' | to may |- ! Eventive | '''ṇóŋkə̀''' | would may |- ! Jussive | '''ṣèŋkxà''' | to should |- ! Precative | '''palí''' | to please, to request |- ! Necessitative | '''kxàŋà''' | to must |- ! Permissive | '''tóntsô''' | to allow |- ! Desiderative | '''jø̀ńcçé''' | to want |} ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''tsáts''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tlò''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 399ec33f486ab0a04f99e4d18a0708ee2a008e68 1874 1873 2014-04-12T20:26:33Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Tense */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàmpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàmpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàmpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''ńíńí''' | '''cçájúli''' → '''cçájúli ńíńí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''kampâ''' | '''tâmpùrù''' → '''tâmpùrù kampâ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''má''' | '''tò'râ''' → '''má tò'râ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''ká'èṇṭe''' | '''tàntà''' → '''tàntà ká'èṇṭe''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''tè'òt''' | '''súŋkú''' → '''súŋkú tè'òt''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-sâsə''' | '''màŋky̌''' → '''màŋky̌sâsə''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-áśà''' | '''mǔmáŋky''' → '''mǔmáŋky'áśà''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-tâ''' | '''çáŋkalà''' → '''çáŋkalàtâ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-ntòntahì''' | ''''àmpâ''' → '''àmpântòntahì''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | ''''ø̀ŋkxáj''' | '''vǎjpǔ''' → ''''ø̀ŋkxáj vǎjpǔṣy''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''tə̂jmà''' | '''sûńcerè''' → '''tə̂jmà sûńcerèṣy''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''tə̂jmà'áśà''' | '''sûńcerè''' → '''tə̂jmà'áśà sûńcerèṣy''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-la''' | '''tò'râ''' → '''tò'larâ''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-sě''' | '''táŋàŋka''' → '''táŋàŋkasě''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''ká'èṇṭe ...-la''' | '''mø̀lø̀ŋka''' → '''ká'èṇṭe mø̀lø̀ŋkala''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-la''' | '''śílà''' → '''śílàla''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-la''' | '''kxè'ûntə''' → '''kxè'ûntəla''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ma-...-la''' | '''kòntla''' → '''kòntlala''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-áśà''' | ''''àts-''' → ''''àtsáśà''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-áśà-sî''' | '''têŋk-''' → '''têŋkáśàsî''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-jə̂''' | '''tàmpø-''' → '''tàmpøjə̂''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-jáj'''' | '''klǒŋe-''' → '''klǒŋejáj''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-tète''' | '''xàmp-''' → '''xàmptète''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-ntòntahì''' | '''tumu-''' → '''tumuntòntahì''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-sâsə''' | '''sùmpfù''' → '''sùmpfùsâsə''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-jǎla''' | '''çémě''' → '''çémějǎla''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-sùmpfù-la''' | '''pâṇṭá''' → '''pâṇṭásùmpfùla''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-vâhø-la''' | '''ńíńí''' → '''ńíńívâhøla''' | small → too small |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Energetic | '''vèṇṭṣá''' | to be sure of |- ! Conditional | '''kóvla''' | would be |- ! Potentional | '''ṇâṇ''' | to may |- ! Eventive | '''ṇóŋkə̀''' | would may |- ! Jussive | '''ṣèŋkxà''' | to should |- ! Precative | '''palí''' | to please, to request |- ! Necessitative | '''kxàŋà''' | to must |- ! Permissive | '''tóntsô''' | to allow |- ! Desiderative | '''jø̀ńcçé''' | to want |} ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''tsáts''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tlò''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} 518f8a7354a16d114786b00de50acc242161ab00 1875 1874 2014-04-12T20:39:55Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Noun to adjective */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Ampayrù |pronunciation = /ä<sup>m</sup>päjr̪ù/ |region = Seforma |familycolor = Proto-Ampayrù |map = ProtoAmpayrù.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Ampayrù}} }} == Phonology == ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! Bilabial ! Dental ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Pharyngeal ! Glottal |- ! Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | | |- ! Prenasalized stop | <sup>m</sup>p | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c | <sup>ŋ</sup>k | | |- ! Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | | ʔ |- ! Trill | | r̪ | | | | | |- ! Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |- ! Prensalized affricate | <sup>m</sup>p͡ɸ | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡s | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ʂ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ç | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡x | | |- ! Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | | |- ! Approximant | β̞ | | | j | | | |- ! Prenasalized lateral affricate | | <sup>n̪</sup>t̪͡ɬ | <sup>ɳ</sup>ʈ͡ɬ̢ | <sup>ɲ</sup>c͡ʎ̥ | <sup>ŋ</sup>k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral affricate | | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | | |- ! Lateral approximant | | l̪ | | | | | |} Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"| Front ! scope="col"| Central ! scope="col"| Back |- ! High | i | ɨ | u |- ! Mid-High | | ɘ ɵ | |- ! Mid-Low | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | | ä | |} ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)''' * '''C''' = any consonant * '''G''' = glide * '''V''' = any vowel * '''ʔ''' = glottal stop === Accent === Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress. === Tones === Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon. == Grammar == === Nouns === * split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts. (1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative) * indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative) * possessor (preffixes). ====Declension==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Nominative | - | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Accusative | -sà | '''varânkàsà''' | jaguar |- ! Absolutive | -no | '''varânkàno''' | jaguar |- ! Pegative | -li | '''varânkàli''' | jaguar |- ! Dative | -yǒ | '''varânkàyǒ''' | for jaguar |- ! Genitive | -ṣy | '''varânkàṣy''' | of jaguar |- ! Ablative | -wâ | '''varânkàwâ''' | from jaguar |- ! Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | '''varânkàmpì''' | by/in jaguar |} ====Noun class==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Human ! Masculine | -râ | '''tò'râ''' | man |- ! Feminine | -(n)tǔ | '''tòntǔ''' | woman |- | colspan=5 rowspan=1 | |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=1 | Non-Human ! Strong | -(n)kà | '''varânkà''' | jaguar |- ! Weak | -(n)clí | '''là'clí''' | slow water |} ====Number==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Singular | - | '''kǎkanankà''' | piranha |- ! Paucal | yè | '''kǎkanankà-yè''' | few piranhas |- ! Plural | má | '''kǎkanankà-má''' | piranhas |} ====Possessors==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè-'''' | rowspan=2 | my | '''-ànə''' | our but not your |- | '''-nènce''' | our and your |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò-''' | rowspan=2 | thy | '''ònce-''' | your |- | '''oncèrø̀-''' | your and their |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə-''' | him / her / its | '''érø̀-''' | their |} ====Relational nouns==== [Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending] ''' ''' ''"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 230px;" |- ! ṭə̀h | inside | in |- ! ṭə́h | top | on |- ! 'ámpfø̀ | head | above |- ! hùmpì | bottom | under |- ! táŋkê | side | beside |- ! klàmpá | distance | away |- ! tànclø̂ | centre | between |- ! kàmpfò | back | behind, after |- ! pfǎntò | outside | out |- ! kènkle | wheel | around |- ! hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |- ! mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |} === Verbs === * moods expressed by modal verbs. * subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun. * pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun. ====Aspectual system==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Unintentional ! colspan=3 | Intentional |- ! Incompletive | - | '''tèke''' | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | '''tèkefú''' | to burn (intentionally) |- ! Completive | -vì | '''tèkevì''' | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | '''tèkefûv''' | to burned (intentionally) |} ====Tense==== Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment: *'''past tenses''' are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment, *'''non-past tenses''' belong to nominative-accusative alignment. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;" ! Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | | to beat long ago |- ! Recent | -mŷ- | '''xàmpymŷ''' | to beat recently |- ! Present ~ Habitual | - | '''xàmpy''' | to beat |- ! Conditional | -(m)pfî- | '''xàmpympfî''' | would beat |} ====Voice==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | ! colspan=3 | Direct ! colspan=3 | Causative |- ! Active | - | '''tév''' | to see | -a- | '''téav''' | to show |- ! Reflexive | śì- | '''śìtév''' | to see self | śì- + -a- | '''śìtéav''' | to show self |} ====Evidentiality==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" ! Visual | - | '''klǒŋe''' | to speak (and it is visible) |- ! Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | '''klǒŋeŋklo''' | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |- ! Inferential | -hay | '''klǒŋehay''' | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |} ====Affirmativity==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Affirmative | - | '''tlòmpò''' | to lie, to be situated |- ! Negative | áy- | '''áytlòmpò''' | not to lie |- ! Interrogative | ô'- | '''ô'tlòmpò''' | whether to lie ? |} ====Non-finite verbs==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Action noun | -lê | '''vì'lê''' | drinking |- ! colspan=4 rawspan=1 | Participles |- ! Adjectival | -áśà | '''vì'áśà''' | drinking |- ! Adverbial | -áśû | '''vì'áśû''' | drinking |} ===Adjectives=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | - | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |- | '''fanó''' | '''ŋǒ fanó''' | '''pě fanó''' | '''ímpě fanó''' |- | good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Adverb=== ====Degrees of comparison==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Positive ! Comparative ! Optimative ! Superlative |- | ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |- | '''ø̀ fanó''' | '''ŋǒ ø̀ fanó''' | '''pě ø̀ fanó''' | '''ímpě ø̀ fanó''' |- | well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |} ===Numerals=== ====Cardinal numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 260px;" ! 1. | kène |- ! 2. | ûntlì |- ! 3. | tolosǔ |- ! 4. | ôyónta |- ! 5. | yasónkó |- ! 6. | kèntopě |- ! 7. | tárimě |- ! 8. | malîmpà |- ! 9. | pâvayà |- ! 10. | sùnkây |- ! 11. | sùnkây kène |- ! 12. | sùnkây ûntlì |- ! 20. | ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |- ! 100. | sùnklí' |- ! 101. | sùnklí' kène |- ! 120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |- ! 121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |- ! 200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |- ! 1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |- ! 10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |} ====Derived numerals==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | rowspan=2 | ! Ordinal ! Multiplicative ! Reproductive ! Distributive ! Fractional |- ! ''aò'' ! ''sân'' ! ''sâná'' ! ''alò''' ! ''âja'' |- ! 1. | '''aò kène''' | '''sân kène''' | '''sâná kène''' | '''alò' kène''' | '''âja kène''' |} === Pronouns === ====Personal pronouns==== =====Subjectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nè'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànə''' | we but not you |- | '''nènce''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pò''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''ònce''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnə''' | he / she / it | '''érø̀''' | they |} =====Objectives===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | ! colspan=2 | Singular ! colspan=2 | Plural |- ! rowspan=2 | 1. | rowspan=2 | '''nènə'''' | rowspan=2 | I | '''ànenə''' | we but not you |- | '''nèncenə''' | we and you |- ! rowspan=2 | 2. | rowspan=2 | '''pònə''' | rowspan=2 | thou | '''òncenə''' | you |- | '''oncèrø̀nə''' | you and they |- ! rowspan=2 | 3. | '''ǐnènə''' | he / she / it | '''érònə''' | they |} ====Demonstrative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Proper ! colspan=2 | Distant ! colspan=2 | Indefinite |- ! Person / Object | '''ṭṣí''' | this | '''kxé''' | that | '''pfǔ''' | someone / something there |- ! Place | '''ṭṣíntònta''' | here | '''kxéntònta''' | there | '''pfǔntònta''' | somewhere there |- ! Source | '''ṭṣíntòntasě''' | from here | '''kxéntòntasě''' | from there | '''pfǔntòntasě''' | from somewhere there |- ! Purpose direction | '''ṭṣíntòntasê''' | to here | '''kxéntòntasê''' | to there, so far | '''pfǔntòntasê''' | to somewhere there |- ! Path | '''ṭṣíŋkêvə''' | this way | '''kxéŋkêvə''' | that way | '''pfǔŋkêvə''' | some way |- ! Time | '''ṭṣímǎntə̀''' | now | '''kxémǎntə̀''' | then |- |- ! Method | '''tṣíńcíntla''' | in this way | '''kxéńcíntla''' | in that way | '''pfǔńcíntla''' | in some way |- ! Quantity | '''ṭṣímpǎ''' | so much |- ! Qualify | '''ṭṣíraŋká''' | like this here | '''kxéraŋká''' | like that | '''pfǔraŋká''' | like something there |- ! Reason | '''ṭṣíṭṣàrə́''' | for this reason | '''kxéṭṣàrə́''' | for that reason | '''pfǔṭṣàrə́''' | for some reason |} ====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Interrogative / Relative ! colspan=2 | Indefinite ! colspan=2 | Unlimited |- ! Person / Object | '''klý''' | who ? which ? | '''nỳklý''' | someone | '''sòklý''' | anyone |- ! Place | '''klýntònta''' | where ? | '''nỳklýntònta''' | somewhere | '''sòklýntònta''' | anywhere |- ! Source | '''klýntòntasě''' | whence ? | '''nỳklýntòntasě''' | from somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasě''' | from anywhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''klýntòntasê''' | whither ? | '''nỳklýntòntasê''' | to somewhere | '''sòklýntòntasê''' | to anywhere |- ! Path | '''klýŋkêvə''' | which way ? | '''nỳklýŋkêvə''' | via some way | '''sòklýŋkêvə''' | via any way |- ! Time | '''klýmǎntə̀''' | when ? | '''nỳklýmǎntə̀''' | once | '''sòklýmǎntə̀''' | ever |- ! Method | '''klýńcíntla''' | how ? | '''nỳklýńcíntla''' | somehow | '''sòklýńcíntla''' | anyhow |- ! Quantity | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | somehow much | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | anyhow much |- ! Quality | '''klýraŋká''' | which one ? | '''nỳklýraŋká''' | some | '''sòklýraŋká''' | any |- ! Reason | '''klýṭṣàrə́''' | why ? |- |} ====Negative, universal and alternative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- | ! colspan=2 | Negative ! colspan=2 | Universal ! colspan=2 | Alternative |- ! Person / Object | '''máklý''' | nobody, nothing | '''vámaklý''' | every | '''pîsòklý''' | anyone else |- ! Place | '''mántònta''' | nowhere | '''vámantònta''' | everywhere | '''pîsòntònta''' | elswhere |- ! Source | '''mántòntasě''' | from nowhere | '''vámantòntasě''' | from everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasě''' | from elswhere |- ! Purpose direction | '''mántòntasê''' | to nowhere | '''vámantòntasê''' | to everywhere | '''pîsòntòntasê''' | to elswhere |- ! Path | '''máŋkêvə''' | through no way | '''vámaŋkêvə''' | through all ways | '''pîsòŋkêvə''' | which way else |- ! Time | '''mámǎntə̀''' | never | '''vámamǎntə̀''' | always | '''pîsòmǎntə̀''' | when else |- ! Method | '''máńcíntla''' | nohow | '''vámańcíntla''' | in all methods | '''pîsòńcíntla''' | otherwise |- ! Quantity | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |- ! Quality | '''máraŋká''' | neuter, indistinct | '''vámaraŋká''' | any | '''pîsòraŋká''' | other |} ====Numeral pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 430px;" |- ! Interrogative / Relative | '''klýmpǎ''' | how much ? |- ! Indefinite | '''nỳklýmpǎ''' | write a number |- ! Unlimited | '''sòklýmpǎ''' | however many |- ! Negative | '''mámpǎ''' | nothing |- ! Alternative | '''pîsòmpǎ''' | otherwise than so many |} ====Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" |- ! Reflexive / Reciprocal | '''sî''' | oneself / each other |- ! Cooperative | '''jèsî''' | together cooperatively |} ===Postpositions=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 625px;" |- ! Companion, attributive object | '''là'''' | with ! Instrumental |- ! Originative direction | '''sě''' | from ! Genetive |- ! Destinative direction, purpose, goal | '''sê''' | to ! Genetive |- ! Lack | '''lǎ'''' | without ! Genetive |- ! Alternative | ''''ancla''' | instead ! Genetive |- ! Contrary | '''ṭlàlà''' | against ! Dative |- ! Resistance | '''tsárahè''' | despite, though ! Dative |- ! Stylization | '''tsáŋkarì''' | along to, according to ! Dative |- ! Benefactive | '''safâ''' | for, destined to ! Dative |- ! Essive | '''yê''' | as, at character of ! Absolutive |} ===Particles=== ====Conjunctions==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;" ! colspan=3 rawspan=1 | Paratactical conjunctions |- ! Copulative | '''tsa''' | and |- ! Conjunctive | '''tsahì''' | also |- ! Disjunctive | '''tó''' | or |- ! Contrastive, exceptional | '''tô''' | but |- ! Consequentive | '''kêre''' | so |- ! Comparative | '''tóre''' | than |- | colspan=3 | |- ! colspan=3 rowspan=1 | Hypotactical conjunctions |- | colspan=2 | '''ŋèlé''' | to, for |- | colspan=2 | '''mòŋa'ê''' | althought |- | colspan=2 | '''tòntlê''' | because |- | colspan=2 | '''kêntò''' | if |- | colspan=2 | '''sá''' | that, providing |} ====Modifiers==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" |- ! Restrictive | '''ø̀ kène''' | only |- ! Additive | '''ø̀ tlô''' | yet |} ====Polarity particles==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" ! Affirmative | '''pfà''' | yes |- ! Negative | '''ná''' | no |} ==Word formation== ===Compounding=== ===Derivation=== ====Noun==== ===== Noun to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Diminutive | '''ńíńí''' | '''cçájúli''' → '''cçájúli ńíńí''' | daughter → little daughter |- ! Augmentative | '''kampâ''' | '''tâmpùrù''' → '''tâmpùrù kampâ''' | mountain → grand mountain |- ! Contradiction | '''má''' | '''tò'râ''' → '''má tò'râ''' | human → non-human |- ! Similarity | '''ká'èṇṭe''' | '''tàntà''' → '''tàntà ká'èṇṭe''' | tree → pseudo-tree |- ! Half | '''tè'òt''' | '''súŋkú''' → '''súŋkú tè'òt''' | dog → half-dog |- ! Relational abstract | '''-sâsə''' | '''màŋky̌''' → '''màŋky̌sâsə''' | brother → brotherhood |- ! Related person | '''-áśà''' | '''mǔmáŋky''' → '''mǔmáŋky'áśà''' | cow → cowman |- ! Collective | '''-tâ''' | '''çáŋkalà''' → '''çáŋkalàtâ''' | bird → birds (a a collective) |- ! Place | '''-ntòntahì''' | ''''àmpâ''' → '''àmpântòntahì''' | fire → campfire |- ! Art / Craft | ''''ø̀ŋkxáj''' | '''vǎjpǔ''' → ''''ø̀ŋkxáj vǎjpǔṣy''' | war → craft of war |- ! Knowledge | '''tə̂jmà''' | '''sûńcerè''' → '''tə̂jmà sûńcerèṣy''' | herb → herbalism |- ! Expert | '''tə̂jmà'áśà''' | '''sûńcerè''' → '''tə̂jmà'áśà sûńcerèṣy''' | herb → herbalist |} =====Noun to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Possessive | '''-la''' | '''tò'râ''' → '''tò'râla''' | man → human |- ! Originative | '''-sě''' | '''táŋàŋka''' → '''táŋàŋkasě''' | sky → celestial |- ! Similaritive | '''ká'èṇṭe ...-la''' | '''mø̀lø̀ŋka''' → '''ká'èṇṭe mø̀lø̀ŋkala''' | cat → felid |- ! Feature | '''-la''' | '''śílà''' → '''śílàla''' | hair → hairy |- ! Affiliative | '''-la''' | '''kxè'ûntə''' → '''kxè'ûntəla''' | family → familiar |- ! Privative | '''ma-...-la''' | '''kòntla''' → '''kòntlala''' | tooth → toothless |} ====Verb==== =====Verb to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Agentive | '''-áśà''' | ''''àts-''' → ''''àtsáśà''' | (to) shoot → shooter |- ! Experiencer, adressee | '''-áśà-sî''' | '''têŋk-''' → '''têŋkáśàsî''' | (to) teach → learner |- ! Result | '''-jə̂''' | '''tàmpø-''' → '''tàmpøjə̂''' | (to) fall → (a) fall |- ! Instance | '''-jáj'''' | '''klǒŋe-''' → '''klǒŋejáj''' | (to) speak → speech |- ! Instrument | '''-tète''' | '''xàmp-''' → '''xàmptète''' | (to) beat → whip |- ! Place | '''-ntòntahì''' | '''tumu-''' → '''tumuntòntahì''' | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |} =====Verb to verb===== ====Adjective==== =====Adjective to noun===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Abstract | '''-sâsə''' | '''sùmpfù''' → '''sùmpfùsâsə''' | strong → strength |} =====Adjective to adjective===== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! Tendency | '''-jǎla''' | '''çémě''' → '''çémějǎla''' | good → bland |- ! Intensification | '''-sùmpfù-la''' | '''pâṇṭá''' → '''pâṇṭásùmpfùla''' | big → very big |- ! Excess | '''-vâhø-la''' | '''ńíńí''' → '''ńíńívâhøla''' | small → too small |} == Syntax == ===Word order=== * SOV * head-initial ===Modal verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" ! Energetic | '''vèṇṭṣá''' | to be sure of |- ! Conditional | '''kóvla''' | would be |- ! Potentional | '''ṇâṇ''' | to may |- ! Eventive | '''ṇóŋkə̀''' | would may |- ! Jussive | '''ṣèŋkxà''' | to should |- ! Precative | '''palí''' | to please, to request |- ! Necessitative | '''kxàŋà''' | to must |- ! Permissive | '''tóntsô''' | to allow |- ! Desiderative | '''jø̀ńcçé''' | to want |} ===Copular verbs=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 258px;" ! Translative | '''tsáts''' | became |- ! Essive | '''tlò''' | be |} == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} bf0634c96aff5da048db9b33c7ef059ed7f9e02a Proto-Araqish dialects 0 213 1876 1623 2014-04-13T14:21:08Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːrɔn] | [] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [deɲsu] | [dʰeɲsu] | [] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [cʰorot] | [cʰoɺot] | [] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [nä] | [nä] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] | [nɔ] | [] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [kuː] | [] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːx] | [] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [säː] | [ʂäː] | [sɔː] | [ʂɑː] | [xɔː] | [] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢɔː] | [gɑː] | [gʰɔː] | [] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] | [] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [oːmä] | [oːmä] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] | [oːmɔ] | [] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːhä] | [ɛːsä] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] | [ɛːsɔ] | [] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [moːðʰ] | [moːdʰ] | [moːd] | [moːd] | [moːdʰ] | [] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bɔːbɔː] | [bɑːbɑː] | [bʰɔːbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [quːn] | [ʔuːn] | [quːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] | [] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰjos] | wise | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [] |- | '''ala''' [ɑɾɑ] | eye | [äɾä] | [äɾä] | [ɔrɔ] | [ɑrɑ] | [ɔɺɔ] | [] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [gʰint] | [gʰint] | [gint] | [ɟint] | [ɟʰint] | [] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] | round, globular object | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢoːl] | [goːl] | [gʰoːɺ] | [] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢɔːnɔː] | [gɑːnɑː] | [gʰɔːnɔː] | [] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [θʰäːðʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːdʰ] | [] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [mʋäl] | [mʋäl] | [mʋɔl] | [mʋɑl] | [mʋɔɺ] | [] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [qubʰmä] | [ʔubʰmä] | [qubmɔ] | [kubmɑ] | [kuːbʰmɔ] | [] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ixpɛː] | [] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [bʰäːkep] | [bʰäːkep] | [bɔkep] | [bʰɑːcep] | [bʰɔːcep] | [] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [bʰäkθän] | [bʰäktän] | [bɔktɔn] | [bɑktɑn] | [bʰɔctɔn] | [] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [puːɾuː] | [puːɾuː] | [puːruː] | [puːruː] | [puːɺuː] | [] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [mɔːʋθʰäːðʰäh] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰäs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɑs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɔs] | [] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːnðʰ] | [bɔːnd] | [bɔːnd] | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [gʰonðʰel] | [gʰondʰel] | [gondel] | [ɟondel] | [ɟʰondʰeɺ] | [] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [ɔːgʰðʰel] | [hɔːgʰdʰel] | [ɔːgdel] | [ɔːɟdel] | [ɔːɟʰdʰel] | [] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [ägʰɔːnän] | [ägʰɔːnɛn] | [ɔgɔːnan] | [ɑɟɔːnan] | [ɔɟʰɔːnan] | [] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [mäːθθʰän] | [mɛːtʰtʰän] | [maːddɔn] | [maːddɑn] | [maːddʰɔn] | [] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [mäːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdʰmi] | [] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [huːkt͡sʰäp] | [suːkʰt͡sʰäp] | [suːktʰjɔp] | [suːctjɑp] | [suːɟdʰjɔp] | [] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [bʰäːbʰäːkänθ] | [bʰäbʰäːkänt] | [bɔːbɔːkɔnt] | [bɑːbɑːcɑnt] | [bʰɔːbʰɔːcɔnt] | [] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːc] | [puːɺuːʋiːc] | [] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [d͡zʰäːldʰäː] | [d͡zʰɛːldʰäː] | [djaːldɔː] | [djaːldɑː] | [dʰjaːɺdʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [kʰäːsäː] | [kʰäːʂäː] | [kʰɔːsɔː] | [cʰɑːʂɑː] | [cʰɔːxɔː] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [sʋäːlnän] | [ʂʋäːlnɛn] | [sʋaːlnan] | [ʂʋaːlnan] | [xʋaːɺnan] | [] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [sʋäːl] | [ʂʋäːl] | [sʋaːl] | [ʂʋaːl] | [xʋaːl] | [] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] | [] |- | '''keṇk''' [keŋk] | wheel | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [ceɲc] | [ceɲc] | [] |- | '''phôr''' [pʰɔːl] | front | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] | side of body | [bʰjäːh] | [bʰjɛːs] | [bjaːs] | [bjaːs] | [bʰjaːs] | [] |- | '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] | high | [ɢʰiːθʰ] | [ɢʰiːtʰ] | [ɢiːtʰ] | [giːtʰ] | [gʰiːtʰ] | [] |- | '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑː] | deity | [ɢʰiːððʰäː] | [ɢʰiːdʰdʰäː] | [ɢiːddɔː] | [giːddɑː] | [gʰiːddʰɔː] | [] |- | '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] | shooter | [kustθän] | [kuʂʈtän] | [kusttɔn] | [kuʂʈtɑn] | [kuxktɔn] | [] |- | '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] | flower | [ɾänθeː] | [ɾänteː] | [rɔnteː] | [rɑnteː] | [ɺɔnteː] | [] |- | '''rár''' [rɑːl] | sunshine | [ɾäːl] | [ɾäːl] | [rɔːl] | [rɑːl] | [ɺɔːɺ] | [] |- | '''xǽy''' [haːj] | warm | [äːj] | [hɛːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [] |- | '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] | full | [qʰäːp] | [qʰäːp] | [qʰɔːp] | [kʰɑːp] | [kʰɔːp] | [] |- | '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] | word | [ɾ̝äːs] | [ɾ̝ɛːʂ] | [r̝aːs] | [raːʂ] | [ɺaːx] | [] |- | '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | wild | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʋɔlɢ] | [gʋɔlg] | [gʰʋɔɺg] | [] |- | '''kasik''' [kɑsik] | garlic | [kähik] | [käsik] | [kɔsik] | [cɑsic] | [cɔsic] | [] |- | '''mesin''' [mesin] | cherry | [mehin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [] |- | '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] | olive | [θʰɔqi] | [tʰɔʔi] | [tʰɔqi] | [tʰɔki] | [tʰɔki] | [] |- | '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] | cotton | [ʋätʰäː] | [ʋɛtʰɛː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [] |- | '''bís''' [bʰiːs] | bee | [bʰiːh] | [bʰiːs] | [biːs] | [biːs] | [bʰiːs] | [] |- | '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] | plum | [t͡sʰɛs] | [t͡sʰɛʂ] | [tʰjɛs] | [tʰjɛʂ] | [tʰjɛx] | [] |- | '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] | flax | [ɛmɛ] | [hɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [] |- | '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] | dhole | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gɔːˈɔn] | [ɟɑːˈɔn] | [ɟɔːˈɔn] | [] |- | '''phárs''' [pʰɑːls] | leopard | [pʰäːlh] | [pʰäːls] | [pʰɔls] | [pʰɑls] | [pʰɔls] | [] |- | '''pínté''' [piːnteː] | cheetah | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [] |- | '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] | lion | [ɢʰäːldʰ] | [ɢʰäɭɖʰ] | [ɢɔld] | [gɑɭɖ] | [gʰɔːɺgʰ] | [] |- | '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] | snake | [häːˈokʰ] | [sɛːˈokʰ] | [saːˈokʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [] |- | '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] | cobra | [mäbʰuː] | [mäbʰuː] | [mɔbuː] | [mɑbuː] | [mɔbʰuː] | [] |- | '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] | mongoose | [ähkäs] | [häskäʂ] | [ɔskɔs] | [ɑscɑʂ] | [ɔscɔx] | [] |- | '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] | fish | [gʰepʰjo] | [gʰepʰjo] | [gepʰjo] | [ɟepʰjo] | [ɟʰepʰjo] | [] |- | '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] | hyaena | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [] |- | '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] | civet | [kʰutä] | [kʰuʈä] | [kʰutɔ] | [cʰuʈɑ] | [cʰukɔ] | [] |- | '''phyǽy''' [pʰjaːʋ] | peafowl | [pʰjäːj] | [pʰjɛːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [] |- | '''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] | ibex | [bʰidʰäl] | [bʰiɖʰäl] | [bidɔl] | [bidɑl] | [bʰigʰɔɺ] | [] |- | '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] | sheep | [gʰoθʰis] | [gʰotʰiʂ] | [gotʰis] | [ɟotʰiʂ] | [ɟotʰix] | [] |- | '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] | monkey | [qʰɔbʰäː] | [qʰɔbʰäː] | [qʰɔbɔː] | [kʰɔbɑː] | [kʰɔbʰɔː] | [] |- | '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] | elephant | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [ɛbɛːn] | [ɛbɛːn] | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [] |- | '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] | caracal | [qäðʰjiːh] | [ʔädʰjiːs] | [qɔdjiːs] | [kɑdjiːs] | [kɔdʰjiːs] | [] |- | '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] | shark | [kʰoɾäːk] | [kʰoɾäːk] | [kʰorɔːk] | [cʰorɑːc] | [cʰoɺɔːc] | [] |- | '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] | eagle | [mɲɛːl] | [mɲɛːl] | [mjɛːl] | [mjɛːl] | [mjɛːɺ] | [] |- | '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] | oak | [ðʰänðʰɛ] | [dʰändʰɛ] | [dɔndɛ] | [dɑndɛ] | [dʰɔndʰɛ] | [] |- | '''khoson''' [kʰoson] | pine | [kʰohon] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [] |- | '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] | cedar | [ðʰäθʰuːðʰ] | [dʰätʰuːdʰ] | [dɔtʰuːd] | [dɑtʰuːd] | [dʰɔtʰuːdʰ] | [] |- | '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] | head | [käðʰuq] | [kädʰuʔ] | [kɔduq] | [cɑduk] | [cɔdʰuk] | [] |- | '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] | auroch | [gʰuːldʰ] | [gʰuːɭɖʰ] | [guːld] | [ɟuːlɖ] | [ɟʰuːɺgʰ] | [] |- | '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] | cattle | [mäːɴ̻qθʰeː] | [mäɴ̻qʰtʰeː] | [mɔɴ̻qtʰeː] | [mɑŋ̊qteː] | [mɔŋɢdʰeː] | [] |- | '''ġúmb''' [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | gaur | [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | [ɢuːmb] | [guːmb] | [gʰuːmbʰ] | [] |- | '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | banteng | [moːðʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | [moːdɢuːmb] | [moːdguːmb] | [moːdgʰuːmbʰ] | [] |- | '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] | horn | [tʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [kʰuːɺ] | [] |- | '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] | meadow | [ʋäːnjɔː] | [ʋɛːnjɔː] | [ʋaːnjɔː] | [ʋaːnjɔː] | [ʋanjɔː] | [] |- | '''ramba''' [ɾɑmbʰɑ] | tiger | [ɾämbʰä] | [ɾämbʰä] | [rɔmbɔ] | [rɑmbɑ] | [ɺɔmbʰɔ] | [] |- | '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] | dolphin | [äsʋämin] | [häʂʋämin] | [ɔsʋɔmin] | [ɑʂʋɑmin] | [ɔxʋɔmin] | [] |- | '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] | rye | [häɾiːl] | [säɾiːl] | [sɔriːl] | [sɑriːl] | [sɔɺiːɺ] | [] |- | '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] | hemp | [tämpʰiː] | [ʈämpʰiː] | [tɔmpʰiː] | [ʈɑmpʰiː] | [kɔmpʰiː] | [] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} dc7c38afdb97c0782e8b181ff19d3b6aee02aeab 1878 1876 2014-04-13T16:59:35Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Proto-Araqish language | Proto-Araqish]]''' is protolanguage spoken in Eastern [[Originalia]]. It is divided on six main regional dialects, separated from each other by geographical and cultural conditions. == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ dʰ s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ ʂ | t tʰ d s | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ʂ | k kʰ gʰ x | tˠ tʰˠ dʰˠ sˠ |- | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | θ θʰ θʰ h | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ d s | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ s̪ | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ s̪ | t tʰ dʰ s |- | ɾ~ɽ~l~ɭ | ɾ l | ɾ ɽ l ɭ | r l | r~ɽ l~ɭ | ɺ | ɾ |- | a aː | ä äː | ɛ ɛː | a aː | a aː | a aː | ɛ ɛː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ä äː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː | ɔ ɔː | ɑ ɑː |- | h | ø | h | ø | ø | ø | h |- | k | k | k | k | c | c | c |- | q | q | ʔ | q | k | k | k |- | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ t̪ʰ kʰ cʰ kʰ | pʰ tʰ tʰˠ cʰ kʰ |- | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ dʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ d̪ʰ ɖʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d d g ɢ | b d̪ ɖ ɟ g | bʰ d̪ʰ gʰ ɟʰ gʰ | bʰ dʰ dˠʰ ɟʰ gʰ |- | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | t̪͡s t̪͡sʰ d̪͡zʰ | tj tʰj dj | tj tʰj dj | t̪j t̪ʰj d̪ʰj | tj tʰj dʰj |- | ʈj ʈʰj ɖʰj | t͡s t͡sʰ d͡zʰ | ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʰ ɖ͡ʐʰ | tj tʰj dj | ʈj ʈʰj ɖj | kj kʰj gʰj | tˠj tʰˠj dʰˠj |- | kj kʰj gʰj | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ d͡ʒʰ | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gj | kj kʰj gʰj | kj kʰj gʰj |- | P + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Pʰ + Bʰ | BBʰ | BʰBʰ | BB | BB | BBʰ | BʰBʰ |- | Bʰ + P | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PP | BBʰ | PPʰ |- | Bʰ + Pʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | PPʰ | PʰPʰ | BBʰ | PʰPʰ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | split-active alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment | ergative-accusative alignment |- | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | secundative ditransitive alignment | three-way patient | indirective ditransitive alignment | indirective ditransitive alignment |- | 8 cases | 8 cases | various new cases | various new cases | few new cases | cases reduction | various new cases |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Araqish ! colspan=2 | Northern ! colspan=2 | Center ! colspan=2 | Southern |- ! Western ! Eastern ! Northern ! Southern ! Western ! Eastern |- | '''xáṣva''' [hɑːʂʋɑ] | sea | [äːsʋä] | [häːʂʋä] | [ɔːsʋɔ] | [ɑːʂʋɑ] | [ɔːxʋɔ] | [hɑːsˠʋɑ] |- | '''qêm''' [qɛːm] | earth, land | [qɛːm] | [ʔɛːm] | [qɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] | [kɛːm] |- | '''qanq''' [qɑɴq] | stone | [qäɴq] | [ʔäŋʔ] | [qɔɴq] | [kɑŋk] | [kɔŋk] | [kɑŋk] |- | '''règ''' [ɾɛgʰ] | wolf | [ɾɛgʰ] | [ɾɛgʰ] | [rɛg] | [rɛɟ] | [rɛɟʰ] | [ɾɛɟʰ] |- | '''áran''' [ɑːɾɑn] | lake | [äːɾän] | [äːɾän] | [ɔːrɔn] | [ɑːrɑn] | [ɔːɺɔn] | [ɑːɾɑn] |- | '''goṣ''' [gʰoʂ] | coast, bank, edge | [gʰos] | [gʰoʂ] | [gos] | [ɟoʂ] | [ɟʰox] | [ɟʰosˠ] |- | '''samar''' [sɑmɑl] | green | [hämäl] | [sämäl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑl] | [sɔmɔl] | [sɑmɑɾ] |- | '''tap''' [tɑp] | hill | [θäp] | [täp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] | [tɔp] | [tɑp] |- | '''xvaq''' [hʋɑq] | horse | [ʋäq] | [hʋäʔ] | [ʋɔq] | [ʋɑq] | [ʋɔk] | [hʋɑk] |- | '''hvôr''' [hʋɔːl] | sun | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [ʋɔːl] | [hʋɔːɾ] |- | '''deṇsu''' [dʰeŋsu] | sky | [ðʰeŋsu] | [dʰensu] | [deŋsu] | [deɲsu] | [dʰeɲsu] | [dʰeŋsu] |- | '''khorot''' [kʰoɾot] | moon | [kʰoɾoθ] | [kʰoɾot] | [kʰorot] | [cʰorot] | [cʰoɺot] | [cʰoɾot] |- | '''mat''' [mɑt] | time | [mäθ] | [mät] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] | [mɔt] | [mɑt] |- | '''ryôn''' [ɾjɔːn] | night | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [ɾ̝ɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [rjɔːn] | [ɾjɔːn] |- | '''ġab''' [ɢʰɑbʰ] | big, great | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢʰäbʰ] | [ɢɔb] | [gɑb] | [gʰɔbʰ] | [gʰɑbʰ] |- | '''dôm''' [dʰɔːm] | thunder | [ðʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] | [dʰɔːm] |- | '''qúq''' [quːq] | milk | [quːq] | [ʔuːʔ] | [quːq] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] | [kuːk] |- | '''dyǽr''' [dʰjaːl] | mountain | [d͡zʰäːl] | [d͡zʰɛːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːl] | [djaːɺ] | [djɛːɾ] |- | '''eṣa''' [eʂɑ] | light | [esä] | [eʂä] | [esɔ] | [eʂɑ] | [exɔ] | [esˠɑ] |- | '''yúv''' [juːʋ] | water | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] | [juːʋ] |- | '''ṭand''' [ʈɑndʰ] | source, spring | [tänð] | [ʈändʰ] | [tɔnd] | [ʈɑnd] | [kɔndʰ] | [tˠɑndʰ] |- | '''min''' [min] | man | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] | [min] |- | '''tǽt''' [taːt] | good | [θäːθ] | [tɛːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [taːt] | [tɛːt] |- | '''òr''' [ɔl] | one | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔl] | [ɔɺ] | [ɔɾ] |- | '''ḍaxá''' [ɖʰɑhɑː] | two | [däˈäː] | [ɖʰähäː] | [dɔˈɔː] | [dɑˈɑː] | [gɔˈɔː] | [dˠʰɑhɑː] |- | '''taryú''' [tɑljuː] | three | [θäʎuː] | [täʎuː] | [tɔljuː] | [tɑljuː] | [tɔɺjuː] | [tɑɾjuː] |- | '''ambuqi''' [ɑmbʰuqi] | four | [ämbʰuqi] | [ämbʰuʔi] | [ɔmbuqi] | [ɑmbuki] | [ɔmbʰuki] | [ɑmbʰuki] |- | '''khadru''' [kʰɑdʰɾu] | five | [kʰäðʰɾu] | [kʰädʰɾu] | [kʰɔdru] | [kʰɑdru] | [kʰɔdʰɺu] | [cʰɑdʰɾu] |- | '''khaṣḍu''' [kʰɑʂɖʰu] | six | [kʰäʒdʰu] | [kʰäʐɖʰu] | [kʰɔzdu] | [kʰɑʐɖu] | [kʰɔɣgʰu] | [cʰɑsˠdˠʰu] |- | '''tôqtu''' [tɔːqtu] | seven | [θɔːqθu] | [tɔːʔtu] | [tɔːqtu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] | [tɔːktu] |- | '''kyáskhu''' [kjɑːskʰu] | eight | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [t͡ʃäːskʰu] | [kjɔːskʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] | [cjɔːscʰu] | [cjɑːscʰu] |- | '''davsu''' [dʰɑʋsu] | nine | [ðʰäʋsu] | [dʰäʋsu] | [dɔʋsu] | [dɑʋsu] | [dʰɔʋsu] | [dʰɑʋsu] |- | '''máthu''' [mɑːtʰu] | ten | [mäθʰu] | [mäːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] | [mɔːtʰu] | [mɑːtʰu] |- | '''ḍaxmáthu''' [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] | twenty | [dʰäːmäːθʰu] | [ɖʰähmäːtʰu] | [dɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖɑːmɑːtʰu] | [gʰɔːmɔːtʰu] | [ɖʰɑhmɑːtʰu] |- | '''mamêth''' [mɑmɛːtʰ] | (one) hundred | [mämɛːθʰ] | [mämɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] | [mɔmɛːtʰ] | [mɑmɛːtʰ] |- | '''varmêth''' [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | (one) thousand | [ʋälmɛːθʰ] | [ʋälmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɔlmɛːtʰ] | [ʋɑɾmɛːtʰ] |- | '''meṣṭe''' [meʂʈe] | cat | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [meste] | [meʂʈe] | [mexke] | [mesˠtˠe] |- | '''xôg''' [hɔːgʰ] | fire | [ɔːgʰ] | [hɔːgʰ] | [ɔːg] | [ɔːɟ] | [ɔːɟʰ] | [hɔːɟʰ] |- | '''dumb''' [dʰumbʰ] | tree | [ðʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dumb] | [dumb] | [dʰumbʰ] | [dʰumbʰ] |- | '''bák''' [bʰɑːk] | cow | [bʰäːk] | [bʰäk] | [bɔːk] | [bɑːc] | [bʰɔːc] | [bʰɑːc] |- | '''agô''' [ɑgʰɔː] | brother | [ägʰɔː] | [ägʰɔː] | [ɔgɔː] | [ɑɟɔː] | [ɔɟʰɔː] | [ɑɟʰɔː] |- | '''súg''' [suːgʰ] | dog | [suːgʰ] | [suːgʰ] | [suːg] | [suːɟ] | [suːɟʰ] | [suːɟʰ] |- | '''na''' [nɑ] | I | [nä] | [nä] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] | [nɔ] | [nɑ] |- | '''khú''' [kʰuː] | thou here | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [kʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] | [cʰuː] |- | '''ṭú''' [ʈuː] | thou there | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [tuː] | [ʈuː] | [kuː] | [tˠuː] |- | '''óm''' [oːm] | he / she / it here | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] | [oːm] |- | '''ês''' [ɛːʂ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːs] | [ɛːʂ] | [ɛːx] | [ɛːsˠ] |- | '''ṣá''' [ʂɑː] | someone here | [säː] | [ʂäː] | [sɔː] | [ʂɑː] | [xɔː] | [sˠɑː] |- | '''ġá''' [ɢɑː] | someone there | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢʰäː] | [ɢɔː] | [gɑː] | [gʰɔː] | [gʰɑː] |- | '''mé''' [meː] | we | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] | [meː] |- | '''ṇé''' [ŋeː] | you here | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ŋeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] | [ɲeː] |- | '''yó''' [joː] | you there | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] | [joː] |- | '''óma''' [oːmɑ] | he / she / it here | [oːmä] | [oːmä] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] | [oːmɔ] | [oːmɑ] |- | '''êsa''' [ɛːsɑ] | he / she / it there | [ɛːhä] | [ɛːsä] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] | [ɛːsɔ] | [ɛːsɑ] |- | '''mód''' [moːdʰ] | house | [moːðʰ] | [moːdʰ] | [moːd] | [moːd] | [moːdʰ] | [moːdʰ] |- | '''bábá''' [bʰɑːbʰɑː] | war | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bʰäːbʰäː] | [bɔːbɔː] | [bɑːbɑː] | [bʰɔːbʰɔː] | [bʰɑːbʰɑː] |- | '''qún''' [quːn] | fate | [quːn] | [ʔuːn] | [quːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] | [kuːn] |- | '''phyos''' [pʰjos] | wise | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] | [pʰjos] |- | '''ala''' [ɑɾɑ] | eye | [äɾä] | [äɾä] | [ɔrɔ] | [ɑrɑ] | [ɔɺɔ] | [ɑɾɑ] |- | '''gint''' [gʰint] | hand | [gʰint] | [gʰint] | [gint] | [ɟint] | [ɟʰint] | [ɟʰint] |- | '''ġór''' [ɢʰoːl] | round, globular object | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢʰoːl] | [ɢoːl] | [goːl] | [gʰoːɺ] | [gʰoːɾ] |- | '''ġáná''' [ɢʰɑːnɑː] | family, lineage | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢʰäːnäː] | [ɢɔːnɔː] | [gɑːnɑː] | [gʰɔːnɔː] | [gʰɑːnɑː] |- | '''thǽd ''' [tʰaːdʰ] | tooth | [θʰäːðʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːd] | [tʰaːdʰ] | [tʰɛːdʰ] |- | '''mvar''' [mʋɑl] | hair, fur | [mʋäl] | [mʋäl] | [mʋɔl] | [mʋɑl] | [mʋɔɺ] | [mʋɑɾ] |- | '''qubma''' [qubʰmɑ] | fall | [qubʰmä] | [ʔubʰmä] | [qubmɔ] | [kubmɑ] | [kuːbʰmɔ] | [kuːbʰmɑ] |- | '''iṣpê''' [iʂpɛː] | speech | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ispɛː] | [iʂpɛː] | [ixpɛː] | [isˠpɛː] |- | '''bákep''' [bʰɑːkep] | hammer | [bʰäːkep] | [bʰäːkep] | [bɔkep] | [bʰɑːcep] | [bʰɔːcep] | [bʰɑːcep] |- | '''báktan''' [bʰɑktɑn] | cowman | [bʰäkθän] | [bʰäktän] | [bɔktɔn] | [bɑktɑn] | [bʰɔctɔn] | [bʰɑctɑn] |- | '''púrú''' [puːɾuː] | meal | [puːɾuː] | [puːɾuː] | [puːruː] | [puːruː] | [puːɺuː] | [puːɾuː] |- | '''môvthǽdas''' [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] | toothless | [mɔːʋθʰäːðʰäh] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰäs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdɑs] | [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɔs] | [mɔːʋtʰɛːdʰɑs] |- | '''bônd''' [bʰɔːndʰ] | strong | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːnðʰ] | [bɔːnd] | [bɔːnd] | [bʰɔːndʰ] | [bʰɔːndʰ] |- | '''gonder''' [gʰondʰel] | slaughterhouse | [gʰonðʰel] | [gʰondʰel] | [gondel] | [ɟondel] | [ɟʰondʰeɺ] | [ɟʰondʰeɾ] |- | '''xôgder''' [hɔːgʰdʰel] | campfire | [ɔːgʰðʰel] | [hɔːgʰdʰel] | [ɔːgdel] | [ɔːɟdel] | [ɔːɟʰdʰel] | [hɔːɟʰdʰeɾ] |- | '''agônæn''' [ɑgʰɔːnan] | brotherhood | [ägʰɔːnän] | [ägʰɔːnɛn] | [ɔgɔːnan] | [ɑɟɔːnan] | [ɔɟʰɔːnan] | [ɑɟʰɔːnɛn] |- | '''mǽdtan''' [maːdʰtɑn] | teacher | [mäːθθʰän] | [mɛːtʰtʰän] | [maːddɔn] | [maːddɑn] | [maːddʰɔn] | [mɛːttʰɑn] |- | '''mǽdmi''' [maːdʰmi] | learner | [mäːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdmi] | [maːdʰmi] | [mɛːdʰmi] |- | '''súgtyap''' [suːgʰtjɑp] | half-dog | [huːkt͡sʰäp] | [suːkʰt͡sʰäp] | [suːktʰjɔp] | [suːctjɑp] | [suːɟdʰjɔp] | [suːɟʰtjɑp] |- | '''bábákant''' [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] | craft of war | [bʰäːbʰäːkänθ] | [bʰäbʰäːkänt] | [bɔːbɔːkɔnt] | [bɑːbɑːcɑnt] | [bʰɔːbʰɔːcɔnt] | [bʰɑːbʰɑːcɑnt] |- | '''púrúvík''' [puːɾuːʋik] | bread | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːɾuːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːk] | [puːruːʋiːc] | [puːɺuːʋiːc] | [puːɾuːʋiːc] |- | '''dyǽrdá''' [dʰjaːldʰɑː] | grand mountain | [d͡zʰäːldʰäː] | [d͡zʰɛːldʰäː] | [djaːldɔː] | [djaːldɑː] | [dʰjaːɺdʰɔː] | [dʰjɛːɾdʰɑː] |- | '''kháṣá''' [kʰɑːʂɑː] | daughter | [kʰäːsäː] | [kʰäːʂäː] | [kʰɔːsɔː] | [cʰɑːʂɑː] | [cʰɔːxɔː] | [cʰɑːsˠɑː] |- | '''ṣvǽrnæn''' [ʂʋaːlnan] | star | [sʋäːlnän] | [ʂʋäːlnɛn] | [sʋaːlnan] | [ʂʋaːlnan] | [xʋaːɺnan] | [sˠʋɛːɾnɛn] |- | '''ṣvǽr''' [ʂʋaːl] | gold | [sʋäːl] | [ʂʋäːl] | [sʋaːl] | [ʂʋaːl] | [xʋaːl] | [sˠʋɛːɾ] |- | '''khèdín''' [kʰɛdʰiːn] | copper | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdʰiːn] | [kʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] | [cʰɛdʰiːn] |- | '''keṇk''' [keŋk] | wheel | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [keŋk] | [ceɲc] | [ceɲc] | [ceɲc] |- | '''phôr''' [pʰɔːl] | front | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːl] | [pʰɔːɺ] | [pʰɔːɾ] |- | '''byǽs''' [bʰjaːs] | side of body | [bʰjäːh] | [bʰjɛːs] | [bjaːs] | [bjaːs] | [bʰjaːs] | [bʰjɛːs] |- | '''ġíth''' [ɢʰiːtʰ] | high | [ɢʰiːθʰ] | [ɢʰiːtʰ] | [ɢiːtʰ] | [giːtʰ] | [gʰiːtʰ] | [gʰiːtʰ] |- | '''ġíthdá''' [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑː] | deity | [ɢʰiːððʰäː] | [ɢʰiːdʰdʰäː] | [ɢiːddɔː] | [giːddɑː] | [gʰiːddʰɔː] | [gʰiːtʰtʰɑː] |- | '''kuṣṭtan''' [kuʂʈtɑn] | shooter | [kustθän] | [kuʂʈtän] | [kusttɔn] | [kuʂʈtɑn] | [kuxktɔn] | [kusˠtˠtɑn] |- | '''ranté''' [ɾɑnteː] | flower | [ɾänθeː] | [ɾänteː] | [rɔnteː] | [rɑnteː] | [ɺɔnteː] | [ɾɑnteː] |- | '''rár''' [rɑːl] | sunshine | [ɾäːl] | [ɾäːl] | [rɔːl] | [rɑːl] | [ɺɔːɺ] | [ɾɑːɾ] |- | '''xǽy''' [haːj] | warm | [äːj] | [hɛːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [aːj] | [hɛːj] |- | '''qháp''' [qʰɑːp] | full | [qʰäːp] | [qʰäːp] | [qʰɔːp] | [kʰɑːp] | [kʰɔːp] | [kʰɑːp] |- | '''ryǽṣ''' [ɾjaːʂ] | word | [ɾ̝äːs] | [ɾ̝ɛːʂ] | [r̝aːs] | [raːʂ] | [ɺaːx] | [ɾjɛːsˠ] |- | '''ġvòrġ''' [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | wild | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] | [ɢʋɔlɢ] | [gʋɔlg] | [gʰʋɔɺg] | [gʰʋɔɾgʰ] |- | '''kasik''' [kɑsik] | garlic | [kähik] | [käsik] | [kɔsik] | [cɑsic] | [cɔsic] | [cɑsic] |- | '''mesin''' [mesin] | cherry | [mehin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] | [mesin] |- | '''thòqi''' [tʰɔqi] | olive | [θʰɔqi] | [tʰɔʔi] | [tʰɔqi] | [tʰɔki] | [tʰɔki] | [tʰɔki] |- | '''væthǽ''' [ʋatʰaː] | cotton | [ʋätʰäː] | [ʋɛtʰɛː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋatʰaː] | [ʋɛtʰɛː] |- | '''bís''' [bʰiːs] | bee | [bʰiːh] | [bʰiːs] | [biːs] | [biːs] | [bʰiːs] | [bʰiːs] |- | '''thyèṣ''' [tʰjɛʂ] | plum | [t͡sʰɛs] | [t͡sʰɛʂ] | [tʰjɛs] | [tʰjɛʂ] | [tʰjɛx] | [tʰjɛsˠ] |- | '''xèmè''' [hɛmɛ] | flax | [ɛmɛ] | [hɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [ɛmɛ] | [hɛmɛ] |- | '''gáòn''' [gʰɑːˈɔn] | dhole | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gʰäːˈɔn] | [gɔːˈɔn] | [ɟɑːˈɔn] | [ɟɔːˈɔn] | [ɟʰɑːˈɔn] |- | '''phárs''' [pʰɑːls] | leopard | [pʰäːlh] | [pʰäːls] | [pʰɔls] | [pʰɑls] | [pʰɔls] | [pʰɔɾs] |- | '''pínté''' [piːnteː] | cheetah | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] | [piːnteː] |- | '''ġárḍ''' [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] | lion | [ɢʰäːldʰ] | [ɢʰäɭɖʰ] | [ɢɔld] | [gɑɭɖ] | [gʰɔːɺgʰ] | [gʰɑːɽɖʰ] |- | '''sǽokh''' [saːˈokʰ] | snake | [häːˈokʰ] | [sɛːˈokʰ] | [saːˈokʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [saːˈocʰ] | [sɛːˈocʰ] |- | '''mabú''' [mɑbʰuː] | cobra | [mäbʰuː] | [mäbʰuː] | [mɔbuː] | [mɑbuː] | [mɔbʰuː] | [mɑbʰuː] |- | '''xaskaṣ''' [hɑskɑʂ] | mongoose | [ähkäs] | [häskäʂ] | [ɔskɔs] | [ɑscɑʂ] | [ɔscɔx] | [hɑskɑsˠ] |- | '''gephyo''' [gʰepʰjo] | fish | [gʰepʰjo] | [gʰepʰjo] | [gepʰjo] | [ɟepʰjo] | [ɟʰepʰjo] | [ɟʰepʰjo] |- | '''vóyté''' [ʋoːjteː] | hyaena | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] | [ʋoːjteː] |- | '''khuṭa''' [kʰuʈɑ] | civet | [kʰutä] | [kʰuʈä] | [kʰutɔ] | [cʰuʈɑ] | [cʰukɔ] | [cʰutˠɑ] |- | '''phyǽy''' [pʰjaːj] | peafowl | [pʰjäːj] | [pʰjɛːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [pʰjaːj] | [pʰjɛːj] |- | '''biḍar''' [bʰiɖʰɑl] | ibex | [bʰidʰäl] | [bʰiɖʰäl] | [bidɔl] | [bidɑl] | [bʰigʰɔɺ] | [bʰiɖʰɑɾ] |- | '''gothiṣ''' [gʰotʰiʂ] | sheep | [gʰoθʰis] | [gʰotʰiʂ] | [gotʰis] | [ɟotʰiʂ] | [ɟʰotʰix] | [ɟʰotʰisˠ] |- | '''qhòbá''' [qʰɔbʰɑː] | monkey | [qʰɔbʰäː] | [qʰɔbʰäː] | [qʰɔbɔː] | [kʰɔbɑː] | [kʰɔbʰɔː] | [cʰɔbʰɔː] |- | '''èbên''' [ɛbʰɛːn] | elephant | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [ɛbɛːn] | [ɛbɛːn] | [ɛbʰɛːn] | [ɛbʰɛːn] |- | '''qadyís''' [qɑdʰjiːs] | caracal | [qäðʰjiːh] | [ʔädʰjiːs] | [qɔdjiːs] | [kɑdjiːs] | [kɔdʰjiːs] | [cɑdʰjiːs] |- | '''khorák''' [kʰoɾɑːk] | shark | [kʰoɾäːk] | [kʰoɾäːk] | [kʰorɔːk] | [cʰorɑːc] | [cʰoɺɔːc] | [cʰoɾɑːc] |- | '''myêr''' [mjɛːl] | eagle | [mɲɛːl] | [mɲɛːl] | [mjɛːl] | [mjɛːl] | [mjɛːɺ] | [mjɛːɾ] |- | '''dandè''' [dʰɑndʰɛ] | oak | [ðʰänðʰɛ] | [dʰändʰɛ] | [dɔndɛ] | [dɑndɛ] | [dʰɔndʰɛ] | [dʰɑndʰɛ] |- | '''khoson''' [kʰoson] | pine | [kʰohon] | [kʰoson] | [kʰoson] | [cʰoson] | [cʰoson] | [cʰoson] |- | '''dathúd''' [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] | cedar | [ðʰäθʰuːðʰ] | [dʰätʰuːdʰ] | [dɔtʰuːd] | [dɑtʰuːd] | [dʰɔtʰuːdʰ] | [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] |- | '''kaduq''' [kɑdʰuq] | head | [käðʰuq] | [kädʰuʔ] | [kɔduq] | [cɑduk] | [cɔdʰuk] | [cɑdʰuk] |- | '''gúrḍ''' [gʰuːɭɖʰ] | auroch | [gʰuːldʰ] | [gʰuːɭɖʰ] | [guːld] | [ɟuːlɖ] | [ɟʰuːɺgʰ] | [ɟʰuːɽɖʰ] |- | '''máṇġté''' [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] | cattle | [mäːɴ̻qθʰeː] | [mäɴ̻qʰtʰeː] | [mɔɴ̻qtʰeː] | [mɑŋ̊qteː] | [mɔŋɢdʰeː] | [mɑːŋ̊ktʰeː] |- | '''ġúmb''' [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | gaur | [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | [ɢʰuːmbʰ] | [ɢuːmb] | [guːmb] | [gʰuːmbʰ] | [gʰuːmbʰ] |- | '''módġúmb''' [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | banteng | [moːðʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] | [moːdɢuːmb] | [moːdguːmb] | [moːdgʰuːmbʰ] | [moːdʰgʰuːmbʰi] |- | '''ṭhúr''' [ʈʰuːl] | horn | [tʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [ʈʰuːl] | [kʰuːɺ] | [tˠʰuːɾ] |- | '''vǽnyô''' [ʋaːnjɔː] | meadow | [ʋäːnjɔː] | [ʋɛːnjɔː] | [ʋaːnjɔː] | [ʋaːnjɔː] | [ʋanjɔː] | [ʋɛːnjɔː] |- | '''ramba''' [ɾɑmbʰɑ] | tiger | [ɾämbʰä] | [ɾämbʰä] | [rɔmbɔ] | [rɑmbɑ] | [ɺɔmbʰɔ] | [ɾɑmbʰɑ] |- | '''xáṣvamin''' [hɑːʂʋɑmin] | dolphin | [äsʋämin] | [häʂʋämin] | [ɔsʋɔmin] | [ɑʂʋɑmin] | [ɔxʋɔmin] | [hɑːsˠʋɑmin] |- | '''sarír''' [sɑɾiːl] | rye | [häɾiːl] | [säɾiːl] | [sɔriːl] | [sɑriːl] | [sɔɺiːɺ] | [sɑɾiːɾ] |- | '''ṭamphí''' [ʈɑmpʰiː] | hemp | [tämpʰiː] | [ʈämpʰiː] | [tɔmpʰiː] | [ʈɑmpʰiː] | [kɔmpʰiː] | [tˠɑmpʰiː] |} == Northwestern == == Northeastern == == North-central == == South-central == == Southwestern == == Southeastern == == See Also == *[[Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish]] {{LanguageNav}} 7650d421a42ed8096d580ec94ec4cf287966ea02 Proto-Tḷantali dialects 0 250 1877 1781 2014-04-13T15:24:51Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Most distinctive features */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sea | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | earth, land | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | stone | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wolf | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | lake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | coast, bank, edge | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | green | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hill | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | horse | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sun | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sky | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | moon | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | time | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | night | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | big, great | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | thunder | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | milk | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mountain | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | light | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | water | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | source, spring | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | man | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | good | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | one | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | two | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | three | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | four | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | five | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | six | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | seven | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eight | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | nine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ten | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | twenty | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | (one) hundred | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | (one) thousand | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cat | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tree | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | brother | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | I | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | thou here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | thou there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | someone here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | someone there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | we | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | you here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | you there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | house | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fate | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wise | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hand | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | round, globular object | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | family, lineage | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tooth | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hair, fur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fall | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | speech | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hammer | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cowman | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | toothless | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | strong | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | slaughterhouse | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | campfire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | brotherhood | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | teacher | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | learner | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | half-dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | craft of war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bread | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | grand mountain | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | daughter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | star | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gold | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | copper | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wheel | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | front | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | side of body | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | high | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | deity | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shooter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flower | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sunshine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | warm | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | full | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | word | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | plum | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cobra | [ ] | [] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 00aba865bf2b7bdde3846b24823f55d07e81ee4e 1879 1877 2014-04-18T21:47:09Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izg̰æːm] | time | [izgɛːm] | [izgʰæ̯əm] | [izgʰæːm] | [ɪzgaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | milk | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mountain | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | light | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | water | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | source, spring | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | man | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | good | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | one | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | two | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | three | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | four | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | five | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | six | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | seven | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eight | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | nine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ten | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | twenty | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | (one) hundred | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | (one) thousand | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cat | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tree | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | brother | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | I | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | thou here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | thou there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | someone here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | someone there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | we | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | you here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | you there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | house | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fate | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wise | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hand | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | round, globular object | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | family, lineage | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tooth | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hair, fur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fall | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | speech | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hammer | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cowman | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | toothless | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | strong | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | slaughterhouse | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | campfire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | brotherhood | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | teacher | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | learner | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | half-dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | craft of war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bread | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | grand mountain | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | daughter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | star | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gold | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | copper | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wheel | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | front | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | side of body | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | high | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | deity | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shooter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flower | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sunshine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | warm | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | full | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | word | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | plum | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cobra | [ ] | [] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} c04832953e0e2032d1f63dddf9d231b30189dc63 1880 1879 2014-04-18T22:04:32Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | source, spring | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | man | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | good | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | one | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | two | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | three | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | four | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | five | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | six | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | seven | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eight | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | nine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ten | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | twenty | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | (one) hundred | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | (one) thousand | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cat | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tree | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | brother | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | I | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | thou here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | thou there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | someone here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | someone there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | we | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | you here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | you there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it here | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | he / she / it there | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | house | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fate | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wise | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hand | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | round, globular object | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | family, lineage | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tooth | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hair, fur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fall | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | speech | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hammer | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cowman | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | toothless | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | strong | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | slaughterhouse | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | campfire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | brotherhood | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | teacher | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | learner | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | half-dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | craft of war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bread | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | grand mountain | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | daughter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | star | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gold | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | copper | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wheel | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | front | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | side of body | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | high | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | deity | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shooter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flower | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sunshine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | warm | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | full | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | word | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | plum | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cobra | [ ] | [] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} fae6c7346d37fac6601561ea5cf0858d7a64d8fd 1884 1880 2014-04-19T21:16:05Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θúrja''' [] | source, spring | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [ ] | man | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''sís''' [ ] | good | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''wák''' [ ] | one | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qoda''' [ ] | two | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [ ] | three | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oqəda''' [ ] | four | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [ ] | five | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ ] | six | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [ ] | seven | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''xaðda''' [ ] | eight | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''hagəda''' [ ] | nine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''dógda''' [ ] | ten | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [ ] | twenty | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''dodógda''' [ ] | (one) hundred | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [ ] | (one) thousand | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''umərθə''' [ ] | cat | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''xok''' [ ] | fire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ytundu''' [ ] | tree | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [ ] | cow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [ ] | brother | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ ] | dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''me''' [ ] | I | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''θa''' [ ] | thou | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ke''' [ ] | he / she / it | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''kota''' [ ] | house | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ ] | war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''issoð'a''' [ ] | fate | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [ ] | wise | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ ] | eye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ ] | hand | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ ] | round, globular object | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [ ] | family, lineage | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ ] | tooth | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ ] | hair, fur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''dón'agú''' [ ] | fall | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [ ] | speech | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''burxa''' [ ] | hammer | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [ ] | cowman | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''petḷe''' [ ] | meal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [ ] | toothless | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḍýg''' [ ] | strong | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [ ] | slaughterhouse | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ ] | campfire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [ ] | brotherhood | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [ ] | teacher | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [ ] | learner | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ubáġkunu''' [ ] | half-dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [ ] | craft of war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''kalad''' [ ] | bread | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ ] | grand mountain | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''íθǽlwæ''' [ ] | daughter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [ ] | star | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isbólæ''' [ ] | gold | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''lapátə''' [ ] | copper | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''pǽkjele''' [ ] | wheel | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [ ] | front | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qettæ''' [ ] | side of body | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [ ] | high | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''issǽn'''' [ ] | deity | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [ ] | shooter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [ ] | flower | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isjéve''' [ ] | sunshine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''fórwi''' [ ] | warm | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qólqa''' [ ] | full | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | word | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | plum | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cobra | [ ] | [] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 5333a861727ef8f881389322f3c2c266d8981b91 1885 1884 2014-04-19T22:03:03Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twenty | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞gdɑ] | (one) thousand | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞b̰ɑn] | cow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''petḷe''' [pe̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''lapátə''' [lɑpɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''pǽkjele''' [pæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | word | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | plum | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cobra | [ ] | [] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 176ef56c0ad9ba5629d42f0eb23ff35569e890f8 1886 1885 2014-04-20T12:55:33Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [soːɹʝä] | [θo̯əɹjɑ] | [hoːɹjä] | [θoːɹjɒ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ɛzɛːm] | [æðæ̯əm] | [æzæːm] | [aðaːm] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [siːs] | [si̯əs] | [səi̯s] | [siːs] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ʋäːcʰ] | [wɑ̯ək] | [wäːk] | [wɒːk] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [kotä] | [qo̞dɑ] | [qodä] | [qɵdɒ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [septɛ] | [se̞bdæ] | [sebdæ] | [sɘbda] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [okətä] | [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | [oqɤdä] | [ɵqodɒ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [insetɛ] | [inxe̞dæ] | [inθ̠edæ] | [ɪnʂɘda] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [änɬətä] | [ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ] | [äɲɕɤdä] | [ɒŋxodɒ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [pɛːltɛ] | [bæ̯əldæ] | [bæːltæ] | [baːlta] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ʀästä] | [ɣɑðdɑ] | [ɣäzdä] | [ɣɒðdɒ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [häcətä] | [hɑgɤ̞dɑ] | [hägɤdä] | [hɒgodɒ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [toctä] | [do̯əgdɑ] | [doːgdä] | [doːgdɒ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twelve | [toːctäkotä] | [do̯əgdɑ qodɑ] | [doːgdä qodä] | [doːgdɒ qodɒ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [totoːctä] | [do̞do̯əgdɑ] | [dodoːgdä] | [dɵdoːgdɒ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ] | (one) thousand | [cɨntoːctä] | [gɯndo̯əgdɑ] | [gɯndoːgdä] | [gʊndoːgdɒ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞b̰ɑn] | cow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''petḷe''' [pe̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''lapátə''' [lɑpɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''pǽkjele''' [pæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | word | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | plum | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cobra | [ ] | [] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 72daab9a27b23ba6b32b2d95c7454493aef1abb1 Originalia 0 43 1881 1649 2014-04-19T02:16:07Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in mountain forests while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' The core cultivars consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm are almonds, barley, chickpeas, flax, grapes, and wheat. Almond seeds are commonly eaten alongside other dishes such as bread and cooked barley. These seeds are preferred in a sweet rather than bitter form. Barley is commonly cooked and served with almond seeds, but is also used to make bread and beer, which is a common beverage throughout most of the region. Chickpeas are cooked in hearths and make for a good source of proteins for families. Flax seeds are also consumed but are more commonly used to make linen from their fibers. grapes are either eaten raw or fermented to make wine, which is stored in clay jars for later consumption. Wheat is ground into flour using millstones and baked into bread, which is consumed alongside almonds and wine. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards *Tigers <ref>Siberian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, Indian, and Persian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas *Tigers <ref>Bengal and Caspian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African wild dogs *Bat-eared foxes *Black wildebeests *Blue wildebeests *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 29d002bfb189aa22b0eff304801d46e30ab7f0f9 1882 1881 2014-04-19T03:01:03Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Eastern Originalia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in mountain forests while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' The core cultivars consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm are almonds, barley, chickpeas, flax, grapes, and wheat. Almond seeds are commonly eaten alongside other dishes such as bread and cooked barley. These seeds are preferred in a sweet rather than bitter form. Barley is commonly cooked and served with almond seeds, but is also used to make bread and beer, which is a common beverage throughout most of the region. Chickpeas are cooked in hearths and make for a good source of proteins for families. Flax seeds are also consumed but are more commonly used to make linen from their fibers. grapes are either eaten raw or fermented to make wine, which is stored in clay jars for later consumption. Wheat is ground into flour using millstones and baked into bread, which is consumed alongside almonds and wine. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards *Tigers <ref>Siberian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>The Asian elephant (E. maximus) is native to the eastern region of Originalia, ranging . Over its range the Asian elephant has two subspecies, the Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), and the Syrian elephant (Elephas maximus asurus). Indian elephants inhabit grasslands and forests which are common in eastern Originalia. Syrian elephants are found along the stretch of coastline * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African wild dogs *Bat-eared foxes *Black wildebeests *Blue wildebeests *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 915125da8b4e8a35146f59a269f3b9ce3343d184 1883 1882 2014-04-19T04:41:57Z Pipochubs 3370105 Undo revision 1882 by [[Special:Contributions/Pipochubs|Pipochubs]] ([[User talk:Pipochubs|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Originalia |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Originalia.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Originalia''' is one of the world's eight continents consisting of mainland Originalia and the neighboring islands. Originalia, particularly central Originalia, is widely accepted as the origin of humans. Around the time of humanity's rise, Originalia was undergoing desertification. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:9500aa.png|frame]] [[File:Qhápgoṣ.png|frame]] ==== ~9500 Years After the development of Agriculture ==== '''Áranḍaxív Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Œkhii Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' '''Material culture:''' '''Society/Politics:''' '''Diet:''' '''Xáṣvaqêm Early Bronze Age''' '''Encompassing:''' Hǽynigoṣ, Kòṇdu, Myèrnikèm, Qhápgoṣ, Zaghāj '''Material culture:''' Xáṣvaqêm houses are commonly built of fired mud bricks and wood obtained from cedar forests that grow in mountain forests while more affluent housing incorporates gypsum plaster. Less affluent areas have smaller homes which are built using mud bricks of poorer quality. Gold and silver are much desired precious metals that are imported from the other side of the eastern mountain range. Both are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of importing it from the other side of the mountain range. Ivory obtained from hunting elephants is the main luxury of the Xáṣvaqêm and is used to make artworks and religious idolatry. Pottery is produced using potter's wheels, usually painted with different bands of color which represents the surrounding landscape. Pottery is commonly used as storage vessels for honey, milk, water, and wine. Irrigation canals are commonly utilized for farming, though other cities don't use them in areas where rivers are not present. Cities are centered around marketplaces where trade goods from other cities are imported and traded. Linen makes up a large portion of clothing used daily in the cities. '''Society/Politics:''' Each city is independent from each other, each having their own king. There are social castes, none are linked by economic status. Priests and priestess make up much of the literate in cities. Female priests are responsible for performing elaborate rituals to the gods, and are recruited from the highest ranking families. Male priests are responsible for sacrifices and managing temples on the behalf of the gods. Merchants use cattle caravans to ship in valuable goods such as gold and silver from the Áranḍaxív. Warriors use bronze-tipped spears, and round, leopard hide, shields in battle. The bow and arrow is starting to become popular among the warriors. Each city has a patron god or goddess that is worshiped at temples or shrines. Ġabtís, the god of creation, is worshiped in every city. Amaqêm, the goddess of nature, is the patron of farmers, who pray to her for plentiful harvests. '''Diet:''' The core cultivars consumed by the Xáṣvaqêm are almonds, barley, chickpeas, flax, grapes, and wheat. Almond seeds are commonly eaten alongside other dishes such as bread and cooked barley. These seeds are preferred in a sweet rather than bitter form. Barley is commonly cooked and served with almond seeds, but is also used to make bread and beer, which is a common beverage throughout most of the region. Chickpeas are cooked in hearths and make for a good source of proteins for families. Flax seeds are also consumed but are more commonly used to make linen from their fibers. grapes are either eaten raw or fermented to make wine, which is stored in clay jars for later consumption. Wheat is ground into flour using millstones and baked into bread, which is consumed alongside almonds and wine. '''Notes:''' Some of the hunter-gatherer bands of the eastern part of the north-central steppes of '''Central Originalia''' exist in familial groups of 10-20, each band following their own herd of elephants. They don't follow the great beasts to hunt them, but they seem to exist in an almost symbiotic relationship with them. The elephants provide the humans with protection from hyenas and lions, as well as leading them to plentiful food and water sources, while the humans ensure that no member of the herd is taken by the aforementioned predators who have become more bold in this cold period, using their stone axes and slings to fend off would-be predators. As a result of their lifestyle, these "Elephant men" are primarily vegetarian, but have been known to hunt and eat mouflon, ravens, and sometimes the predators they kill while protecting their herd. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:originalia_biome.png|frame|Biomes of Originalia: <br /> {{legend0|#57002C|Taiga}} {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#825F59|Monsoon Forest}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#F8A420|Mountain Mediterranean}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#795822|Moderate Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} {{legend0|#95AED2|Alpine Tundra}} ]] [[File:originalia_desertification.png|frame|Originalia during desertification]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Bearberries *Labrador Tea '''Other Animals''' *Snow leopards *Tigers <ref>Siberian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Fauna''' *Albatross *Harbor seals *Right whales '''Other Flora''' *European larches *Norway spruces *Serbian spruces <references/> ==== Eastern Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wildcats *Aurochs *Bantengs *Gaurs *Honey bees '''Cultivable Flora''' *Almonds *Barley *Cherries *Cotton *Flax *Garlic *Grapes *Mastic *Mustard *Olives *Palm oil *Plums *Wheat '''Other Animals''' *Asian elephants <ref>Indian and Syrian subspecies.</ref> *Barbary macaques *Barbary sheep *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Asiatic subspecies.</ref> *Dholes *Gray wolves <ref>Arabian and Indian subspecies.</ref> *Indian cobras *Indian peafowls *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, Indian, and Persian subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Asiatic and Barbary subspecies.</ref> *Nubian ibexes *Ospreys *Small Indian civets *Striped hyenas *Tigers <ref>Bengal and Caspian subspecies.</ref> '''Aquatic Animals''' *Albatrosses *Bull sharks '''Other Flora''' *Aleppo pines *Algerian firs *Atlas cedars *Cilicia firs *Cork oaks *Cyprus cedars *Drosophyllum *Holm oaks *Lebanon cedars *Mediterranean dwarf palms *Spanish firs *Spurge olives *Stone pines *Turkish pines <references/> ==== Central Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *African wild asses *African wildcats *Aurochs *Mouflons *Wild goats '''Cultivatable Flora''' *Barley *Dates *Flax *Garlic *Lentils *Olives *Sesame *Sorghum *Watermelons *Wheat '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Nile crocodiles '''Other Animals''' *Aardwolves *African buffaloes *African bush elephants <ref>North African subspecies.</ref> *African wild dogs *Bat-eared foxes *Black wildebeests *Blue wildebeests *Bonteboks *Caracals *Cheetahs <ref>Northwest African subspecies.</ref> *Giraffes *Leopards <ref>African, Arabian, and Zanzibar subspecies.</ref> *Lions <ref>Barbary, Cape, Masai, and Transvaal subspecies.</ref> *Sivatherium *Spotted hyenas *Striped hyenas '''Other Flora''' *Protea *Leucadendron *Birch *Palm Trees *Holm Oak *Buckthorn *Spurge Olive <references/> ==== Far Western Originalia ==== '''Domestic Animals''' *Aurochs <ref>domesticated into cattle.</ref> *Mouflons <ref>domesticated into sheep.</ref> '''Cultivable Flora''' *Wheat *Barley *Rye *Hemp *Breadfruit *Onion *Asparagus *Taro '''Other Animals''' *African civets *Caracals *Deinotherium '''Aquatic Fauna''' *River dolphin *Costero *Right Whale *Pygmy Right Whale *Bull Shark *Albatross '''Other Flora''' *Acer triflorum *Hydrangeas *Daimyo Oak *Ailanthus altissima *Cathaya *Dawn redwood *Birch *Spurge Olive <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} [[Category:Originalia]] [[Category:Continents]] 29d002bfb189aa22b0eff304801d46e30ab7f0f9 Proto-Tḷantali dialects 0 250 1887 1886 2014-04-20T13:18:28Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [soːɹʝä] | [θo̯əɹjɑ] | [hoːɹjä] | [θoːɹjɒ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ɛzɛːm] | [æðæ̯əm] | [æzæːm] | [aðaːm] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [siːs] | [si̯əs] | [səi̯s] | [siːs] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ʋäːcʰ] | [wɑ̯ək] | [wäːk] | [wɒːk] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [kotä] | [qo̞dɑ] | [qodä] | [qɵdɒ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [septɛ] | [se̞bdæ] | [sebdæ] | [sɘbda] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [okətä] | [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | [oqɤdä] | [ɵqodɒ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [insetɛ] | [inxe̞dæ] | [inθ̠edæ] | [ɪnʂɘda] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [änɬətä] | [ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ] | [äɲɕɤdä] | [ɒŋxodɒ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [pɛːltɛ] | [bæ̯əldæ] | [bæːltæ] | [baːlta] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ʀästä] | [ɣɑðdɑ] | [ɣäzdä] | [ɣɒðdɒ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [häcətä] | [hɑgɤ̞dɑ] | [hägɤdä] | [hɒgodɒ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [toctä] | [do̯əgdɑ] | [doːgdä] | [doːgdɒ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twelve | [toːctäkotä] | [do̯əgdɑ qodɑ] | [doːgdä qodä] | [doːgdɒ qodɒ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [totoːctä] | [do̞do̯əgdɑ] | [dodoːgdä] | [dɵdoːgdɒ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ] | (one) thousand | [cɨntoːctä] | [gɯndo̯əgdɑ] | [gɯndoːgdä] | [gʊndoːgdɒ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [uməɹsə] | [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | [umɤɹhɤ] | [ʊmoɹθo] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ʀocʰ] | [ɣo̞k] | [ɣok] | [ɣɵk] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ɨθuntu] | [ɯtundu] | [ɯtundu] | [ʊtʊndʊ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞ːb̰ɑn] | cow | [uʋoːbän] | [uwo̯əbʰɑn] | [uwoːbʰän] | [ʊwoːbɒn] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ɛheɟe] | [æhe̞ɟʰe̞] | [æheɟʰe] | [ahɘgɘ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ucʰunu] | [ukunu] | [ukunu] | [ʊkʊnʊ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [me] | [me̞] | [me] | [mɘ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [sä] | [θɑ] | [hä] | [θɒ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [cʰe] | [ke̞] | [ke] | [kɘ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [cʰotʰä] | [ko̞tɑ] | [kotä] | [kotɒ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [espɛɹuːm] | [e̞zbæɹu̯əm] | [ezbæɹəu̯m] | [ezbaɹuːm] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [issozä] | [isso̞ɣɑ] | [issoð̠ä] | [issɵʐɒ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [tʰoːntä] | [ko̯əndɑ] | [koːndä] | [ʈoːndɒ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ähulɨ] | [ɑhulɯ] | [ähulɯ] | [ɒhʊlʊ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ät͡ɬäc] | [ɑd͡ʑɑg] | [äd͡ʑäg] | [ɒdlɒg] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''petḷe''' [pe̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''lapátə''' [lɑpɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''pǽkjele''' [pæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | word | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | plum | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cobra | [ ] | [] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 33cb85fe2095facbf7bd756134c39eab799b2055 1888 1887 2014-04-20T14:10:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [soːɹʝä] | [θo̯əɹjɑ] | [hoːɹjä] | [θoːɹjɒ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ɛzɛːm] | [æðæ̯əm] | [æzæːm] | [aðaːm] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [siːs] | [si̯əs] | [səi̯s] | [siːs] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ʋäːcʰ] | [wɑ̯ək] | [wäːk] | [wɒːk] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [kotä] | [qo̞dɑ] | [qodä] | [qɵdɒ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [septɛ] | [se̞bdæ] | [sebdæ] | [sɘbda] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [okətä] | [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | [oqɤdä] | [ɵqodɒ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [insetɛ] | [inxe̞dæ] | [inθ̠edæ] | [ɪnʂɘda] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [änɬətä] | [ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ] | [äɲɕɤdä] | [ɒŋxodɒ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [pɛːltɛ] | [bæ̯əldæ] | [bæːltæ] | [baːlta] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ʀästä] | [ɣɑðdɑ] | [ɣäzdä] | [ɣɒðdɒ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [häcətä] | [hɑgɤ̞dɑ] | [hägɤdä] | [hɒgodɒ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [toctä] | [do̯əgdɑ] | [doːgdä] | [doːgdɒ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twelve | [toːctäkotä] | [do̯əgdɑ qodɑ] | [doːgdä qodä] | [doːgdɒ qodɒ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [totoːctä] | [do̞do̯əgdɑ] | [dodoːgdä] | [dɵdoːgdɒ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ] | (one) thousand | [cɨntoːctä] | [gɯndo̯əgdɑ] | [gɯndoːgdä] | [gʊndoːgdɒ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [uməɹsə] | [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | [umɤɹhɤ] | [ʊmoɹθo] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ʀocʰ] | [ɣo̞k] | [ɣok] | [ɣɵk] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ɨθuntu] | [ɯtundu] | [ɯtundu] | [ʊtʊndʊ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞ːb̰ɑn] | cow | [uʋoːbän] | [uwo̯əbʰɑn] | [uwoːbʰän] | [ʊwoːbɒn] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ɛheɟe] | [æhe̞gʰe̞] | [æhegʰe] | [ahɘgɘ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ucʰunu] | [ukunu] | [ukunu] | [ʊkʊnʊ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [me] | [me̞] | [me] | [mɘ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [sä] | [θɑ] | [hä] | [θɒ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [cʰe] | [ke̞] | [ke] | [kɘ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [cʰotʰä] | [ko̞tɑ] | [kotä] | [kotɒ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [espɛɹuːm] | [e̞zbæɹu̯əm] | [ezbæɹəu̯m] | [ɘzbaɹuːm] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [issozä] | [isso̞ɣɑ] | [issoð̠ä] | [issɵʐɒ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [tʰoːntä] | [ko̯əndɑ] | [koːndä] | [ʈoːndɒ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ähulɨ] | [ɑhulɯ] | [ähulɯ] | [ɒhʊlʊ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ät͡ɬäc] | [ɑd͡ʑɑg] | [äd͡ʑäg] | [ɒdlɒg] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ɬäɲco] | [ɕɑŋgo̞] | [ɕäŋgo] | [xɒŋgɵ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [tʰeɲetʰoːm] | [te̞ŋe̞to̯əm] | [teŋetoːm] | [tɘŋɘtoːm] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [äcʰəːpʰsə] | [ɑkɤ̯əpθɤ̞] | [äkɤːphɤ] | [ɒkoːpθo] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [äsəɬə] | [ɑxɤ̞ɕɤ̞] | [äθ̠ɤɕɤ] | [ɒʂoxo] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [toːɲäcuː] | [do̯əŋɑgu̯ə] | [doːŋägəu̯] | [doːŋɒguː] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [isɬeːtlɛːn] | [iɕɕe̯ədlæːn] | [iɕɕeːdlæːn] | [isxeːdlaːn] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [poʀʀä] | [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | [boɹɣä] | [bɵɹɣɒ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ɛʋoːpɛɲcʰɛːɹ] | [æwo̯əbæŋkæ̯əɹ] | [æwoːbæŋkæːɹ] | [awoːbaŋkaːɹ] |- | '''betḷe''' [be̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [pet͡ɬʰe] | [be̞t͡ɕe̞] | [bet͡ɕe] | [bɘk͡xɘ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [läː.äcʰəpʰsoɹhə] | [lɑ̯ə.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹhɤ̞] | [läː.äkɤphoɹhɤ] | [lɒː.ɒkopθɵɹho] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [dɨːc] | [dʰɯ̯əg] | [dʰɯːg] | [duːg] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [voːctʰəl] | [vo̯əgtɤ̞l] | [voːgtɤl] | [voːgtol] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ʀocʰtʰəl] | [ɣo̞ktɤ̞l] | [ɣoktɤl] | [ɣɵktol] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ɛheɟefili] | [æhe̞gʰe̞fili] | [æhegʰefili] | [ahɘgɘfɪlɪ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ɛtʰeːhescʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞skæ̯əɹ] | [æteːheskæːɹ] | [ateːhɘskaːɹ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ɛtʰeːhesɛlcʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞sælkæːɹ] | [æteːhesælkæːɹ] | [ateːhɘsalkaːɹ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [opäːckunu] | [o̞bɑːqqunu] | [obäːkkunu] | [ɵbɒːkʊnʊ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [päɹuːmɹən] | [bɑɹu̯əmɹɤ̞n] | [bäɹəu̯mɹɤn] | [bɒɹuːmɹon] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [cʰälät] | [kɑlɑd] | [käläd] | [kɒlɒd] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [gäːʋgäː] | [ɢʰɑ̯əwɢʰɑ̯ə] | [ɢʰäːwɢʰäː] | [ɢʰɒːwɢʰɒː] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [eːsɛːlʋɛ] | [e̯əθæ̯əlwe̞] | [eːhæːlwe] | [eːθaːlwɘ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ishezɛːt] | [ishe̞zæːd] | [ishezæːd] | [ishezaːd] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ispoːlɛ] | [izbo̯əlæ] | [izboːlæ] | [izboːla] |- | '''lapátə''' [lɑpɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''pǽkjele''' [pæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | word | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | plum | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cobra | [ ] | [] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} a760f149483888c0622ba8664ace937c3ccb0d93 1889 1888 2014-04-20T14:18:44Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [soːɹʝä] | [θo̯əɹjɑ] | [hoːɹjä] | [θoːɹjɒ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ɛzɛːm] | [æðæ̯əm] | [æzæːm] | [aðaːm] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [siːs] | [si̯əs] | [səi̯s] | [siːs] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ʋäːcʰ] | [wɑ̯ək] | [wäːk] | [wɒːk] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [kotä] | [qo̞dɑ] | [qodä] | [qɵdɒ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [septɛ] | [se̞bdæ] | [sebdæ] | [sɘbda] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [okətä] | [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | [oqɤdä] | [ɵqodɒ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [insetɛ] | [inxe̞dæ] | [inθ̠edæ] | [ɪnʂɘda] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [änɬətä] | [ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ] | [äɲɕɤdä] | [ɒŋxodɒ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [pɛːltɛ] | [bæ̯əldæ] | [bæːltæ] | [baːlta] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ʀästä] | [ɣɑðdɑ] | [ɣäzdä] | [ɣɒðdɒ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [häcətä] | [hɑgɤ̞dɑ] | [hägɤdä] | [hɒgodɒ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [toctä] | [do̯əgdɑ] | [doːgdä] | [doːgdɒ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twelve | [toːctäkotä] | [do̯əgdɑ qodɑ] | [doːgdä qodä] | [doːgdɒ qodɒ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [totoːctä] | [do̞do̯əgdɑ] | [dodoːgdä] | [dɵdoːgdɒ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ] | (one) thousand | [cɨntoːctä] | [gɯndo̯əgdɑ] | [gɯndoːgdä] | [gʊndoːgdɒ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [uməɹsə] | [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | [umɤɹhɤ] | [ʊmoɹθo] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ʀocʰ] | [ɣo̞k] | [ɣok] | [ɣɵk] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ɨθuntu] | [ɯtundu] | [ɯtundu] | [ʊtʊndʊ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞ːb̰ɑn] | cow | [uʋoːbän] | [uwo̯əbʰɑn] | [uwoːbʰän] | [ʊwoːbɒn] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ɛheɟe] | [æhe̞gʰe̞] | [æhegʰe] | [ahɘgɘ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ucʰunu] | [ukunu] | [ukunu] | [ʊkʊnʊ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [me] | [me̞] | [me] | [mɘ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [sä] | [θɑ] | [hä] | [θɒ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [cʰe] | [ke̞] | [ke] | [kɘ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [cʰotʰä] | [ko̞tɑ] | [kotä] | [kotɒ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [espɛɹuːm] | [e̞zbæɹu̯əm] | [ezbæɹəu̯m] | [ɘzbaɹuːm] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [issozä] | [isso̞ɣɑ] | [issoð̠ä] | [issɵʐɒ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [tʰoːntä] | [ko̯əndɑ] | [koːndä] | [ʈoːndɒ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ähulɨ] | [ɑhulɯ] | [ähulɯ] | [ɒhʊlʊ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ät͡ɬäc] | [ɑd͡ʑɑg] | [äd͡ʑäg] | [ɒdlɒg] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ɬäɲco] | [ɕɑŋgo̞] | [ɕäŋgo] | [xɒŋgɵ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [tʰeɲetʰoːm] | [te̞ŋe̞to̯əm] | [teŋetoːm] | [tɘŋɘtoːm] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [äcʰəːpʰsə] | [ɑkɤ̯əpθɤ̞] | [äkɤːphɤ] | [ɒkoːpθo] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [äsəɬə] | [ɑxɤ̞ɕɤ̞] | [äθ̠ɤɕɤ] | [ɒʂoxo] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [toːɲäcuː] | [do̯əŋɑgu̯ə] | [doːŋägəu̯] | [doːŋɒguː] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [isɬeːtlɛːn] | [iɕɕe̯ədlæːn] | [iɕɕeːdlæːn] | [isxeːdlaːn] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [poʀʀä] | [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | [boɹɣä] | [bɵɹɣɒ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ɛʋoːpɛɲcʰɛːɹ] | [æwo̯əbæŋkæ̯əɹ] | [æwoːbæŋkæːɹ] | [awoːbaŋkaːɹ] |- | '''betḷe''' [be̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [pet͡ɬʰe] | [be̞t͡ɕe̞] | [bet͡ɕe] | [bɘk͡xɘ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [läː.äcʰəpʰsoɹhə] | [lɑ̯ə.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹhɤ̞] | [läː.äkɤphoɹhɤ] | [lɒː.ɒkopθɵɹho] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [dɨːc] | [dʰɯ̯əg] | [dʰɯːg] | [duːg] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [voːctʰəl] | [vo̯əgtɤ̞l] | [voːgtɤl] | [voːgtol] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ʀocʰtʰəl] | [ɣo̞ktɤ̞l] | [ɣoktɤl] | [ɣɵktol] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ɛheɟefili] | [æhe̞gʰe̞fili] | [æhegʰefili] | [ahɘgɘfɪlɪ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ɛtʰeːhescʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞skæ̯əɹ] | [æteːheskæːɹ] | [ateːhɘskaːɹ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ɛtʰeːhesɛlcʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞sælkæːɹ] | [æteːhesælkæːɹ] | [ateːhɘsalkaːɹ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [opäːckunu] | [o̞bɑːqqunu] | [obäːkkunu] | [ɵbɒːkʊnʊ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [päɹuːmɹən] | [bɑɹu̯əmɹɤ̞n] | [bäɹəu̯mɹɤn] | [bɒɹuːmɹon] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [cʰälät] | [kɑlɑd] | [käläd] | [kɒlɒd] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [gäːʋgäː] | [ɢʰɑ̯əwɢʰɑ̯ə] | [ɢʰäːwɢʰäː] | [ɢʰɒːwɢʰɒː] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [eːsɛːlʋɛ] | [e̯əθæ̯əlwe̞] | [eːhæːlwe] | [eːθaːlwɘ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ishezɛːt] | [ishe̞zæːd] | [ishezæːd] | [ishezaːd] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ispoːlɛ] | [izbo̯əlæ] | [izboːlæ] | [izboːla] |- | '''labátə''' [lɑbɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [läpäːtʰə] | [lɑbɑ̯ətɤ] | [läbäːtɤ] | [lɒbɒto] |- | '''bǽkjele''' [bæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [pɛːʝʝele] | [bæ̯əkje̞le̞] | [bæːkjele] | [baːkjɘlɘ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [doːɹum] | [dʰo̯əɹum] | [dʰoːɹum] | [dʰoːɹʊm] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ketʰtʰɛ] | [qe̞ttæ] | [qettæ] | [qɘtta] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | word | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | plum | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cobra | [ ] | [] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 2aae47fbef7e17ca7e6b8bdddc201c0371c9f3d2 1890 1889 2014-04-20T15:17:19Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [soːɹʝä] | [θo̯əɹjɑ] | [hoːɹjä] | [θoːɹjɒ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ɛzɛːm] | [æðæ̯əm] | [æzæːm] | [aðaːm] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [siːs] | [si̯əs] | [səi̯s] | [siːs] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ʋäːcʰ] | [wɑ̯ək] | [wäːk] | [wɒːk] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [kotä] | [qo̞dɑ] | [qodä] | [qɵdɒ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [septɛ] | [se̞bdæ] | [sebdæ] | [sɘbda] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [okətä] | [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | [oqɤdä] | [ɵqodɒ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [insetɛ] | [inxe̞dæ] | [inθ̠edæ] | [ɪnʂɘda] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [änɬətä] | [ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ] | [äɲɕɤdä] | [ɒŋxodɒ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [pɛːltɛ] | [bæ̯əldæ] | [bæːltæ] | [baːlta] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ʀästä] | [ɣɑðdɑ] | [ɣäzdä] | [ɣɒðdɒ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [häcətä] | [hɑgɤ̞dɑ] | [hägɤdä] | [hɒgodɒ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [toctä] | [do̯əgdɑ] | [doːgdä] | [doːgdɒ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twelve | [toːctäkotä] | [do̯əgdɑ qodɑ] | [doːgdä qodä] | [doːgdɒ qodɒ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [totoːctä] | [do̞do̯əgdɑ] | [dodoːgdä] | [dɵdoːgdɒ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ] | (one) thousand | [cɨntoːctä] | [gɯndo̯əgdɑ] | [gɯndoːgdä] | [gʊndoːgdɒ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [uməɹsə] | [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | [umɤɹhɤ] | [ʊmoɹθo] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ʀocʰ] | [ɣo̞k] | [ɣok] | [ɣɵk] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ɨθuntu] | [ɯtundu] | [ɯtundu] | [ʊtʊndʊ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞ːb̰ɑn] | cow | [uʋoːbän] | [uwo̯əbʰɑn] | [uwoːbʰän] | [ʊwoːbɒn] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ɛheɟe] | [æhe̞gʰe̞] | [æhegʰe] | [ahɘgɘ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ucʰunu] | [ukunu] | [ukunu] | [ʊkʊnʊ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [me] | [me̞] | [me] | [mɘ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [sä] | [θɑ] | [hä] | [θɒ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [cʰe] | [ke̞] | [ke] | [kɘ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [cʰotʰä] | [ko̞tɑ] | [kotä] | [kotɒ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [espɛɹuːm] | [e̞zbæɹu̯əm] | [ezbæɹəu̯m] | [ɘzbaɹuːm] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [issozä] | [isso̞ɣɑ] | [issoð̠ä] | [issɵʐɒ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [tʰoːntä] | [ko̯əndɑ] | [koːndä] | [ʈoːndɒ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ähulɨ] | [ɑhulɯ] | [ähulɯ] | [ɒhʊlʊ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ät͡ɬäc] | [ɑd͡ʑɑg] | [äd͡ʑäg] | [ɒdlɒg] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ɬäɲco] | [ɕɑŋgo̞] | [ɕäŋgo] | [xɒŋgɵ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [tʰeɲetʰoːm] | [te̞ŋe̞to̯əm] | [teŋetoːm] | [tɘŋɘtoːm] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [äcʰəːpʰsə] | [ɑkɤ̯əpθɤ̞] | [äkɤːphɤ] | [ɒkoːpθo] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [äsəɬə] | [ɑxɤ̞ɕɤ̞] | [äθ̠ɤɕɤ] | [ɒʂoxo] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [toːɲäcuː] | [do̯əŋɑgu̯ə] | [doːŋägəu̯] | [doːŋɒguː] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [isɬeːtlɛːn] | [iɕɕe̯ədlæːn] | [iɕɕeːdlæːn] | [isxeːdlaːn] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [poʀʀä] | [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | [boɹɣä] | [bɵɹɣɒ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ɛʋoːpɛɲcʰɛːɹ] | [æwo̯əbæŋkæ̯əɹ] | [æwoːbæŋkæːɹ] | [awoːbaŋkaːɹ] |- | '''betḷe''' [be̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [pet͡ɬʰe] | [be̞t͡ɕe̞] | [bet͡ɕe] | [bɘk͡xɘ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [läː.äcʰəpʰsoɹhə] | [lɑ̯ə.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹhɤ̞] | [läː.äkɤphoɹhɤ] | [lɒː.ɒkopθɵɹho] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [dɨːc] | [dʰɯ̯əg] | [dʰɯːg] | [duːg] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [voːctʰəl] | [vo̯əgtɤ̞l] | [voːgtɤl] | [voːgtol] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ʀocʰtʰəl] | [ɣo̞ktɤ̞l] | [ɣoktɤl] | [ɣɵktol] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ɛheɟefili] | [æhe̞gʰe̞fili] | [æhegʰefili] | [ahɘgɘfɪlɪ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ɛtʰeːhescʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞skæ̯əɹ] | [æteːheskæːɹ] | [ateːhɘskaːɹ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ɛtʰeːhesɛlcʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞sælkæːɹ] | [æteːhesælkæːɹ] | [ateːhɘsalkaːɹ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [opäːckunu] | [o̞bɑːqqunu] | [obäːkkunu] | [ɵbɒːkʊnʊ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [päɹuːmɹən] | [bɑɹu̯əmɹɤ̞n] | [bäɹəu̯mɹɤn] | [bɒɹuːmɹon] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [cʰälät] | [kɑlɑd] | [käläd] | [kɒlɒd] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [gäːʋgäː] | [ɢʰɑ̯əwɢʰɑ̯ə] | [ɢʰäːwɢʰäː] | [ɢʰɒːwɢʰɒː] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [eːsɛːlʋɛ] | [e̯əθæ̯əlwe̞] | [eːhæːlwe] | [eːθaːlwɘ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ishezɛːt] | [ishe̞zæːd] | [ishezæːd] | [ishezaːd] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ispoːlɛ] | [izbo̯əlæ] | [izboːlæ] | [izboːla] |- | '''labátə''' [lɑbɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [läpäːtʰə] | [lɑbɑ̯ətɤ] | [läbäːtɤ] | [lɒbɒto] |- | '''bǽkjele''' [bæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [pɛːʝʝele] | [bæ̯əkje̞le̞] | [bæːkjele] | [baːkjɘlɘ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [doːɹum] | [dʰo̯əɹum] | [dʰoːɹum] | [dʰoːɹʊm] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ketʰtʰɛ] | [qe̞ttæ] | [qettæ] | [qɘtta] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [zɛvʝɛː] | [zævjæ̯ə] | [zævjæː] | [zavjaː] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [essɛːɲ] | [e̞ssæ̯əŋ] | [essæːŋ] | [ɘssaːŋ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ɛɲepʰcʰɛːɹ] | [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | [æŋepkæːɹ] | [aŋɘpkaːɹ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [sɛːʝɲiː] | [sæːjni̯ə] | [sæːjnəi̯] | [saːjniː] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [izʝeːve] | [izje̯əve] | [izjeːve] | [ɪzjeːvɘ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [foːɹʋi] | [fo̯əɹwi] | [foːɹwi] | [foːɹwɪ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [qoːlqä] | [qo̯əlqɑ] | [qoːlqä] | [qoːlqɒ] |- | '''olwaḷa''' [o̞lwɑɬɑ] | word | [olʋäɬä] | [o̞lwɑɕɑ] | [olwäɕä] | [olwɒxɒ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | plum | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cobra | [ ] | [] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 55cfe0c42a3cc084d589dec0616a3caf4099834d 1891 1890 2014-04-20T15:53:20Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [soːɹʝä] | [θo̯əɹjɑ] | [hoːɹjä] | [θoːɹjɒ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ɛzɛːm] | [æðæ̯əm] | [æzæːm] | [aðaːm] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [siːs] | [si̯əs] | [səi̯s] | [siːs] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ʋäːcʰ] | [wɑ̯ək] | [wäːk] | [wɒːk] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [kotä] | [qo̞dɑ] | [qodä] | [qɵdɒ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [septɛ] | [se̞bdæ] | [sebdæ] | [sɘbda] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [okətä] | [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | [oqɤdä] | [ɵqodɒ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [insetɛ] | [inxe̞dæ] | [inθ̠edæ] | [ɪnʂɘda] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [änɬətä] | [ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ] | [äɲɕɤdä] | [ɒŋxodɒ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [pɛːltɛ] | [bæ̯əldæ] | [bæːltæ] | [baːlta] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ʀästä] | [ɣɑðdɑ] | [ɣäzdä] | [ɣɒðdɒ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [häcətä] | [hɑgɤ̞dɑ] | [hägɤdä] | [hɒgodɒ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [toctä] | [do̯əgdɑ] | [doːgdä] | [doːgdɒ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twelve | [toːctäkotä] | [do̯əgdɑ qodɑ] | [doːgdä qodä] | [doːgdɒ qodɒ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [totoːctä] | [do̞do̯əgdɑ] | [dodoːgdä] | [dɵdoːgdɒ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ] | (one) thousand | [cɨntoːctä] | [gɯndo̯əgdɑ] | [gɯndoːgdä] | [gʊndoːgdɒ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [uməɹsə] | [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | [umɤɹhɤ] | [ʊmoɹθo] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ʀocʰ] | [ɣo̞k] | [ɣok] | [ɣɵk] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ɨθuntu] | [ɯtundu] | [ɯtundu] | [ʊtʊndʊ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞ːb̰ɑn] | cow | [uʋoːbän] | [uwo̯əbʰɑn] | [uwoːbʰän] | [ʊwoːbɒn] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ɛheɟe] | [æhe̞gʰe̞] | [æhegʰe] | [ahɘgɘ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ucʰunu] | [ukunu] | [ukunu] | [ʊkʊnʊ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [me] | [me̞] | [me] | [mɘ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [sä] | [θɑ] | [hä] | [θɒ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [cʰe] | [ke̞] | [ke] | [kɘ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [cʰotʰä] | [ko̞tɑ] | [kotä] | [kotɒ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [espɛɹuːm] | [e̞zbæɹu̯əm] | [ezbæɹəu̯m] | [ɘzbaɹuːm] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [issozä] | [isso̞ɣɑ] | [issoð̠ä] | [issɵʐɒ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [tʰoːntä] | [ko̯əndɑ] | [koːndä] | [ʈoːndɒ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ähulɨ] | [ɑhulɯ] | [ähulɯ] | [ɒhʊlʊ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ät͡ɬäc] | [ɑd͡ʑɑg] | [äd͡ʑäg] | [ɒdlɒg] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ɬäɲco] | [ɕɑŋgo̞] | [ɕäŋgo] | [xɒŋgɵ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [tʰeɲetʰoːm] | [te̞ŋe̞to̯əm] | [teŋetoːm] | [tɘŋɘtoːm] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [äcʰəːpʰsə] | [ɑkɤ̯əpθɤ̞] | [äkɤːphɤ] | [ɒkoːpθo] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [äsəɬə] | [ɑxɤ̞ɕɤ̞] | [äθ̠ɤɕɤ] | [ɒʂoxo] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [toːɲäcuː] | [do̯əŋɑgu̯ə] | [doːŋägəu̯] | [doːŋɒguː] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [isɬeːtlɛːn] | [iɕɕe̯ədlæːn] | [iɕɕeːdlæːn] | [isxeːdlaːn] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [poʀʀä] | [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | [boɹɣä] | [bɵɹɣɒ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ɛʋoːpɛɲcʰɛːɹ] | [æwo̯əbæŋkæ̯əɹ] | [æwoːbæŋkæːɹ] | [awoːbaŋkaːɹ] |- | '''betḷe''' [be̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [pet͡ɬʰe] | [be̞t͡ɕe̞] | [bet͡ɕe] | [bɘk͡xɘ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [läː.äcʰəpʰsoɹhə] | [lɑ̯ə.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹhɤ̞] | [läː.äkɤphoɹhɤ] | [lɒː.ɒkopθɵɹho] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [dɨːc] | [dʰɯ̯əg] | [dʰɯːg] | [duːg] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [voːctʰəl] | [vo̯əgtɤ̞l] | [voːgtɤl] | [voːgtol] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ʀocʰtʰəl] | [ɣo̞ktɤ̞l] | [ɣoktɤl] | [ɣɵktol] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ɛheɟefili] | [æhe̞gʰe̞fili] | [æhegʰefili] | [ahɘgɘfɪlɪ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ɛtʰeːhescʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞skæ̯əɹ] | [æteːheskæːɹ] | [ateːhɘskaːɹ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ɛtʰeːhesɛlcʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞sælkæːɹ] | [æteːhesælkæːɹ] | [ateːhɘsalkaːɹ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [opäːckunu] | [o̞bɑːqqunu] | [obäːkkunu] | [ɵbɒːkʊnʊ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [päɹuːmɹən] | [bɑɹu̯əmɹɤ̞n] | [bäɹəu̯mɹɤn] | [bɒɹuːmɹon] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [cʰälät] | [kɑlɑd] | [käläd] | [kɒlɒd] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [gäːʋgäː] | [ɢʰɑ̯əwɢʰɑ̯ə] | [ɢʰäːwɢʰäː] | [ɢʰɒːwɢʰɒː] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [eːsɛːlʋɛ] | [e̯əθæ̯əlwe̞] | [eːhæːlwe] | [eːθaːlwɘ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ishezɛːt] | [ishe̞zæːd] | [ishezæːd] | [ishezaːd] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ispoːlɛ] | [izbo̯əlæ] | [izboːlæ] | [izboːla] |- | '''labátə''' [lɑbɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [läpäːtʰə] | [lɑbɑ̯ətɤ] | [läbäːtɤ] | [lɒbɒto] |- | '''bǽkjele''' [bæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [pɛːʝʝele] | [bæ̯əkje̞le̞] | [bæːkjele] | [baːkjɘlɘ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [doːɹum] | [dʰo̯əɹum] | [dʰoːɹum] | [dʰoːɹʊm] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ketʰtʰɛ] | [qe̞ttæ] | [qettæ] | [qɘtta] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [zɛvʝɛː] | [zævjæ̯ə] | [zævjæː] | [zavjaː] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [essɛːɲ] | [e̞ssæ̯əŋ] | [essæːŋ] | [ɘssaːŋ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ɛɲepʰcʰɛːɹ] | [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | [æŋepkæːɹ] | [aŋɘpkaːɹ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [sɛːʝɲiː] | [sæːjni̯ə] | [sæːjnəi̯] | [saːjniː] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [izʝeːve] | [izje̯əve] | [izjeːve] | [ɪzjeːvɘ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [foːɹʋi] | [fo̯əɹwi] | [foːɹwi] | [foːɹwɪ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [qoːlqä] | [qo̯əlqɑ] | [qoːlqä] | [qoːlqɒ] |- | '''olwaḷa''' [o̞lwɑɬɑ] | word | [olʋäɬä] | [o̞lwɑɕɑ] | [olwäɕä] | [olwɒxɒ] |- | '''ḅaxḍý''' [ ] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yθəskə''' [ ] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ykýsula''' [ ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yjə́ləma''' [ ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''əfahta''' [ ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uḅýsy''' [ ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | ''' ''' [ ] | plum | [yt'oloθ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yḷamə́''' [ ] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oġáwa''' [ ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oḅáxys''' [ ] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''osan'gyr''' [ ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uḅálva''' [ ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''usýzu''' [ ] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uqətrás''' [ ] | cobra | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''udḷýva''' [ ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''utḷáw''' [ ] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uwýjá''' [ ] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukadýs'''' [ ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ujáwný''' [ ] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ubawḍáx''' [ ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uváġ'''' [ ] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukjóbo''' [ ] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uḍḷáxva''' [ ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''us'áma''' [ ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uqurul''' [ ] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukjǽræ''' [ ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yḍáx''' [ ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yqəsan''' [ ] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ydagrus'''' [ ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''abylqə''' [ ] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''udavóx''' [ ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uġ'árva''' [ ] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uḍan'guk''' [ ] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ubavul''' [ ] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''t'arna''' [ ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''waxda''' [ ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uġ'ári''' [ ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''utalma''' [ ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yxný''' [ ] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yz'ajḅa''' [ ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 03eed0ab1e4690b3892be9be67391166a05e9c1e 1892 1891 2014-04-20T16:05:57Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [soːɹʝä] | [θo̯əɹjɑ] | [hoːɹjä] | [θoːɹjɒ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ɛzɛːm] | [æðæ̯əm] | [æzæːm] | [aðaːm] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [siːs] | [si̯əs] | [səi̯s] | [siːs] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ʋäːcʰ] | [wɑ̯ək] | [wäːk] | [wɒːk] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [kotä] | [qo̞dɑ] | [qodä] | [qɵdɒ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [septɛ] | [se̞bdæ] | [sebdæ] | [sɘbda] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [okətä] | [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | [oqɤdä] | [ɵqodɒ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [insetɛ] | [inxe̞dæ] | [inθ̠edæ] | [ɪnʂɘda] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [änɬətä] | [ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ] | [äɲɕɤdä] | [ɒŋxodɒ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [pɛːltɛ] | [bæ̯əldæ] | [bæːltæ] | [baːlta] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ʀästä] | [ɣɑðdɑ] | [ɣäzdä] | [ɣɒðdɒ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [häcətä] | [hɑgɤ̞dɑ] | [hägɤdä] | [hɒgodɒ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [toctä] | [do̯əgdɑ] | [doːgdä] | [doːgdɒ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twelve | [toːctäkotä] | [do̯əgdɑ qodɑ] | [doːgdä qodä] | [doːgdɒ qodɒ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [totoːctä] | [do̞do̯əgdɑ] | [dodoːgdä] | [dɵdoːgdɒ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ] | (one) thousand | [cɨntoːctä] | [gɯndo̯əgdɑ] | [gɯndoːgdä] | [gʊndoːgdɒ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [uməɹsə] | [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | [umɤɹhɤ] | [ʊmoɹθo] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ʀocʰ] | [ɣo̞k] | [ɣok] | [ɣɵk] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ɨθuntu] | [ɯtundu] | [ɯtundu] | [ʊtʊndʊ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞ːb̰ɑn] | cow | [uʋoːbän] | [uwo̯əbʰɑn] | [uwoːbʰän] | [ʊwoːbɒn] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ɛheɟe] | [æhe̞gʰe̞] | [æhegʰe] | [ahɘgɘ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ucʰunu] | [ukunu] | [ukunu] | [ʊkʊnʊ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [me] | [me̞] | [me] | [mɘ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [sä] | [θɑ] | [hä] | [θɒ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [cʰe] | [ke̞] | [ke] | [kɘ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [cʰotʰä] | [ko̞tɑ] | [kotä] | [kotɒ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [espɛɹuːm] | [e̞zbæɹu̯əm] | [ezbæɹəu̯m] | [ɘzbaɹuːm] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [issozä] | [isso̞ɣɑ] | [issoð̠ä] | [issɵʐɒ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [tʰoːntä] | [ko̯əndɑ] | [koːndä] | [ʈoːndɒ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ähulɨ] | [ɑhulɯ] | [ähulɯ] | [ɒhʊlʊ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ät͡ɬäc] | [ɑd͡ʑɑg] | [äd͡ʑäg] | [ɒdlɒg] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ɬäɲco] | [ɕɑŋgo̞] | [ɕäŋgo] | [xɒŋgɵ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [tʰeɲetʰoːm] | [te̞ŋe̞to̯əm] | [teŋetoːm] | [tɘŋɘtoːm] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [äcʰəːpʰsə] | [ɑkɤ̯əpθɤ̞] | [äkɤːphɤ] | [ɒkoːpθo] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [äsəɬə] | [ɑxɤ̞ɕɤ̞] | [äθ̠ɤɕɤ] | [ɒʂoxo] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [toːɲäcuː] | [do̯əŋɑgu̯ə] | [doːŋägəu̯] | [doːŋɒguː] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [isɬeːtlɛːn] | [iɕɕe̯ədlæːn] | [iɕɕeːdlæːn] | [isxeːdlaːn] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [poʀʀä] | [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | [boɹɣä] | [bɵɹɣɒ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ɛʋoːpɛɲcʰɛːɹ] | [æwo̯əbæŋkæ̯əɹ] | [æwoːbæŋkæːɹ] | [awoːbaŋkaːɹ] |- | '''betḷe''' [be̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [pet͡ɬʰe] | [be̞t͡ɕe̞] | [bet͡ɕe] | [bɘk͡xɘ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [läː.äcʰəpʰsoɹhə] | [lɑ̯ə.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹhɤ̞] | [läː.äkɤphoɹhɤ] | [lɒː.ɒkopθɵɹho] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [dɨːc] | [dʰɯ̯əg] | [dʰɯːg] | [duːg] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [voːctʰəl] | [vo̯əgtɤ̞l] | [voːgtɤl] | [voːgtol] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ʀocʰtʰəl] | [ɣo̞ktɤ̞l] | [ɣoktɤl] | [ɣɵktol] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ɛheɟefili] | [æhe̞gʰe̞fili] | [æhegʰefili] | [ahɘgɘfɪlɪ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ɛtʰeːhescʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞skæ̯əɹ] | [æteːheskæːɹ] | [ateːhɘskaːɹ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ɛtʰeːhesɛlcʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞sælkæːɹ] | [æteːhesælkæːɹ] | [ateːhɘsalkaːɹ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [opäːckunu] | [o̞bɑːqqunu] | [obäːkkunu] | [ɵbɒːkʊnʊ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [päɹuːmɹən] | [bɑɹu̯əmɹɤ̞n] | [bäɹəu̯mɹɤn] | [bɒɹuːmɹon] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [cʰälät] | [kɑlɑd] | [käläd] | [kɒlɒd] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [gäːʋgäː] | [ɢʰɑ̯əwɢʰɑ̯ə] | [ɢʰäːwɢʰäː] | [ɢʰɒːwɢʰɒː] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [eːsɛːlʋɛ] | [e̯əθæ̯əlwe̞] | [eːhæːlwe] | [eːθaːlwɘ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ishezɛːt] | [ishe̞zæːd] | [ishezæːd] | [ishezaːd] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ispoːlɛ] | [izbo̯əlæ] | [izboːlæ] | [izboːla] |- | '''labátə''' [lɑbɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [läpäːtʰə] | [lɑbɑ̯ətɤ] | [läbäːtɤ] | [lɒbɒto] |- | '''bǽkjele''' [bæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [pɛːʝʝele] | [bæ̯əkje̞le̞] | [bæːkjele] | [baːkjɘlɘ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [doːɹum] | [dʰo̯əɹum] | [dʰoːɹum] | [dʰoːɹʊm] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ketʰtʰɛ] | [qe̞ttæ] | [qettæ] | [qɘtta] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [zɛvʝɛː] | [zævjæ̯ə] | [zævjæː] | [zavjaː] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [essɛːɲ] | [e̞ssæ̯əŋ] | [essæːŋ] | [ɘssaːŋ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ɛɲepʰcʰɛːɹ] | [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | [æŋepkæːɹ] | [aŋɘpkaːɹ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [sɛːʝɲiː] | [sæːjni̯ə] | [sæːjnəi̯] | [saːjniː] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [izʝeːve] | [izje̯əve] | [izjeːve] | [ɪzjeːvɘ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [foːɹʋi] | [fo̯əɹwi] | [foːɹwi] | [foːɹwɪ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [qoːlqä] | [qo̯əlqɑ] | [qoːlqä] | [qoːlqɒ] |- | '''olwaḷa''' [o̞lwɑɬɑ] | word | [olʋäɬä] | [o̞lwɑɕɑ] | [olwäɕä] | [olwɒxɒ] |- | '''ḅaxḍý''' [b̰ɑɣd̰ɯː] | wild | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yθəskə''' [ɯθɤ̞skɤ̞] | garlic | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ykýsula''' [ɯkɯːsulɑ] | cherry | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yjə́lma''' [ɯjɤ̞ːlmɑ] | olive | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''əfahta''' [ɤ̞fɑxtɑ] | cotton | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uḅýsy''' [ub̰ɯːsɯ] | bee | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yt'oloθ''' [ɯtˠo̞lo̞θ] | plum | [] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yḷamə́''' [ɯɬɑmɤ̞ː] | flax | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oġáwa''' [o̞ɢ̰ɑːwɑ] | dhole | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oḅáxys''' [o̞b̰ɑːʁɯs] | leopard | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''osan'gyr''' [o̞sɑŋgɯɹ] | cheetah | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uḅálva''' [ub̰ɑːlvɑ] | lion | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''usýzu''' [usɯːzu] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uqətrás''' [uqɤ̞tɹɑːs] | cobra | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''udḷýva''' [ud̰͡ɮɯːvɑ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''utḷáw''' [ut͡ɬɑːw] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uwýjá''' [uwɯːjɑː] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukadýs'''' [ukɑdɯːsˠ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ujáwý''' [ujɑːwɯː] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ubawḍáx''' [ubɑwd̰ɑːʁ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uváġ'''' [uvɑːg̰] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukjóbo''' [ukjo̞ːbo̞] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oḍḷáxva''' [od̰͡ɮɑːʁvɑ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''os'áma''' [o̞sˠɑːmɑ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uqurul''' [uquɹul] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukjǽræ''' [ukjæːɹæ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yḍáx''' [ɯd̰ɑːʁ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yqəsan''' [ɯqɤ̞sɑn] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ydagrus'''' [ɯdɑgɹusˠ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''abylqə''' [ɑbɯlqɤ̞] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''odavóx''' [o̞dɑvoːʁ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oġ'árva''' [o̞g̰ɑːɹva] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oḍan'guk''' [o̞d̰ɑŋguk] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''obavul''' [o̞bɑvul] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''t'arna''' [tˠɑɹnɑ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''waxda''' [wɑɣdɑ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oġ'áry''' [o̞g̰ɑːɹɯ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''otalma''' [o̞tɑlmɑ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yxný''' [ɯɣnɯː] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yz'ajḅa''' [ɯzˠɑjb̰ɑ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 5968ca4a92f4c918b167a433e376f950923d82ab 1893 1892 2014-04-20T16:25:48Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [soːɹʝä] | [θo̯əɹjɑ] | [hoːɹjä] | [θoːɹjɒ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ɛzɛːm] | [æðæ̯əm] | [æzæːm] | [aðaːm] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [siːs] | [si̯əs] | [səi̯s] | [siːs] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ʋäːcʰ] | [wɑ̯ək] | [wäːk] | [wɒːk] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [kotä] | [qo̞dɑ] | [qodä] | [qɵdɒ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [septɛ] | [se̞bdæ] | [sebdæ] | [sɘbda] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [okətä] | [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | [oqɤdä] | [ɵqodɒ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [insetɛ] | [inxe̞dæ] | [inθ̠edæ] | [ɪnʂɘda] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [änɬətä] | [ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ] | [äɲɕɤdä] | [ɒŋxodɒ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [pɛːltɛ] | [bæ̯əldæ] | [bæːltæ] | [baːlta] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ʀästä] | [ɣɑðdɑ] | [ɣäzdä] | [ɣɒðdɒ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [häcətä] | [hɑgɤ̞dɑ] | [hägɤdä] | [hɒgodɒ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [toctä] | [do̯əgdɑ] | [doːgdä] | [doːgdɒ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twelve | [toːctäkotä] | [do̯əgdɑ qodɑ] | [doːgdä qodä] | [doːgdɒ qodɒ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [totoːctä] | [do̞do̯əgdɑ] | [dodoːgdä] | [dɵdoːgdɒ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ] | (one) thousand | [cɨntoːctä] | [gɯndo̯əgdɑ] | [gɯndoːgdä] | [gʊndoːgdɒ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [uməɹsə] | [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | [umɤɹhɤ] | [ʊmoɹθo] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ʀocʰ] | [ɣo̞k] | [ɣok] | [ɣɵk] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ɨθuntu] | [ɯtundu] | [ɯtundu] | [ʊtʊndʊ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞ːb̰ɑn] | cow | [uʋoːbän] | [uwo̯əbʰɑn] | [uwoːbʰän] | [ʊwoːbɒn] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ɛheɟe] | [æhe̞gʰe̞] | [æhegʰe] | [ahɘgɘ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ucʰunu] | [ukunu] | [ukunu] | [ʊkʊnʊ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [me] | [me̞] | [me] | [mɘ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [sä] | [θɑ] | [hä] | [θɒ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [cʰe] | [ke̞] | [ke] | [kɘ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [cʰotʰä] | [ko̞tɑ] | [kotä] | [kotɒ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [espɛɹuːm] | [e̞zbæɹu̯əm] | [ezbæɹəu̯m] | [ɘzbaɹuːm] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [issozä] | [isso̞ɣɑ] | [issoð̠ä] | [issɵʐɒ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [tʰoːntä] | [ko̯əndɑ] | [koːndä] | [ʈoːndɒ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ähulɨ] | [ɑhulɯ] | [ähulɯ] | [ɒhʊlʊ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ät͡ɬäc] | [ɑd͡ʑɑg] | [äd͡ʑäg] | [ɒdlɒg] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ɬäɲco] | [ɕɑŋgo̞] | [ɕäŋgo] | [xɒŋgɵ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [tʰeɲetʰoːm] | [te̞ŋe̞to̯əm] | [teŋetoːm] | [tɘŋɘtoːm] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [äcʰəːpʰsə] | [ɑkɤ̯əpθɤ̞] | [äkɤːphɤ] | [ɒkoːpθo] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [äsəɬə] | [ɑxɤ̞ɕɤ̞] | [äθ̠ɤɕɤ] | [ɒʂoxo] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [toːɲäcuː] | [do̯əŋɑgu̯ə] | [doːŋägəu̯] | [doːŋɒguː] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [isɬeːtlɛːn] | [iɕɕe̯ədlæːn] | [iɕɕeːdlæːn] | [isxeːdlaːn] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [poʀʀä] | [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | [boɹɣä] | [bɵɹɣɒ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ɛʋoːpɛɲcʰɛːɹ] | [æwo̯əbæŋkæ̯əɹ] | [æwoːbæŋkæːɹ] | [awoːbaŋkaːɹ] |- | '''betḷe''' [be̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [pet͡ɬʰe] | [be̞t͡ɕe̞] | [bet͡ɕe] | [bɘk͡xɘ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [läː.äcʰəpʰsoɹhə] | [lɑ̯ə.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹhɤ̞] | [läː.äkɤphoɹhɤ] | [lɒː.ɒkopθɵɹho] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [dɨːc] | [dʰɯ̯əg] | [dʰɯːg] | [duːg] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [voːctʰəl] | [vo̯əgtɤ̞l] | [voːgtɤl] | [voːgtol] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ʀocʰtʰəl] | [ɣo̞ktɤ̞l] | [ɣoktɤl] | [ɣɵktol] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ɛheɟefili] | [æhe̞gʰe̞fili] | [æhegʰefili] | [ahɘgɘfɪlɪ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ɛtʰeːhescʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞skæ̯əɹ] | [æteːheskæːɹ] | [ateːhɘskaːɹ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ɛtʰeːhesɛlcʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞sælkæːɹ] | [æteːhesælkæːɹ] | [ateːhɘsalkaːɹ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [opäːckunu] | [o̞bɑːqqunu] | [obäːkkunu] | [ɵbɒːkʊnʊ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [päɹuːmɹən] | [bɑɹu̯əmɹɤ̞n] | [bäɹəu̯mɹɤn] | [bɒɹuːmɹon] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [cʰälät] | [kɑlɑd] | [käläd] | [kɒlɒd] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [gäːʋgäː] | [ɢʰɑ̯əwɢʰɑ̯ə] | [ɢʰäːwɢʰäː] | [ɢʰɒːwɢʰɒː] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [eːsɛːlʋɛ] | [e̯əθæ̯əlwe̞] | [eːhæːlwe] | [eːθaːlwɘ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ishezɛːt] | [ishe̞zæːd] | [ishezæːd] | [ishezaːd] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ispoːlɛ] | [izbo̯əlæ] | [izboːlæ] | [izboːla] |- | '''labátə''' [lɑbɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [läpäːtʰə] | [lɑbɑ̯ətɤ] | [läbäːtɤ] | [lɒbɒto] |- | '''bǽkjele''' [bæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [pɛːʝʝele] | [bæ̯əkje̞le̞] | [bæːkjele] | [baːkjɘlɘ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [doːɹum] | [dʰo̯əɹum] | [dʰoːɹum] | [dʰoːɹʊm] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ketʰtʰɛ] | [qe̞ttæ] | [qettæ] | [qɘtta] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [zɛvʝɛː] | [zævjæ̯ə] | [zævjæː] | [zavjaː] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [essɛːɲ] | [e̞ssæ̯əŋ] | [essæːŋ] | [ɘssaːŋ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ɛɲepʰcʰɛːɹ] | [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | [æŋepkæːɹ] | [aŋɘpkaːɹ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [sɛːʝɲiː] | [sæːjni̯ə] | [sæːjnəi̯] | [saːjniː] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [izʝeːve] | [izje̯əve] | [izjeːve] | [ɪzjeːvɘ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [foːɹʋi] | [fo̯əɹwi] | [foːɹwi] | [foːɹwɪ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [qoːlqä] | [qo̯əlqɑ] | [qoːlqä] | [qoːlqɒ] |- | '''olwaḷa''' [o̞lwɑɬɑ] | word | [olʋäɬä] | [o̞lwɑɕɑ] | [olwäɕä] | [olwɒxɒ] |- | '''ḅaxḍý''' [b̰ɑɣd̰ɯː] | wild | [bäɣdɨː] | [bʰɑɣdʰɯ̯ə] | [bʰäɣdʰəɯ̯] | [bɒːduː] |- | '''yθəskə''' [ɯθɤ̞skɤ̞] | garlic | [ɨsəscʰə] | [ɯθɤ̞skɤ̞] | [ɯhɤskɤ] | [ʊθosko] |- | '''ykýsula''' [ɯkɯːsulɑ] | cherry | [ɨkɨːsulä] | [ɯkɯ̯əsulɑ] | [ɯkəɯ̯sulä] | [ʊkuːsʊlɒ] |- | '''yjə́lma''' [ɯjɤ̞ːlmɑ] | olive | [ɨjəːlmä] | [ɯjɤ̯əlmɑ] | [ɯjɤːlmä] | [ʊjoːlmɒ] |- | '''əfahta''' [ɤ̞fɑxtɑ] | cotton | [əfähtä] | [ɤ̞fɑhtɑ] | [ɤfähtä] | [ofɒhtɒ] |- | '''uḅýsy''' [ub̰ɯːsɯ] | bee | [ubɨːsɨ] | [ubʰɯ̯əsɯ] | [ubʰəɯ̯sɯ] | [ʊbuːsʊ] |- | '''yt'oloθ''' [ɯtˠo̞lo̞θ] | plum | [ɨtʰolos] | [ɯko̞lo̞θ] | [ɯkoloh] | [ʊʈoloθ] |- | '''yḷamə́''' [ɯɬɑmɤ̞ː] | flax | [ɨɬämɤː] | [ɯɕɑmɤ̯ə] | [ɯɕämɤː] | [ʊxɒmoː] |- | '''oġáwa''' [o̞ɢ̰ɑːwɑ] | dhole | [ogäːʋä] | [o̞ɢʰɑ̯əwɑ] | [oɢʰäːwä] | [oɢɒːwɒ] |- | '''oḅáxys''' [o̞b̰ɑːʁɯs] | leopard | [obäːʀɨs] | [o̞bʰɑ̯əɣɯs] | [obʰäːɣɯs] | [obɒːɣʊs] |- | '''osan'gyr''' [o̞sɑŋgɯɹ] | cheetah | [osäɲcɨɹ] | [o̞sɑŋgɯɹ] | [osäŋgɯɹ] | [osɒŋgʊɹ] |- | '''uḅálva''' [ub̰ɑːlvɑ] | lion | [ubäːlvä] | [ubʰɑːlvɑ] | [ubʰäːlvä] | [ʊbɒːlvɒ] |- | '''usýzu''' [usɯːzu] | snake | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uqətrás''' [uqɤ̞tɹɑːs] | cobra | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''udḷýva''' [ud̰͡ɮɯːvɑ] | mongoose | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''utḷáw''' [ut͡ɬɑːw] | fish | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uwýjá''' [uwɯːjɑː] | hyaena | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukadýs'''' [ukɑdɯːsˠ] | civet | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ujáwý''' [ujɑːwɯː] | peafowl | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ubawḍáx''' [ubɑwd̰ɑːʁ] | ibex | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uváġ'''' [uvɑːg̰] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukjóbo''' [ukjo̞ːbo̞] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oḍḷáxva''' [od̰͡ɮɑːʁvɑ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''os'áma''' [o̞sˠɑːmɑ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uqurul''' [uquɹul] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukjǽræ''' [ukjæːɹæ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yḍáx''' [ɯd̰ɑːʁ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yqəsan''' [ɯqɤ̞sɑn] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ydagrus'''' [ɯdɑgɹusˠ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''abylqə''' [ɑbɯlqɤ̞] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''odavóx''' [o̞dɑvoːʁ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oġ'árva''' [o̞g̰ɑːɹva] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oḍan'guk''' [o̞d̰ɑŋguk] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''obavul''' [o̞bɑvul] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''t'arna''' [tˠɑɹnɑ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''waxda''' [wɑɣdɑ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oġ'áry''' [o̞g̰ɑːɹɯ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''otalma''' [o̞tɑlmɑ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yxný''' [ɯɣnɯː] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yz'ajḅa''' [ɯzˠɑjb̰ɑ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 21c09f9c9e71d62010fe7dff1023cda6504d5141 1894 1893 2014-04-20T16:37:22Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [soːɹʝä] | [θo̯əɹjɑ] | [hoːɹjä] | [θoːɹjɒ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ɛzɛːm] | [æðæ̯əm] | [æzæːm] | [aðaːm] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [siːs] | [si̯əs] | [səi̯s] | [siːs] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ʋäːcʰ] | [wɑ̯ək] | [wäːk] | [wɒːk] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [kotä] | [qo̞dɑ] | [qodä] | [qɵdɒ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [septɛ] | [se̞bdæ] | [sebdæ] | [sɘbda] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [okətä] | [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | [oqɤdä] | [ɵqodɒ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [insetɛ] | [inxe̞dæ] | [inθ̠edæ] | [ɪnʂɘda] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [änɬətä] | [ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ] | [äɲɕɤdä] | [ɒŋxodɒ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [pɛːltɛ] | [bæ̯əldæ] | [bæːltæ] | [baːlta] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ʀästä] | [ɣɑðdɑ] | [ɣäzdä] | [ɣɒðdɒ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [häcətä] | [hɑgɤ̞dɑ] | [hägɤdä] | [hɒgodɒ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [toctä] | [do̯əgdɑ] | [doːgdä] | [doːgdɒ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twelve | [toːctäkotä] | [do̯əgdɑ qodɑ] | [doːgdä qodä] | [doːgdɒ qodɒ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [totoːctä] | [do̞do̯əgdɑ] | [dodoːgdä] | [dɵdoːgdɒ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ] | (one) thousand | [cɨntoːctä] | [gɯndo̯əgdɑ] | [gɯndoːgdä] | [gʊndoːgdɒ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [uməɹsə] | [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | [umɤɹhɤ] | [ʊmoɹθo] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ʀocʰ] | [ɣo̞k] | [ɣok] | [ɣɵk] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ɨθuntu] | [ɯtundu] | [ɯtundu] | [ʊtʊndʊ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞ːb̰ɑn] | cow | [uʋoːbän] | [uwo̯əbʰɑn] | [uwoːbʰän] | [ʊwoːbɒn] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ɛheɟe] | [æhe̞gʰe̞] | [æhegʰe] | [ahɘgɘ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ucʰunu] | [ukunu] | [ukunu] | [ʊkʊnʊ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [me] | [me̞] | [me] | [mɘ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [sä] | [θɑ] | [hä] | [θɒ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [cʰe] | [ke̞] | [ke] | [kɘ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [cʰotʰä] | [ko̞tɑ] | [kotä] | [kotɒ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [espɛɹuːm] | [e̞zbæɹu̯əm] | [ezbæɹəu̯m] | [ɘzbaɹuːm] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [issozä] | [isso̞ɣɑ] | [issoð̠ä] | [issɵʐɒ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [tʰoːntä] | [ko̯əndɑ] | [koːndä] | [ʈoːndɒ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ähulɨ] | [ɑhulɯ] | [ähulɯ] | [ɒhʊlʊ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ät͡ɬäc] | [ɑd͡ʑɑg] | [äd͡ʑäg] | [ɒdlɒg] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ɬäɲco] | [ɕɑŋgo̞] | [ɕäŋgo] | [xɒŋgɵ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [tʰeɲetʰoːm] | [te̞ŋe̞to̯əm] | [teŋetoːm] | [tɘŋɘtoːm] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [äcʰəːpʰsə] | [ɑkɤ̯əpθɤ̞] | [äkɤːphɤ] | [ɒkoːpθo] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [äsəɬə] | [ɑxɤ̞ɕɤ̞] | [äθ̠ɤɕɤ] | [ɒʂoxo] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [toːɲäcuː] | [do̯əŋɑgu̯ə] | [doːŋägəu̯] | [doːŋɒguː] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [isɬeːtlɛːn] | [iɕɕe̯ədlæːn] | [iɕɕeːdlæːn] | [isxeːdlaːn] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [poʀʀä] | [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | [boɹɣä] | [bɵɹɣɒ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ɛʋoːpɛɲcʰɛːɹ] | [æwo̯əbæŋkæ̯əɹ] | [æwoːbæŋkæːɹ] | [awoːbaŋkaːɹ] |- | '''betḷe''' [be̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [pet͡ɬʰe] | [be̞t͡ɕe̞] | [bet͡ɕe] | [bɘk͡xɘ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [läː.äcʰəpʰsoɹhə] | [lɑ̯ə.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹhɤ̞] | [läː.äkɤphoɹhɤ] | [lɒː.ɒkopθɵɹho] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [dɨːc] | [dʰɯ̯əg] | [dʰɯːg] | [duːg] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [voːctʰəl] | [vo̯əgtɤ̞l] | [voːgtɤl] | [voːgtol] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ʀocʰtʰəl] | [ɣo̞ktɤ̞l] | [ɣoktɤl] | [ɣɵktol] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ɛheɟefili] | [æhe̞gʰe̞fili] | [æhegʰefili] | [ahɘgɘfɪlɪ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ɛtʰeːhescʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞skæ̯əɹ] | [æteːheskæːɹ] | [ateːhɘskaːɹ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ɛtʰeːhesɛlcʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞sælkæːɹ] | [æteːhesælkæːɹ] | [ateːhɘsalkaːɹ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [opäːckunu] | [o̞bɑːqqunu] | [obäːkkunu] | [ɵbɒːkʊnʊ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [päɹuːmɹən] | [bɑɹu̯əmɹɤ̞n] | [bäɹəu̯mɹɤn] | [bɒɹuːmɹon] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [cʰälät] | [kɑlɑd] | [käläd] | [kɒlɒd] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [gäːʋgäː] | [ɢʰɑ̯əwɢʰɑ̯ə] | [ɢʰäːwɢʰäː] | [ɢʰɒːwɢʰɒː] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [eːsɛːlʋɛ] | [e̯əθæ̯əlwe̞] | [eːhæːlwe] | [eːθaːlwɘ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ishezɛːt] | [ishe̞zæːd] | [ishezæːd] | [ishezaːd] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ispoːlɛ] | [izbo̯əlæ] | [izboːlæ] | [izboːla] |- | '''labátə''' [lɑbɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [läpäːtʰə] | [lɑbɑ̯ətɤ] | [läbäːtɤ] | [lɒbɒto] |- | '''bǽkjele''' [bæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [pɛːʝʝele] | [bæ̯əkje̞le̞] | [bæːkjele] | [baːkjɘlɘ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [doːɹum] | [dʰo̯əɹum] | [dʰoːɹum] | [dʰoːɹʊm] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ketʰtʰɛ] | [qe̞ttæ] | [qettæ] | [qɘtta] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [zɛvʝɛː] | [zævjæ̯ə] | [zævjæː] | [zavjaː] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [essɛːɲ] | [e̞ssæ̯əŋ] | [essæːŋ] | [ɘssaːŋ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ɛɲepʰcʰɛːɹ] | [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | [æŋepkæːɹ] | [aŋɘpkaːɹ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [sɛːʝɲiː] | [sæːjni̯ə] | [sæːjnəi̯] | [saːjniː] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [izʝeːve] | [izje̯əve] | [izjeːve] | [ɪzjeːvɘ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [foːɹʋi] | [fo̯əɹwi] | [foːɹwi] | [foːɹwɪ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [qoːlqä] | [qo̯əlqɑ] | [qoːlqä] | [qoːlqɒ] |- | '''olwaḷa''' [o̞lwɑɬɑ] | word | [olʋäɬä] | [o̞lwɑɕɑ] | [olwäɕä] | [olwɒxɒ] |- | '''ḅaxḍý''' [b̰ɑɣd̰ɯː] | wild | [bäɣdɨː] | [bʰɑɣdʰɯ̯ə] | [bʰäɣdʰəɯ̯] | [bɒːduː] |- | '''yθəskə''' [ɯθɤ̞skɤ̞] | garlic | [ɨsəscʰə] | [ɯθɤ̞skɤ̞] | [ɯhɤskɤ] | [ʊθosko] |- | '''ykýsula''' [ɯkɯːsulɑ] | cherry | [ɨkɨːsulä] | [ɯkɯ̯əsulɑ] | [ɯkəɯ̯sulä] | [ʊkuːsʊlɒ] |- | '''yjə́lma''' [ɯjɤ̞ːlmɑ] | olive | [ɨjəːlmä] | [ɯjɤ̯əlmɑ] | [ɯjɤːlmä] | [ʊjoːlmɒ] |- | '''əfahta''' [ɤ̞fɑxtɑ] | cotton | [əfähtä] | [ɤ̞fɑhtɑ] | [ɤfähtä] | [ofɒhtɒ] |- | '''uḅýsy''' [ub̰ɯːsɯ] | bee | [ubɨːsɨ] | [ubʰɯ̯əsɯ] | [ubʰəɯ̯sɯ] | [ʊbuːsʊ] |- | '''yt'oloθ''' [ɯtˠo̞lo̞θ] | plum | [ɨtʰolos] | [ɯko̞lo̞θ] | [ɯkoloh] | [ʊʈoloθ] |- | '''yḷamə́''' [ɯɬɑmɤ̞ː] | flax | [ɨɬämɤː] | [ɯɕɑmɤ̯ə] | [ɯɕämɤː] | [ʊxɒmoː] |- | '''oġáwa''' [o̞ɢ̰ɑːwɑ] | dhole | [ogäːʋä] | [o̞ɢʰɑ̯əwɑ] | [oɢʰäːwä] | [oɢɒːwɒ] |- | '''oḅáxys''' [o̞b̰ɑːʁɯs] | leopard | [obäːʀɨs] | [o̞bʰɑ̯əɣɯs] | [obʰäːɣɯs] | [obɒːɣʊs] |- | '''osan'gyr''' [o̞sɑŋgɯɹ] | cheetah | [osäɲcɨɹ] | [o̞sɑŋgɯɹ] | [osäŋgɯɹ] | [osɒŋgʊɹ] |- | '''uḅálva''' [ub̰ɑːlvɑ] | lion | [ubäːlvä] | [ubʰɑːlvɑ] | [ubʰäːlvä] | [ʊbɒːlvɒ] |- | '''usýzu''' [usɯːzu] | snake | [usɨːzu] | [usɯ̯əzu] | [usəɯ̯zu] | [ʊsuːzʊ] |- | '''uqətrás''' [uqɤ̞tɹɑːs] | cobra | [ukʰətʰɹäːs] | [uqɤ̞tɹɑs] | [uqɤtɹäs] | [ʊqotɹɒs] |- | '''udḷýva''' [ud̰͡ɮɯːvɑ] | mongoose | [ud͡ɮɨːvä] | [ud͡ʑɯ̯əvɑ] | [ud͡ʑəɯ̯vä] | [ʊg͡ɣuːvɒ] |- | '''utḷáw''' [ut͡ɬɑːw] | fish | [ut͡ɬʰäːʋ] | [ut͡ɕɑːw] | [ut͡ɕäw] | [ʊk͡xɒːw] |- | '''uwýjá''' [uwɯːjɑː] | hyaena | [uʋɨːʝäː] | [uwɯːjɑː] | [uwɯːjä] | [ʊwuːjɒː] |- | '''ukadýs'''' [ukɑdɯːsˠ] | civet | [ucʰätɨːx] | [ukɑdɯːx] | [ukädɯːx] | [ʊkɒduːʂ] |- | '''ojáwý''' [o̞jɑːwɯː] | peafowl | [oʝäːʋɨː] | [o̞jɑːwɯː] | [ojäwɯː] | [ojɒːwuː] |- | '''ubawḍáx''' [ubɑwd̰ɑːʁ] | ibex | [] | [] | [] | [] |- | '''uváġ'''' [uvɑːg̰] | sheep | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukjóbo''' [ukjo̞ːbo̞] | monkey | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oḍḷáxva''' [od̰͡ɮɑːʁvɑ] | elephant | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''os'áma''' [o̞sˠɑːmɑ] | caracal | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''uqurul''' [uquɹul] | shark | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ukjǽræ''' [ukjæːɹæ] | eagle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yḍáx''' [ɯd̰ɑːʁ] | oak | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yqəsan''' [ɯqɤ̞sɑn] | pine | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''ydagrus'''' [ɯdɑgɹusˠ] | cedar | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''abylqə''' [ɑbɯlqɤ̞] | head | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''odavóx''' [o̞dɑvoːʁ] | auroch | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oġ'árva''' [o̞g̰ɑːɹva] | cattle | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oḍan'guk''' [o̞d̰ɑŋguk] | gaur | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''obavul''' [o̞bɑvul] | banteng | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''t'arna''' [tˠɑɹnɑ] | horn | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''waxda''' [wɑɣdɑ] | meadow | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''oġ'áry''' [o̞g̰ɑːɹɯ] | tiger | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''otalma''' [o̞tɑlmɑ] | dolphin | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yxný''' [ɯɣnɯː] | rye | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |- | '''yz'ajḅa''' [ɯzˠɑjb̰ɑ] | hemp | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] | [ ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 45385e2dbff4e217b366715f191cd5bac1a83819 1895 1894 2014-04-20T18:53:43Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [soːɹʝä] | [θo̯əɹjɑ] | [hoːɹjä] | [θoːɹjɒ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ɛzɛːm] | [æðæ̯əm] | [æzæːm] | [aðaːm] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [siːs] | [si̯əs] | [səi̯s] | [siːs] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ʋäːcʰ] | [wɑ̯ək] | [wäːk] | [wɒːk] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [kotä] | [qo̞dɑ] | [qodä] | [qɵdɒ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [septɛ] | [se̞bdæ] | [sebdæ] | [sɘbda] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [okətä] | [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | [oqɤdä] | [ɵqodɒ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [insetɛ] | [inxe̞dæ] | [inθ̠edæ] | [ɪnʂɘda] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [änɬətä] | [ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ] | [äɲɕɤdä] | [ɒŋxodɒ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [pɛːltɛ] | [bæ̯əldæ] | [bæːltæ] | [baːlta] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ʀästä] | [ɣɑðdɑ] | [ɣäzdä] | [ɣɒðdɒ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [häcətä] | [hɑgɤ̞dɑ] | [hägɤdä] | [hɒgodɒ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [toctä] | [do̯əgdɑ] | [doːgdä] | [doːgdɒ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twelve | [toːctäkotä] | [do̯əgdɑ qodɑ] | [doːgdä qodä] | [doːgdɒ qodɒ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [totoːctä] | [do̞do̯əgdɑ] | [dodoːgdä] | [dɵdoːgdɒ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ] | (one) thousand | [cɨntoːctä] | [gɯndo̯əgdɑ] | [gɯndoːgdä] | [gʊndoːgdɒ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [uməɹsə] | [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | [umɤɹhɤ] | [ʊmoɹθo] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ʀocʰ] | [ɣo̞k] | [ɣok] | [ɣɵk] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ɨθuntu] | [ɯtundu] | [ɯtundu] | [ʊtʊndʊ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞ːb̰ɑn] | cow | [uʋoːbän] | [uwo̯əbʰɑn] | [uwoːbʰän] | [ʊwoːbɒn] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ɛheɟe] | [æhe̞gʰe̞] | [æhegʰe] | [ahɘgɘ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ucʰunu] | [ukunu] | [ukunu] | [ʊkʊnʊ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [me] | [me̞] | [me] | [mɘ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [sä] | [θɑ] | [hä] | [θɒ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [cʰe] | [ke̞] | [ke] | [kɘ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [cʰotʰä] | [ko̞tɑ] | [kotä] | [kotɒ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [espɛɹuːm] | [e̞zbæɹu̯əm] | [ezbæɹəu̯m] | [ɘzbaɹuːm] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [issozä] | [isso̞ɣɑ] | [issoð̠ä] | [issɵʐɒ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [tʰoːntä] | [ko̯əndɑ] | [koːndä] | [ʈoːndɒ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ähulɨ] | [ɑhulɯ] | [ähulɯ] | [ɒhʊlʊ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ät͡ɬäc] | [ɑd͡ʑɑg] | [äd͡ʑäg] | [ɒdlɒg] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ɬäɲco] | [ɕɑŋgo̞] | [ɕäŋgo] | [xɒŋgɵ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [tʰeɲetʰoːm] | [te̞ŋe̞to̯əm] | [teŋetoːm] | [tɘŋɘtoːm] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [äcʰəːpʰsə] | [ɑkɤ̯əpθɤ̞] | [äkɤːphɤ] | [ɒkoːpθo] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [äsəɬə] | [ɑxɤ̞ɕɤ̞] | [äθ̠ɤɕɤ] | [ɒʂoxo] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [toːɲäcuː] | [do̯əŋɑgu̯ə] | [doːŋägəu̯] | [doːŋɒguː] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [isɬeːtlɛːn] | [iɕɕe̯ədlæːn] | [iɕɕeːdlæːn] | [isxeːdlaːn] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [poʀʀä] | [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | [boɹɣä] | [bɵɹɣɒ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ɛʋoːpɛɲcʰɛːɹ] | [æwo̯əbæŋkæ̯əɹ] | [æwoːbæŋkæːɹ] | [awoːbaŋkaːɹ] |- | '''betḷe''' [be̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [pet͡ɬʰe] | [be̞t͡ɕe̞] | [bet͡ɕe] | [bɘk͡xɘ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [läː.äcʰəpʰsoɹhə] | [lɑ̯ə.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹhɤ̞] | [läː.äkɤphoɹhɤ] | [lɒː.ɒkopθɵɹho] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [dɨːc] | [dʰɯ̯əg] | [dʰɯːg] | [duːg] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [voːctʰəl] | [vo̯əgtɤ̞l] | [voːgtɤl] | [voːgtol] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ʀocʰtʰəl] | [ɣo̞ktɤ̞l] | [ɣoktɤl] | [ɣɵktol] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ɛheɟefili] | [æhe̞gʰe̞fili] | [æhegʰefili] | [ahɘgɘfɪlɪ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ɛtʰeːhescʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞skæ̯əɹ] | [æteːheskæːɹ] | [ateːhɘskaːɹ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ɛtʰeːhesɛlcʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞sælkæːɹ] | [æteːhesælkæːɹ] | [ateːhɘsalkaːɹ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [opäːckunu] | [o̞bɑːqqunu] | [obäːkkunu] | [ɵbɒːkʊnʊ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [päɹuːmɹən] | [bɑɹu̯əmɹɤ̞n] | [bäɹəu̯mɹɤn] | [bɒɹuːmɹon] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [cʰälät] | [kɑlɑd] | [käläd] | [kɒlɒd] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [gäːʋgäː] | [ɢʰɑ̯əwɢʰɑ̯ə] | [ɢʰäːwɢʰäː] | [ɢʰɒːwɢʰɒː] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [eːsɛːlʋɛ] | [e̯əθæ̯əlwe̞] | [eːhæːlwe] | [eːθaːlwɘ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ishezɛːt] | [ishe̞zæːd] | [ishezæːd] | [ɪshɘzaːd] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ispoːlɛ] | [izbo̯əlæ] | [izboːlæ] | [ɪzboːla] |- | '''labátə''' [lɑbɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [läpäːtʰə] | [lɑbɑ̯ətɤ] | [läbäːtɤ] | [lɒbɒto] |- | '''bǽkjele''' [bæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [pɛːʝʝele] | [bæ̯əkje̞le̞] | [bæːkjele] | [baːkjɘlɘ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [doːɹum] | [dʰo̯əɹum] | [dʰoːɹum] | [dʰoːɹʊm] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ketʰtʰɛ] | [qe̞ttæ] | [qettæ] | [qɘtta] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [zɛvʝɛː] | [zævjæ̯ə] | [zævjæː] | [zavjaː] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [essɛːɲ] | [e̞ssæ̯əŋ] | [essæːŋ] | [ɘssaːŋ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ɛɲepʰcʰɛːɹ] | [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | [æŋepkæːɹ] | [aŋɘpkaːɹ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [sɛːʝɲiː] | [sæːjni̯ə] | [sæːjnəi̯] | [saːjniː] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [izʝeːve] | [izje̯əve] | [izjeːve] | [ɪzjeːvɘ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [foːɹʋi] | [fo̯əɹwi] | [foːɹwi] | [foːɹwɪ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [qoːlqä] | [qo̯əlqɑ] | [qoːlqä] | [qoːlqɒ] |- | '''olwaḷa''' [o̞lwɑɬɑ] | word | [olʋäɬä] | [o̞lwɑɕɑ] | [olwäɕä] | [ɵlwɒxɒ] |- | '''ḅaxḍý''' [b̰ɑɣd̰ɯː] | wild | [bäɣdɨː] | [bʰɑɣdʰɯ̯ə] | [bʰäɣdʰəɯ̯] | [bɒːduː] |- | '''yθəskə''' [ɯθɤ̞skɤ̞] | garlic | [ɨsəscʰə] | [ɯθɤ̞skɤ̞] | [ɯhɤskɤ] | [ʊθosko] |- | '''ykýsula''' [ɯkɯːsulɑ] | cherry | [ɨkɨːsulä] | [ɯkɯ̯əsulɑ] | [ɯkəɯ̯sulä] | [ʊkuːsʊlɒ] |- | '''yjə́lma''' [ɯjɤ̞ːlmɑ] | olive | [ɨjəːlmä] | [ɯjɤ̯əlmɑ] | [ɯjɤːlmä] | [ʊjoːlmɒ] |- | '''əfahta''' [ɤ̞fɑxtɑ] | cotton | [əfähtä] | [ɤ̞fɑhtɑ] | [ɤfähtä] | [ofɒhtɒ] |- | '''uḅýsy''' [ub̰ɯːsɯ] | bee | [ubɨːsɨ] | [ubʰɯ̯əsɯ] | [ubʰəɯ̯sɯ] | [ʊbuːsʊ] |- | '''yt'oloθ''' [ɯtˠo̞lo̞θ] | plum | [ɨtʰolos] | [ɯko̞lo̞θ] | [ɯkoloh] | [ʊʈɵlɵθ] |- | '''yḷamə́''' [ɯɬɑmɤ̞ː] | flax | [ɨɬämɤː] | [ɯɕɑmɤ̯ə] | [ɯɕämɤː] | [ʊxɒmoː] |- | '''oġáwa''' [o̞ɢ̰ɑːwɑ] | dhole | [ogäːʋä] | [o̞ɢʰɑ̯əwɑ] | [oɢʰäːwä] | [ɵɢɒːwɒ] |- | '''oḅáxys''' [o̞b̰ɑːʁɯs] | leopard | [obäːʀɨs] | [o̞bʰɑ̯əɣɯs] | [obʰäːɣɯs] | [ɵbɒːɣʊs] |- | '''osan'gyr''' [o̞sɑŋgɯɹ] | cheetah | [osäɲcɨɹ] | [o̞sɑŋgɯɹ] | [osäŋgɯɹ] | [ɵsɒŋgʊɹ] |- | '''uḅálva''' [ub̰ɑːlvɑ] | lion | [ubäːlvä] | [ubʰɑːlvɑ] | [ubʰäːlvä] | [ʊbɒːlvɒ] |- | '''usýzu''' [usɯːzu] | snake | [usɨːzu] | [usɯ̯əzu] | [usəɯ̯zu] | [ʊsuːzʊ] |- | '''uqətrás''' [uqɤ̞tɹɑːs] | cobra | [ukʰətʰɹäːs] | [uqɤ̞tɹɑs] | [uqɤtɹäs] | [ʊqotɹɒs] |- | '''udḷýva''' [ud̰͡ɮɯːvɑ] | mongoose | [ud͡ɮɨːvä] | [ud͡ʑɯ̯əvɑ] | [ud͡ʑəɯ̯vä] | [ʊg͡ɣuːvɒ] |- | '''utḷáw''' [ut͡ɬɑːw] | fish | [ut͡ɬʰäːʋ] | [ut͡ɕɑːw] | [ut͡ɕäw] | [ʊk͡xɒːw] |- | '''uwýjá''' [uwɯːjɑː] | hyaena | [uʋɨːʝäː] | [uwɯːjɑː] | [uwɯːjä] | [ʊwuːjɒː] |- | '''ukadýs'''' [ukɑdɯːsˠ] | civet | [ucʰätɨːx] | [ukɑdɯːx] | [ukädɯːx] | [ʊkɒduːʂ] |- | '''ojáwý''' [o̞jɑːwɯː] | peafowl | [oʝäːʋɨː] | [o̞jɑːwɯː] | [ojäwɯː] | [ɵjɒːwuː] |- | '''ubawḍáx''' [ubɑwd̰ɑːʁ] | ibex | [upäʋdäːʀ] | [ubɑwdʰɑːɣ] | [ubäwdʰäːɣ] | [ʊbɒwdɒːɣ] |- | '''uváġ'''' [uvɑːg̰] | sheep | [uväːg] | [uvɑ̯əgʰ] | [uväːgʰ] | [ʊvɒːg] |- | '''ukjóbo''' [ukjo̞ːbo̞] | monkey | [uɟʝoːpo] | [ukjo̯əbo̞] | [ukjoːbo] | [ʊkjoːbɵ] |- | '''oḍḷáxva''' [od̰͡ɮɑːɣvɑ] | elephant | [od͡ɮäːvä] | [o̞d͡ʑɑ̯əɣvɑ] | [od͡ʑäɣvä] | [ɵg͡ɣɒːvɒː] |- | '''os'áma''' [o̞sˠɑːmɑ] | caracal | [oxäːmä] | [o̞xɑ̯əm] | [oxäːmä] | [ɵʂɒːmɒ] |- | '''uqurul''' [uquɹul] | shark | [ukʰuɹul] | [uquɹul] | [uquɹul] | [ʊqʊɹʊl] |- | '''okjǽræ''' [okjæːɹæ] | eagle | [oɟʝɛːɹɛ] | [o̞kjæ̯əɹæ] | [okjæːɹæ] | [ɵkjaːɹa] |- | '''yḍáx''' [ɯd̰ɑːɣ] | oak | [ɨdäːʀ] | [ɯdʰɑ̯əɣ] | [ɯdʰäːɣ] | [ɯdɒːɣ] |- | '''yqəsan''' [ɯqɤ̞sɑn] | pine | [ɨkʰəsän] | [ɯqɤ̞sɑn] | [ɯqɤsän] | [ʊqosɒn] |- | '''ydagrus'''' [ɯdɑgɹusˠ] | cedar | [ɨtäcɹux] | [ɯdɑgɹux] | [ɯdägɹux] | [ʊdɒgɹuʂ] |- | '''abylqə''' [ɑbɯlqɤ̞] | head | [äpɨlkʰə] | [ɑbɯlqɤ̞] | [äbɯlqɤ] | [ɒbʊlqo] |- | '''odavóx''' [o̞dɑvoːɣ] | auroch | [otävoːʀ] | [o̞dɑvo̯əɣ] | [odävoːɣ] | [ɵdɒvoːɣ] |- | '''oġ'árva''' [o̞g̰ɑːɹvɑ] | cattle | [oɟäɹvä] | [o̞gʰɑːɹvɑ] | [ogʰäɹvä] | [ɵgɒːɹvɒ] |- | '''oḍan'guk''' [o̞d̰ɑŋguk] | gaur | [odäɲcucʰ] | [o̞dʰɑŋguk] | [odʰäŋguk] | [ɵdɒŋgʊk] |- | '''obavul''' [o̞bɑvul] | banteng | [opävul] | [o̞bɑvul] | [obävul] | [ɵbɒvʊl] |- | '''t'arna''' [tˠɑɹnɑ] | horn | [tʰäɹnä] | [kɑɹnɑ] | [käɹnä] | [ʈɒɹnɒ] |- | '''waxda''' [wɑɣdɑ] | meadow | [ʋäːtä] | [wɑɣdɑ] | [wäɣdä] | [wɒɣdɒ] |- | '''oġ'áry''' [o̞g̰ɑːɹɯ] | tiger | [oɟäːɹɨ] | [o̞gʰɑ̯əɹɯ] | [ogʰäɹɯ] | [ɵgɒːɹʊ] |- | '''otalma''' [o̞tɑlmɑ] | dolphin | [otʰälmä] | [o̞tɑlmɑ] | [otälmä] | [ɵtɒlmɒ] |- | '''yxný''' [ɯɣnɯː] | rye | [ɨːnɨː] | [ɯɣnɯ̯ə] | [ɯɣnəɯ̯] | [ʊɣnuː] |- | '''yz'ajḅa''' [ɯzˠɑjb̰ɑ] | hemp | [ɨɣäçpä] | [ɯɣɑjbʰɑ] | [ɯɣäjbʰä] | [ʊɣɒjbɒ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 2f6815d4a4f1afa4e67ec9331c45a373af0270ae 1896 1895 2014-04-20T18:56:41Z Artaxes 3370985 /* Comparative wordlist */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Most distinctive features == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- ! colspan=7 | Phonology |- | i iː | i iː | i i̯ə | i əi̯ | ɪ iː |- | ɯ ɯː | ɨ ɨː | ɯ ɯ̯ə | ɯ əɯ̯ | ʊ uː |- | u uː | u uː | u u̯ə | u əu̯ | ʊ uː |- | e̞ e̞ː | e eː | e̞ e̯ə | e eː | ɘ eː |- | ɤ̞ ɤ̞ː | ə əː | ɤ̞ ɤ̯ə | ɤ ɤː | o oː |- | o̞ o̞ː | o oː | o̞ o̯ə | o oː | ɵ oː |- | æ æː | ɛ ɛː | æ æ̯ə | æ æː | a aː |- | ɑ ɑː | ä äː | ɑ ɑ̯ə | ä äː | ɒ ɒː |- | t tˠ k q | tʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ | t k k q | t k k q | t ʈ k q |- | b d dˠ g ɢ | p t t c k | b d g g ɢ | b d g g ɢ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | b̰ d̰ d̰ˠ g̰ ɢ̰ | b d d ɟ g | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | bʰ dʰ gʰ gʰ ɢʰ | b d ɖ g ɢ |- | f θ θˠ s sˠ {x~χ} | f s s s x {h} | f θ x s x | f h θ̠ s x | f θ ʂ s ʂ |- | v ð ðˠ z zˠ {ɣ~ʁ} | v z z z z {ø ʀ} | v ð ɣ z ɣ | v z ð̠ z ɣ | v ð ʐ z ʐ |- | {ɹ~ɹˠ} | ɹ | {ɹ ɣ} | ɹ ɣ | ɹ ɻ |- | j w | ʝ ʋ | j w | j w | j w |- | ɬ ɮ | ɬ ɮ | ɕ ʑ | ɕ ʑ | x l |- | t͡ɬ d͡ɮ d̰͡ɮ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʰ | k͡x dl dʰl |- | t͡ɬˠ d͡ɮˠ d̰͡ɮˠ | t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | kɕ gʑ gʰʑ | ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʰ |- | l lˠ | l l | l ʟ | l ʟ | l ɭ |- ! colspan=7 | Morphology |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |- | | | | | |} == Comparative wordlist == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" |- ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Middle Proto-Tḷantali ! rowspan=2 | Northern (Doryaki) ! colspan=3 | Southern |- ! Western (Kæræsi) ! Central (Sadravi) ! Eastern (Nodafi) |- | '''tælæ''' [tælæ] | sea | [tʰɛlɛ] | [tælæ] | [tælæ] | [tala] |- | '''maxu''' [maɣu] | earth, land | [mäʀu] | [mɑɣu] | [mäɣu] | [mɒɣʊ] |- | '''gyksy''' [gɯksɯ] | stone | [cɨcʰsɨ] | [gɯksɯ] | [gɯksu] | [gʊksʊ] |- | '''ugaru''' [ugɑɹu] | wolf | [ucäɹu] | [ugɑɹu] | [ugäɹu] | [ʊgɒɹʊ] |- | '''kóli''' [ko̞ːli] | lake | [cʰoːli] | [koːli] | [ko̯əli] | [koːli] |- | '''borḍǽ''' [bo̞ɹd̰æː] | coast, bank, edge | [poɹdɛː] | [bo̞ɹdʰæ̯ə] | [boɹdʰæː] | [boɹdaː] |- | '''lejgæ''' [le̞jgæ] | green | [leçcɛ] | [le̞jgæ] | [lejgæ] | [lɘjga] |- | '''taba''' [tɑbɑ] | hill | [tʰäpä] | [tɑbɑ] | [täbä] | [tɒbɒ] |- | '''ufæxḍǽ''' [ufæɣd̰æː] | horse | [ufɛːdɛː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufæɣdʰæː] | [ufaɣdaː] |- | '''isjǽḷ''' [isjæːɬ] | sun | [iʝʝɛːɬ] | [izjæ̯əɕ] | [izjæːɕ] | [ɪzjaːx] |- | '''istǽlge''' [istæːlge̞] | sky | [istʰɛːlke] | [istæ̯əlge̞] | [istæːlge] | [ɪstaːlgɘ] |- | '''ismǽri''' [ismæːɹi] | moon | [izmæːɹi] | [izmæ̯əɹi] | [izmæːɹi] | [ɪzmaːɹɪ] |- | '''isġǽm''' [izɢ̰æːm] | time | [iskɛːm] | [izɢʰæ̯əm] | [izɢʰæːm] | [ɪzɢaːm] |- | '''isḍúlo''' [izd̰uːlo̞] | night | [izduːlo] | [izdʰu̯əlo̞] | [izdʰuːlo] | [ɪzduːlɵ] |- | '''ḅábú''' [b̰ɑːbuː] | big, great | [bäːpuː] | [bʰɑːbuː] | [bʰäːbuː] | [bɒːbuː] |- | '''isḍaxád''' [izd̰ɑɣɑːd] | thunder | [izdäʀäːt] | [izdʰɑɣɑːd] | [izdʰäɣäːd] | [izdɒɣɒːd] |- | '''ollə́sa''' [o̞llɤ̞ːsɑ] | milk | [olləːsä] | [o̞llɤ̯əsɑ] | [ollɤːsä] | [olloːsɒ] |- | '''ġáw''' [ɢ̰ɑːw] | mountain | [käːʋ] | [ɢʰɑːw] | [ɢʰäːw] | [ɢɒːw] |- | '''islér''' [isle̞ːɹ] | light | [izleːɹ] | [izle̯əɹ] | [izleːɹ] | [ɪzleːɹ] |- | '''olol''' [o̞lo̞l] | water | [olol] | [o̞lo̞ɹ] | [olow] | [olol] |- | '''θórja''' [θo̞ːɹjɑ] | source, spring | [soːɹʝä] | [θo̯əɹjɑ] | [hoːɹjä] | [θoːɹjɒ] |- | '''æðǽm''' [æðæːm] | man | [ɛzɛːm] | [æðæ̯əm] | [æzæːm] | [aðaːm] |- | '''sís''' [siːs] | good | [siːs] | [si̯əs] | [səi̯s] | [siːs] |- | '''wák''' [wɑːk] | one | [ʋäːcʰ] | [wɑ̯ək] | [wäːk] | [wɒːk] |- | '''qoda''' [qo̞dɑ] | two | [kotä] | [qo̞dɑ] | [qodä] | [qɵdɒ] |- | '''sebdæ''' [se̞bdæ] | three | [septɛ] | [se̞bdæ] | [sebdæ] | [sɘbda] |- | '''oqəda''' [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | four | [okətä] | [o̞qɤ̞dɑ] | [oqɤdä] | [ɵqodɒ] |- | '''inθ'edæ''' [inθˠe̞dæ] | five | [insetɛ] | [inxe̞dæ] | [inθ̠edæ] | [ɪnʂɘda] |- | '''anḷəda''' [ɑnɬɤ̞dɑ] | six | [änɬətä] | [ɑɲɕɤ̞dɑ] | [äɲɕɤdä] | [ɒŋxodɒ] |- | '''bǽldæ''' [bæːldæ] | seven | [pɛːltɛ] | [bæ̯əldæ] | [bæːltæ] | [baːlta] |- | '''xaðda''' [ʁɑðdɑ] | eight | [ʀästä] | [ɣɑðdɑ] | [ɣäzdä] | [ɣɒðdɒ] |- | '''hagəda''' [xɑgɤ̞dɑ] | nine | [häcətä] | [hɑgɤ̞dɑ] | [hägɤdä] | [hɒgodɒ] |- | '''dógda''' [do̞ːgdɑ] | ten | [toctä] | [do̯əgdɑ] | [doːgdä] | [doːgdɒ] |- | '''dógda qoda''' [do̞ːgdɑ qo̞dɑ] | twelve | [toːctäkotä] | [do̯əgdɑ qodɑ] | [doːgdä qodä] | [doːgdɒ qodɒ] |- | '''dodógda''' [do̞do̞ːgdɑ] | (one) hundred | [totoːctä] | [do̞do̯əgdɑ] | [dodoːgdä] | [dɵdoːgdɒ] |- | '''gyndógda''' [gɯndo̞ːgdɑ] | (one) thousand | [cɨntoːctä] | [gɯndo̯əgdɑ] | [gɯndoːgdä] | [gʊndoːgdɒ] |- | '''umərθə''' [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | cat | [uməɹsə] | [umɤ̞ɹθɤ̞] | [umɤɹhɤ] | [ʊmoɹθo] |- | '''xok''' [ʁo̞k] | fire | [ʀocʰ] | [ɣo̞k] | [ɣok] | [ɣɵk] |- | '''ytundu''' [ɯtundu] | tree | [ɨθuntu] | [ɯtundu] | [ɯtundu] | [ʊtʊndʊ] |- | '''uwóḅan''' [uwo̞ːb̰ɑn] | cow | [uʋoːbän] | [uwo̯əbʰɑn] | [uwoːbʰän] | [ʊwoːbɒn] |- | '''æheġ'e''' [æxe̞g̰e̞] | brother | [ɛheɟe] | [æhe̞gʰe̞] | [æhegʰe] | [ahɘgɘ] |- | '''ukunu''' [ukunu] | dog | [ucʰunu] | [ukunu] | [ukunu] | [ʊkʊnʊ] |- | '''me''' [me̞] | I | [me] | [me̞] | [me] | [mɘ] |- | '''θa''' [θɑ] | thou | [sä] | [θɑ] | [hä] | [θɒ] |- | '''ke''' [ke̞] | he / she / it | [cʰe] | [ke̞] | [ke] | [kɘ] |- | '''kota''' [ko̞tɑ] | house | [cʰotʰä] | [ko̞tɑ] | [kotä] | [kotɒ] |- | '''ezbærúm''' [ezbæɹuːm] | war | [espɛɹuːm] | [e̞zbæɹu̯əm] | [ezbæɹəu̯m] | [ɘzbaɹuːm] |- | '''issoð'a''' [isso̞ðˠɑ] | fate | [issozä] | [isso̞ɣɑ] | [issoð̠ä] | [issɵʐɒ] |- | '''t'ónda''' [tˠo̞ːndɑ] | wise | [tʰoːntä] | [ko̯əndɑ] | [koːndä] | [ʈoːndɒ] |- | '''ahuly''' [ɑxulɯ] | eye | [ähulɨ] | [ɑhulɯ] | [ähulɯ] | [ɒhʊlʊ] |- | '''adḷag''' [ɑd͡ɮɑg] | hand | [ät͡ɬäc] | [ɑd͡ʑɑg] | [äd͡ʑäg] | [ɒdlɒg] |- | '''ḷan'go''' [ɬɑŋgo̞] | round, globular object | [ɬäɲco] | [ɕɑŋgo̞] | [ɕäŋgo] | [xɒŋgɵ] |- | '''ten'etóm''' [te̞ŋe̞to̞ːm] | family, lineage | [tʰeɲetʰoːm] | [te̞ŋe̞to̯əm] | [teŋetoːm] | [tɘŋɘtoːm] |- | '''akə́pθə''' [ɑkɤ̞ːpθɤ̞] | tooth | [äcʰəːpʰsə] | [ɑkɤ̯əpθɤ̞] | [äkɤːphɤ] | [ɒkoːpθo] |- | '''aθ'əḷə''' [ɑθˠɤ̞ɬɤ̞] | hair, fur | [äsəɬə] | [ɑxɤ̞ɕɤ̞] | [äθ̠ɤɕɤ] | [ɒʂoxo] |- | '''dón'agú''' [do̞ːŋɑguː] | fall | [toːɲäcuː] | [do̯əŋɑgu̯ə] | [doːŋägəu̯] | [doːŋɒguː] |- | '''isḷédlǽn''' [isɬe̞ːdlæːn] | speech | [isɬeːtlɛːn] | [iɕɕe̯ədlæːn] | [iɕɕeːdlæːn] | [isxeːdlaːn] |- | '''borxa''' [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | hammer | [poʀʀä] | [bo̞ɹɣɑ] | [boɹɣä] | [bɵɹɣɒ] |- | '''æwóḅænkǽr''' [æwo̞ːb̰æŋkæːɹ] | cowman | [ɛʋoːpɛɲcʰɛːɹ] | [æwo̯əbæŋkæ̯əɹ] | [æwoːbæŋkæːɹ] | [awoːbaŋkaːɹ] |- | '''betḷe''' [be̞t͡ɬe̞] | meal | [pet͡ɬʰe] | [be̞t͡ɕe̞] | [bet͡ɕe] | [bɘk͡xɘ] |- | '''lá-akə́pθorhə''' [lɑː.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹxɤ̞] | toothless | [läː.äcʰəpʰsoɹhə] | [lɑ̯ə.ɑkɤ̞pθo̞ɹhɤ̞] | [läː.äkɤphoɹhɤ] | [lɒː.ɒkopθɵɹho] |- | '''ḍýg''' [d̰ɯːg] | strong | [dɨːc] | [dʰɯ̯əg] | [dʰɯːg] | [duːg] |- | '''vóġtəl''' [vo̞ːgtɤ̞l] | slaughterhouse | [voːctʰəl] | [vo̯əgtɤ̞l] | [voːgtɤl] | [voːgtol] |- | '''xoktəl''' [ʁo̞ktɤ̞l] | campfire | [ʀocʰtʰəl] | [ɣo̞ktɤ̞l] | [ɣoktɤl] | [ɣɵktol] |- | '''æheġ'efili''' [æxe̞g̰e̞fili] | brotherhood | [ɛheɟefili] | [æhe̞gʰe̞fili] | [æhegʰefili] | [ahɘgɘfɪlɪ] |- | '''ætéheskǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞skæːɹ] | teacher | [ɛtʰeːhescʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞skæ̯əɹ] | [æteːheskæːɹ] | [ateːhɘskaːɹ] |- | '''ætéhesælkǽr''' [æte̞ːxe̞sælkæːɹ] | learner | [ɛtʰeːhesɛlcʰɛːɹ] | [æte̯əhe̞sælkæːɹ] | [æteːhesælkæːɹ] | [ateːhɘsalkaːɹ] |- | '''obáġkunu''' [o̞bɑːɢ̰kunu] | half-dog | [opäːckunu] | [o̞bɑːqqunu] | [obäːkkunu] | [ɵbɒːkʊnʊ] |- | '''barúmrə́n'''' [bɑɹuːmɹɤ̞n] | craft of war | [päɹuːmɹən] | [bɑɹu̯əmɹɤ̞n] | [bäɹəu̯mɹɤn] | [bɒɹuːmɹon] |- | '''kalad''' [kɑlɑd] | bread | [cʰälät] | [kɑlɑd] | [käläd] | [kɒlɒd] |- | '''ġáwġá''' [ɢ̰ɑːwɢ̰ɑː] | grand mountain | [gäːʋgäː] | [ɢʰɑ̯əwɢʰɑ̯ə] | [ɢʰäːwɢʰäː] | [ɢʰɒːwɢʰɒː] |- | '''éθǽlwæ''' [eːθæːlwe̞] | daughter | [eːsɛːlʋɛ] | [e̯əθæ̯əlwe̞] | [eːhæːlwe] | [eːθaːlwɘ] |- | '''ishezǽd''' [isxe̞zæːd] | star | [ishezɛːt] | [ishe̞zæːd] | [ishezæːd] | [ɪshɘzaːd] |- | '''isbólæ''' [izbo̞ːlæ] | gold | [ispoːlɛ] | [izbo̯əlæ] | [izboːlæ] | [ɪzboːla] |- | '''labátə''' [lɑbɑːtɤ̞] | copper | [läpäːtʰə] | [lɑbɑ̯ətɤ] | [läbäːtɤ] | [lɒbɒto] |- | '''bǽkjele''' [bæːkje̞le̞] | wheel | [pɛːɟʝele] | [bæ̯əkje̞le̞] | [bæːkjele] | [baːkjɘlɘ] |- | '''ḍórum''' [d̰o̞ːɹum] | front | [doːɹum] | [dʰo̯əɹum] | [dʰoːɹum] | [dʰoːɹʊm] |- | '''qettæ''' [qe̞ttæ] | side of body | [ketʰtʰɛ] | [qe̞ttæ] | [qettæ] | [qɘtta] |- | '''zævjǽ''' [zævjæː] | high | [zɛvʝɛː] | [zævjæ̯ə] | [zævjæː] | [zavjaː] |- | '''essǽn'''' [e̞ssæːŋ] | deity | [essɛːɲ] | [e̞ssæ̯əŋ] | [essæːŋ] | [ɘssaːŋ] |- | '''æn'epkǽr''' [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | shooter | [ɛɲepʰcʰɛːɹ] | [æŋe̞pkæːɹ] | [æŋepkæːɹ] | [aŋɘpkaːɹ] |- | '''sǽjní''' [sæːjniː] | flower | [sɛːʝɲiː] | [sæːjni̯ə] | [sæːjnəi̯] | [saːjniː] |- | '''isjéve''' [izje̞ːve̞] | sunshine | [izʝeːve] | [izje̯əve] | [izjeːve] | [ɪzjeːvɘ] |- | '''fórwi''' [fo̞ːɹwi] | warm | [foːɹʋi] | [fo̯əɹwi] | [foːɹwi] | [foːɹwɪ] |- | '''qólqa''' [qoːlqɑ] | full | [qoːlqä] | [qo̯əlqɑ] | [qoːlqä] | [qoːlqɒ] |- | '''olwaḷa''' [o̞lwɑɬɑ] | word | [olʋäɬä] | [o̞lwɑɕɑ] | [olwäɕä] | [ɵlwɒxɒ] |- | '''ḅaxḍý''' [b̰ɑɣd̰ɯː] | wild | [bäɣdɨː] | [bʰɑɣdʰɯ̯ə] | [bʰäɣdʰəɯ̯] | [bɒːduː] |- | '''yθəskə''' [ɯθɤ̞skɤ̞] | garlic | [ɨsəscʰə] | [ɯθɤ̞skɤ̞] | [ɯhɤskɤ] | [ʊθosko] |- | '''ykýsula''' [ɯkɯːsulɑ] | cherry | [ɨkɨːsulä] | [ɯkɯ̯əsulɑ] | [ɯkəɯ̯sulä] | [ʊkuːsʊlɒ] |- | '''yjə́lma''' [ɯjɤ̞ːlmɑ] | olive | [ɨjəːlmä] | [ɯjɤ̯əlmɑ] | [ɯjɤːlmä] | [ʊjoːlmɒ] |- | '''əfahta''' [ɤ̞fɑxtɑ] | cotton | [əfähtä] | [ɤ̞fɑhtɑ] | [ɤfähtä] | [ofɒhtɒ] |- | '''uḅýsy''' [ub̰ɯːsɯ] | bee | [ubɨːsɨ] | [ubʰɯ̯əsɯ] | [ubʰəɯ̯sɯ] | [ʊbuːsʊ] |- | '''yt'oloθ''' [ɯtˠo̞lo̞θ] | plum | [ɨtʰolos] | [ɯko̞lo̞θ] | [ɯkoloh] | [ʊʈɵlɵθ] |- | '''yḷamə́''' [ɯɬɑmɤ̞ː] | flax | [ɨɬämɤː] | [ɯɕɑmɤ̯ə] | [ɯɕämɤː] | [ʊxɒmoː] |- | '''oġáwa''' [o̞ɢ̰ɑːwɑ] | dhole | [ogäːʋä] | [o̞ɢʰɑ̯əwɑ] | [oɢʰäːwä] | [ɵɢɒːwɒ] |- | '''oḅáxys''' [o̞b̰ɑːʁɯs] | leopard | [obäːʀɨs] | [o̞bʰɑ̯əɣɯs] | [obʰäːɣɯs] | [ɵbɒːɣʊs] |- | '''osan'gyr''' [o̞sɑŋgɯɹ] | cheetah | [osäɲcɨɹ] | [o̞sɑŋgɯɹ] | [osäŋgɯɹ] | [ɵsɒŋgʊɹ] |- | '''uḅálva''' [ub̰ɑːlvɑ] | lion | [ubäːlvä] | [ubʰɑːlvɑ] | [ubʰäːlvä] | [ʊbɒːlvɒ] |- | '''usýzu''' [usɯːzu] | snake | [usɨːzu] | [usɯ̯əzu] | [usəɯ̯zu] | [ʊsuːzʊ] |- | '''uqətrás''' [uqɤ̞tɹɑːs] | cobra | [ukʰətʰɹäːs] | [uqɤ̞tɹɑs] | [uqɤtɹäs] | [ʊqotɹɒs] |- | '''udḷýva''' [ud̰͡ɮɯːvɑ] | mongoose | [ud͡ɮɨːvä] | [ud͡ʑɯ̯əvɑ] | [ud͡ʑəɯ̯vä] | [ʊg͡ɣuːvɒ] |- | '''utḷáw''' [ut͡ɬɑːw] | fish | [ut͡ɬʰäːʋ] | [ut͡ɕɑːw] | [ut͡ɕäw] | [ʊk͡xɒːw] |- | '''uwýjá''' [uwɯːjɑː] | hyaena | [uʋɨːʝäː] | [uwɯːjɑː] | [uwɯːjä] | [ʊwuːjɒː] |- | '''ukadýs'''' [ukɑdɯːsˠ] | civet | [ucʰätɨːx] | [ukɑdɯːx] | [ukädɯːx] | [ʊkɒduːʂ] |- | '''ojáwý''' [o̞jɑːwɯː] | peafowl | [oʝäːʋɨː] | [o̞jɑːwɯː] | [ojäwɯː] | [ɵjɒːwuː] |- | '''ubawḍáx''' [ubɑwd̰ɑːʁ] | ibex | [upäʋdäːʀ] | [ubɑwdʰɑːɣ] | [ubäwdʰäːɣ] | [ʊbɒwdɒːɣ] |- | '''uváġ'''' [uvɑːg̰] | sheep | [uväːg] | [uvɑ̯əgʰ] | [uväːgʰ] | [ʊvɒːg] |- | '''ukjóbo''' [ukjo̞ːbo̞] | monkey | [uɟʝoːpo] | [ukjo̯əbo̞] | [ukjoːbo] | [ʊkjoːbɵ] |- | '''oḍḷáxva''' [od̰͡ɮɑːɣvɑ] | elephant | [od͡ɮäːvä] | [o̞d͡ʑɑ̯əɣvɑ] | [od͡ʑäɣvä] | [ɵg͡ɣɒːvɒː] |- | '''os'áma''' [o̞sˠɑːmɑ] | caracal | [oxäːmä] | [o̞xɑ̯əm] | [oxäːmä] | [ɵʂɒːmɒ] |- | '''uqurul''' [uquɹul] | shark | [ukʰuɹul] | [uquɹul] | [uquɹul] | [ʊqʊɹʊl] |- | '''okjǽræ''' [okjæːɹæ] | eagle | [oɟʝɛːɹɛ] | [o̞kjæ̯əɹæ] | [okjæːɹæ] | [ɵkjaːɹa] |- | '''yḍáx''' [ɯd̰ɑːɣ] | oak | [ɨdäːʀ] | [ɯdʰɑ̯əɣ] | [ɯdʰäːɣ] | [ʊdɒːɣ] |- | '''yqəsan''' [ɯqɤ̞sɑn] | pine | [ɨkʰəsän] | [ɯqɤ̞sɑn] | [ɯqɤsän] | [ʊqosɒn] |- | '''ydagrus'''' [ɯdɑgɹusˠ] | cedar | [ɨtäcɹux] | [ɯdɑgɹux] | [ɯdägɹux] | [ʊdɒgɹuʂ] |- | '''abylqə''' [ɑbɯlqɤ̞] | head | [äpɨlkʰə] | [ɑbɯlqɤ̞] | [äbɯlqɤ] | [ɒbʊlqo] |- | '''odavóx''' [o̞dɑvoːɣ] | auroch | [otävoːʀ] | [o̞dɑvo̯əɣ] | [odävoːɣ] | [ɵdɒvoːɣ] |- | '''oġ'árva''' [o̞g̰ɑːɹvɑ] | cattle | [oɟäɹvä] | [o̞gʰɑːɹvɑ] | [ogʰäɹvä] | [ɵgɒːɹvɒ] |- | '''oḍan'guk''' [o̞d̰ɑŋguk] | gaur | [odäɲcucʰ] | [o̞dʰɑŋguk] | [odʰäŋguk] | [ɵdɒŋgʊk] |- | '''obavul''' [o̞bɑvul] | banteng | [opävul] | [o̞bɑvul] | [obävul] | [ɵbɒvʊl] |- | '''t'arna''' [tˠɑɹnɑ] | horn | [tʰäɹnä] | [kɑɹnɑ] | [käɹnä] | [ʈɒɹnɒ] |- | '''waxda''' [wɑɣdɑ] | meadow | [ʋäːtä] | [wɑɣdɑ] | [wäɣdä] | [wɒɣdɒ] |- | '''oġ'áry''' [o̞g̰ɑːɹɯ] | tiger | [oɟäːɹɨ] | [o̞gʰɑ̯əɹɯ] | [ogʰäɹɯ] | [ɵgɒːɹʊ] |- | '''otalma''' [o̞tɑlmɑ] | dolphin | [otʰälmä] | [o̞tɑlmɑ] | [otälmä] | [ɵtɒlmɒ] |- | '''yxný''' [ɯɣnɯː] | rye | [ɨːnɨː] | [ɯɣnɯ̯ə] | [ɯɣnəɯ̯] | [ʊɣnuː] |- | '''yz'ajḅa''' [ɯzˠɑjb̰ɑ] | hemp | [ɨɣäçpä] | [ɯɣɑjbʰɑ] | [ɯɣäjbʰä] | [ʊɣɒjbɒ] |} {{LanguageNav}} 5a3df049fe4018690861d3c06b2de03e2ef10769 Seforma 0 52 1897 776 2014-05-12T23:02:23Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domesticates''' *Guinea pigs '''Cultivable Plants''' *African rice *Alligator peppers *Avocados *Bananas <ref>acuminata and balbisiana varieties.</ref> *Black peppers *Brazil nuts *Cassava *Chickpeas *Coconuts *Coffee *Cotton *Grains of Paradise *Jute *Maize *Njangsa *Palm oil *Papayas *Plantains *Sugarcane *Sorghum *Tomatoes *Turmeric *Vanilla *Wheat *Yams '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees '''Other Animals''' *Acouchis *Capybaras *Common agoutis *Coypus *Hutias *Mabuya *Pacaranas *Pacas '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 56c31fd9f218f0fc9070099b6f5aa170a5e9ddd3 1898 1897 2014-05-12T23:08:33Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domesticates''' *Guinea pigs '''Cultivable Plants''' *African rice *Alligator peppers *Avocados *Bananas <ref>acuminata and balbisiana varieties.</ref> *Black peppers *Brazil nuts *Cassava *Chickpeas *Coconuts *Coffee *Cotton *Grains of Paradise *Jute *Maize *Njangsa *Palm oil *Papayas *Plantains *Sugarcane *Sorghum *Tomatoes *Turmeric *Vanilla *Wheat *Yams '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees '''Other Animals''' *Acouchis *Capybaras *Common agoutis *Coypus *Hutias *Kerodons *Mabuya *Maras *Pacaranas *Pacas *Viscachas '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} b918b931b17d2da57dc7950ae68aee46b9257de2 1899 1898 2014-05-12T23:14:15Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domesticates''' *Guinea pigs '''Cultivable Plants''' *African rice *Alligator peppers *Avocados *Bananas <ref>acuminata and balbisiana varieties.</ref> *Black peppers *Brazil nuts *Cassava *Chickpeas *Coconuts *Coffee *Cotton *Grains of Paradise *Jute *Maize *Njangsa *Palm oil *Papayas *Plantains *Sugarcane *Sorghum *Tomatoes *Turmeric *Vanilla *Wheat *Yams '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees '''Other Animals''' *Acouchis *Acratocnus *Capybaras *Common agoutis *Coypus *Hutias *Kerodons *Mabuya *Maras *Megalocnus *Neocnus *Pacaranas *Pacas *Viscachas '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} cd431a82af9273db7e30ac02c542afb8a27aa1ef 1900 1899 2014-05-12T23:21:52Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domesticates''' *Guinea pigs '''Cultivable Plants''' *African rice *Alligator peppers *Avocados *Bananas <ref>acuminata and balbisiana varieties.</ref> *Black peppers *Brazil nuts *Cassava *Chickpeas *Coconuts *Coffee *Cotton *Grains of Paradise *Jute *Maize *Njangsa *Palm oil *Papayas *Plantains *Sugarcane *Sorghum *Tomatoes *Turmeric *Vanilla *Wheat *Yams '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees '''Other Animals''' *Acouchis *Acratocnus *Capybaras *Common agoutis *Coypus *Hutias *Kerodons *Mabuya *Macrauchenia *Maras *Megalocnus *Neocnus *Pacaranas *Pacas *Poison dart frogs *Toucans *Viscachas '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} adac40323b50b71f4ec14c8ce2e1240482f94a58 1901 1900 2014-05-13T01:21:10Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domesticates''' *Guinea pigs '''Cultivable Plants''' *African rice *Alligator peppers *Avocados *Bananas <ref>acuminata and balbisiana varieties.</ref> *Black peppers *Brazil nuts *Cassava *Chickpeas *Coconuts *Coffee *Cotton *Grains of Paradise *Jute *Maize *Njangsa *Palm oil *Papayas *Plantains *Sugarcane *Sorghum *Tomatoes *Turmeric *Vanilla *Wheat *Yams '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees '''Other Animals''' *Acouchis *Acratocnus *Caimans *Capybaras *Common agoutis *Coypus *Hutias *Kerodons *Mabuya *Macrauchenia *Maras *Megalocnus *Neocnus *Pacaranas *Pacas *Poison dart frogs *Toucans *Viscachas '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 4b0ace7f4aaaa937b8acc6630bf527a48eac18cc 1902 1901 2014-05-13T01:33:29Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domesticates''' *Guinea pigs '''Cultivable Plants''' *African rice *Alligator peppers *Avocados *Bananas <ref>acuminata and balbisiana varieties.</ref> *Black peppers *Brazil nuts *Cassava *Chickpeas *Coconuts *Coffee *Cotton *Grains of Paradise *Jute *Maize *Njangsa *Palm oil *Papayas *Plantains *Sugarcane *Sorghum *Tomatoes *Turmeric *Vanilla *Wheat *Yams '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Piranhas *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees '''Other Animals''' *Acouchis *Acratocnus *Caimans *Capybaras *Common agoutis *Coypus *Hutias *Kerodons *Mabuya *Macrauchenia *Maras *Megalocnus *Megatherium *Mixotoxodon *Neocnus *Pacaranas *Pacas *Parrots *Poison dart frogs *Toucans *Viscachas '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 2cae7bc3acfcf5e899df9a862f10779e5b46e9c7 1903 1902 2014-05-13T01:52:05Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domesticates''' *Guinea pigs '''Cultivable Plants''' *African rice *Alligator peppers *Avocados *Bananas <ref>acuminata and balbisiana varieties.</ref> *Black peppers *Brazil nuts *Cassava *Chickpeas *Coconuts *Coffee *Cotton *Grains of Paradise *Jute *Maize *Njangsa *Palm oil *Papayas *Plantains *Sugarcane *Sorghum *Tomatoes *Turmeric *Vanilla *Wheat *Yams '''Aquatic Animals''' *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees *Bull sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Acouchis *Acratocnus *Caimans *Capybaras *Common agoutis *Coypus *Hutias *Kerodons *Mabuya *Macrauchenia *Maras *Megalocnus *Megatherium *Mixotoxodon *Neocnus *Pacaranas *Pacas *Parrots *Poison dart frogs *Toucans *Toxodon *Viscachas '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} 7111e1e869712ecbd2c9080b01248c282d824e5b 1904 1903 2014-05-13T22:26:29Z Pipochubs 3370105 /* Southern Seforma */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Continent |title = Seforma |bodystyle = |image = [[File:Seforma.png|250px]] |area = --- }} '''Seforma''', also known as C-Land. == History == === Prehistory === [[File:Rivermouth.png|frame|dźǐf̃ó]] ''' dźǐf̃ó (/dʑʱɨ˦˩˨.f̃o˨˦/)''' [river mouth] This city is Kódù speaking, as well any other urban settlements in the river valley. The first city state of the world. First and most advanced cultures/states would probably be in this area, comparable ones elsewhere would probably emerge later. The first city for when we reach the bronze age, and the first city of the world. Since central Seforma was discussed as being the ideal breeding ground for the urban revolution, this is the first city that exceeds 10,000 people, having roughly 14,000 inhabitants at the time when we start doing history. It is found at the river delta of central Seforma, which is comparable to the Nile delta of our time, with great fertile land for agriculture and the first urban settlements being formed. Compare to cities like Uruk to visualize the situation. == Geography == === Climate === [[File:seforma_biome.png|frame|'''Biomes of Seforma''': <br /> {{legend0|#D84747|Temperate Forest}} {{legend0|#842856|Mountain Forest}} </br> {{legend0|#910909|Humid Subtropical}} {{legend0|#BB0046|Tropical Rain Forest}} ---- {{legend0|#F56C58|Temperate Steppe}} {{legend0|#C19D3E|Dry Savanna}} {{legend0|#E19595|Dry Steppe}} ---- {{legend0|#C88264|Moderate Desert}} {{legend0|#AA5F3D|Arid Desert}} {{legend0|#814229|Extreme Desert}} ]] === Geology === === Biodiversity === ==== Southern Seforma ==== '''Domesticates''' *Guinea pigs '''Cultivable Plants''' *African rice *Alligator peppers *Avocados *Bananas <ref>acuminata and balbisiana varieties.</ref> *Black peppers *Brazil nuts *Cassava *Chickpeas *Coconuts *Coffee *Cotton *Grains of Paradise *Jute *Maize *Njangsa *Palm oil *Papayas *Plantains *Sugarcane *Sorghum *Tomatoes *Turmeric *Vanilla *Wheat *Yams '''Aquatic Animals''' *Amazon river dolphins *Amazonian manatees *Bull sharks *Piranhas '''Other Animals''' *Acouchis *Acratocnus *Caimans *Capybaras *Common agoutis *Coypus *Hutias *Kerodons *Mabuya *Macrauchenia *Maras *Megalocnus *Megatherium *Mixotoxodon *Neocnus *Pacaranas *Pacas *Parrots *Poison dart frogs *Rheas *Toucans *Toxodon *Viscachas '''Other Plants''' <references/> ==== Northern Seforma ==== '''Cultivable Plants''' *Maize *Wheat *Sugar *Plantains *Cassava *Tobacco *Grapes *Thyme *Lavender *Rosemary <ref>grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Garlic <ref>also grows in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Mastic <ref>grows in the largest of the "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Chestnuts <ref>grows in abundance in the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Sweet Chestnuts '''Aquatic Animals''' *Bull Sharks *Albatross <ref>less frequently than elsewhere, mostly after breeding.</ref> '''Other Animals''' *Toxodon *Macrauchenia *Common Raven *Secretary Bird *Common Kingfisher <ref>mostly inhabits the "Mediterranean" region.</ref> *Dwarf elephants <ref>inhabits the small "Mediterranean" islands north of Seforma and have shrunk due to insular dwarfism.</ref> *Asian elephants *Indian leopards *Canary Islands Giant Rats <ref>found on the small "Mediterranean" islands north of the mainland.</ref> *Asiatic lions *Asiatic cheetahs '''Other Plants''' *Kermes Oak *Cistus *Juniper <references/> == See Also == {{continent_navbox}} e1d883b443f5c65d9b4a137f5cebac880a32cf70 MediaWiki:Vector.css 8 251 1905 2014-06-12T05:06:04Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "/* Fixes for Typograhy refresh: * 1. margin for H1 (in talk pages) * 2. lists line-height * 3. diff display line-height * See also [[Bugzilla:64653]] */ div#content h1 {..." css text/css /* Fixes for Typograhy refresh: * 1. margin for H1 (in talk pages) * 2. lists line-height * 3. diff display line-height * See also [[Bugzilla:64653]] */ div#content h1 { margin-top: 1em; } div#content #firstHeading { margin-top: 0; } div#content dd, div#content ol, div#content ul, td.diff-context { line-height: 1.6; } td.diff-marker { line-height: 1.2; } /* Fix for changelist legend due to above fix (which will probably be merged at some point, so this should probably be scoped in mediawiki.special.changeslist.legend.css) */ div#content .mw-changeslist-legend dd { line-height: 1.3em; } /* Don't display some stuff on the main page */ body.page-Main_Page #deleteconfirm, body.page-Main_Page #t-cite, body.page-Main_Page #footer-info-lastmod, body.action-view.page-Main_Page #siteSub, body.action-view.page-Main_Page #contentSub, body.action-view.page-Main_Page h1.firstHeading { display: none !important; } /* Position Main Page top banner */ body.page-Main_Page #mp-topbanner { margin-top: 0 !important; } /* Position coordinates */ #coordinates { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; float: right; margin: 0; padding: 0; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: right; text-indent: 0; font-size: 85%; text-transform: none; white-space: nowrap; } /* For positioning icons at top-right, used in Templates "Spoken Article" and "Featured Article" */ div.topicon { position: absolute; top: -2.3em; margin-right: -10px; display: block !important; } /* FR topicon position */ div.flaggedrevs_short { position: absolute; top: -3em; right: 100px; z-index: 1; margin-left: 0; /* Because this is not yet a topicon, we emulate it's behavior, this ensure compatibility with edit lead section gadget. */ margin-right: -10px; } /* On rtl interfaces, we need to override the defaults. 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It is content included (so ltr), but positioned in part of the rtl interface. */ body.rtl #protected-icon { /* @noflip */ left: 55px; } body.rtl #spoken-icon, body.rtl #commons-icon { /* @noflip */ left: 30px; } body.rtl #featured-star { /* @noflip */ left: 10px; } /* Menu over FR box */ div.vectorMenu div { z-index: 2; } /* Bullets for Good and Featured interwiki links */ li.GA { list-style-image: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Monobook-bullet-ga.png); } li.FA { list-style-image: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Monobook-bullet-star.png); } /* Styling for updated markers on watchlist, history and recent/related changes */ li.mw-changeslist-line-watched, li.mw-history-line-updated { list-style-image: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/ChangedBulletVector.png); } /* Blue instead of yellow padlock for secure links. */ #bodyContent a.external[href ^="https://"], .link-https { background: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/00/Lock_icon_blue.gif) center right no-repeat; /* @noflip */ padding-right: 16px; } fbc9deb4f64b4cdde6cf49515a244cf03879a40e Proto-Œkhen language 0 175 1910 1416 2014-06-17T22:00:31Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoŒkhen.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. Note 2: /ø/ is written œ ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/. Two different vowels may not appear adjacent to each other. Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Nouns=== ====Noun Cases==== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Inducive | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, indirect object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isabeleny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ====Noun Declension==== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''INDUCIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. =====Number===== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} ===Verbs=== The vast majority of verbs end in a short rounded vowel (ie y, œ, o, or u). Proto-Œkhen verbs are primarily modified by particles, which are ultimately totally optional. The only required verbal inflection in Proto-Œkhen is for verbs of motion. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Standard Gefall | '''eeli ditru''' | a/the horse walks |- ! Uberfall | '''eeli diitru''' | a/the horse walks across (object in locative) |- ! Eintrefall | '''eeli diβotru''' | a/the horse walks in(to) (object in locative) |- ! Ausfall | '''eeli noditru''' | a/the horse walks out (of) (object in locative) |- ! Obenfall | '''eeli ditruus''' | a/the horse walks over/above (object in genitive) |- ! Unterfall | '''eeli ditroos''' | a/the horse walks below/under (object in genitive) |} The vowels added in eintrefall, ausfall, and unterfall are determined with the table below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! When the final vowel is... ! The affixed vowel is... |- |y |i |- |u |o |- |œ |e |- |o |a |- |} ====Verb Particles==== There are several bound and unbound particles that modify various features of a verb phrase. ("Bound" and "unbound" in this article refer to the freedom of position the particle has with respect to the verb it modifies, ie bound particles must appear either before or after the verb, as dictated by the category of particle, but unbound particles may appear before or after.) The generally assumed version of each category is marked with †. =====Tense===== Tense particles are unbounded, meaning that they need only appear immediately adjacent to the verb they modify. "eeli ditru baj" and "eeli baj ditru" are equally valid constructions for the phrase "a/the horse will walk". * Distant Past - '''spola''' * Today Past - '''ehes''' * Present/Habitual† - '''βii''' * Future - '''baj''' =====Aspect===== Aspect particles are bounded to the front of the verb. Stress still falls on the first syllable of the verb proper. *Habitual (the action described occurs frequently, but no particular instance is under consideration) - '''ku-''' *Imperfective† (only a portion of the action is being considered, the action extends beyond the tense boundaries) - '''ynde-''' *Perfective (the action of the verb exists in its entirety within the tense boundary) - '''ten-''' =====Evidentiality===== Evidential particles are unbounded. *Direct Evidence† - '''faa''' *Inferential (the speaker saw circumstantial evidence) - '''dʷidet''' *Hearsay - '''ʒœr''' *Imagined/Dreamed - '''hined''' =====Mood===== Mood particles are bounded to the end of the verb. *Conditional - '''-fiinge''' *Imperative - '''-sa''' *Subjunctive (used in dependent clauses and negatives, and with the perfective aspect to form the future tense) - '''-der''' ====Substantive Prefixes==== Six prefixes may be added to verbs to form substantives based on factors involved in the verb, as follows. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | '''çy-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are different) | '''çykro''' | a/the person that kills |- ! Accusative | '''an-''' | That which is Xed | '''anhevmy''' | what is spoken (ie a speech) |- ! Inducive | '''bidi-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are the same) | '''bididitru''' | a/the thing that walks |- ! Genitive | '''ma-''' | instrument used to perform a specific action, or the indirect object | '''mamejœ''' | to whom/what something is given OR by what means something is given |- ! Locative | '''kazi-''' | where something occurs | '''kaziheritsu''' | place of eating |} These can be combined with any of the above verb particles, as well as nouns and pronouns, to substantivise more complex verb phrases. For example: =====Relative Clauses===== These are also used in relative clauses, with the relative particle '''afees'''. For example: :Duujuj afees spola ankro ʒaa - person RELATIVE DIST.PAST ACC-kill 1s - the person who I killed. ===Pronouns=== ====Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;" ! rowspan=2 | Person ! rowspan=2 | First ! rowspan=2 |Second ! colspan=2 | Third Animate ! colspan=2 | Third Inanimate |- ! Proximal ! Distal ! Proximal ! Distal |- ! Nominative | fee | ma | lika | dwaaj | istee | harma |- ! Accusative | fekwa | meβe | reegsa | dvas | isese | haalma |- ! Inducive | fin | ma | ele | tu | ysta | ataz |- ! Genitive | vœz | baan | arii | tuu | iizden | hetsam |- ! Locative | fyky | mahœ | el | dwany | istœœ | aham |- ! Vocative | we | oma | yka | dwaaj | isteste | halalam |} NOTE: "Inanimate" refers to the grouping of Vegetal and Mineral classes, while "animate" refers to the grouping of Animal and Spiritual. Substantive prefix ma- and kazi- may be added to the inanimate pronouns to form "in this/that manner", and "here/there". ====Interrogative Pronouns==== Interrogative clauses are formed using verbs affixed by the substantive prefixes described above, along with the interrogative particle '''avi'''. For example: :Ankro ehes avi? - ACC-kill PAST IRGV - Who was killed? :Fini kazidiβotru baj avi? - 1pl.IDC LOC-walk.EIN FUTR IRGV - Whither will we walk? :Dwaaj mahevmy avi? - 3sn.DIST.NOM GEN-speak IRGV - How did he speak? (ie using which language did he speak?) When there is no verb to assign a substantive prefix to, and also when the verb can be inferred, the verb can be elided and the prefix can be bound directly to the interrogative particle. For example, the second line in this short conversation: :'''A:''' Tu noβojsœ kaziistee - He ran out of here. :'''B:''' Bidavi? - Who [ran out of here]? == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] 5e21b3506bfb73f864c3d80ea5633543fac80bc5 1911 1910 2014-06-17T22:01:15Z Manomow 3365071 Undo revision 1910 by [[Special:Contributions/Manomow|Manomow]] ([[User talk:Manomow|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = Proto-Œkhen |pronunciation = |region = Originalia |familycolor = Proto-CEkhen |map = ProtoSazāzasōj.png |mapcaption = {{legend|#0000ff|Proto-Œkhen }} }} nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col"| ! scope="col"|Front ! scope="col"|Back |- !High | style="text-align: center;"|i iː y y: | style="text-align: center;"|u uː |- !Mid-High | style="text-align: center;"|e e: ø ø: | style="text-align: center;"|o oː |- !Low | style="text-align: center;"|a aː | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel. Note 2: /ø/ is written œ ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Bilabial</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Labiodental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Dental ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Post-Alveolar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Velar ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plosive''' | style="text-align: center;"|p b | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|t tʷ d dʷ | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|k kʷ g gʷ | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Fricative''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|f v | style="text-align: center;"|s z | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ ʒ | style="text-align: center;"|ç | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|h |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Nasal''' | style="text-align: center;"|m | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|n | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ) | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Tap or flap''' | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|r | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Approximant''' | style="text-align: center;"|β | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|l | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|j | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"| |} Note: labialised plosives are written with a w following (ie tw, dw, kw, gw) ===Phonotactics=== '''(C)(C)V(ː)(C)''' '''C''' = any consonant<br> '''V''' = any short vowel<br> '''Vː''' = any long vowel<br> Plosives, /ç/, and /h/ may not appear in a syllabic coda. No coda is allowed if the following syllable begins with a /r/. Two different vowels may not appear adjacent to each other. Stress normally falls on the first syllable, or the first syllable of the root word in case of added prefixes. ==Grammar== ===Nouns=== ====Noun Cases==== Proto-Œkhen makes use of six cases, demonstrated below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | Agent of stative verbs, and transitive and intransitive verbs where the patient is something other than the agent (eg the boy hit the girl), lexical form | '''isabel''' | a daughter |- ! Accusative | Patient of verbs where the agent is something other than the patient | '''isabelis''' | a daughter |- ! Inducive | Indicates alienable possessor, agent of verbs where the patient and agent are the same being (eg the boy jumped) | '''isabeli''' | a daughter's (eg apple) |- ! Genitive | Indicates an inalienable possessor, also used to indicate the means or instrument used, indirect object | '''isabelen''' | a daughter's (eg arm), (eg city) of a daughter, via a daughter |- ! Locative | Indicates position on or inside of (depending on surrounding modifiers) | '''isabeleny''' | on/in a daughter |- ! Vocative | Indicates the person or object being addressed | '''isabelo''' | daughter! |} ====Noun Declension==== There are four noun classes in Proto-Œkhen, Animal (including humans), Spiritual (including ideas and natural forces) Vegetal (including foods), and Mineral (including most inanimate objects). {| class="wikitable" |- | scope="col" style="text-align: center;"| ! scope="col"| <p style="text-align: center;">Animal</p> ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Spiritual ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Mineral ! scope="col" style="text-align: center;"|Vegetal |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''NOMINATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-- | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-e | style="text-align: center;"|-- |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''ACCUSATIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i)s | style="text-align: center;"|-(o)si | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)m |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''INDUCIVE''' | style="text-align: center;"|-(i) | style="text-align: center;"|-u | style="text-align: center;"|-am | style="text-align: center;"|-(a)v |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''GENITIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)n | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| -en |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''LOCATIVE''' | colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|-(e)ny | style="text-align: center;"|-eni | style="text-align: center;"|-ene |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''VOCATIVE''' | colspan=3 style="text-align: center;"|-o | style="text-align: center;"|-u |} The vowels in brackets are only added if the root ends in a consonant. =====Number===== In the Animal and Spiritual classes, the plural is marked by reduplicating the final vowel and placing an l between the new vowel and the original, if the root's final vowel is its final letter. The dual is marked similarly, but with a k in stead of an l. Number is not marked in the Vegetal and Mineral classes. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 475px;" | style="text-align: center;"|'''Singular''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabel - daughter | style="text-align: center;"|eeli - horse |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Dual''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - two daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eeliki - two horses |- | style="text-align: center;"|'''Plural''' | style="text-align: center;"|isabele - daughters | style="text-align: center;"|eelili - horses |} ===Verbs=== The vast majority of verbs end in a short rounded vowel (ie y, œ, o, or u). Proto-Œkhen verbs are primarily modified by particles, which are ultimately totally optional. The only required verbal inflection in Proto-Œkhen is for verbs of motion. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Standard Gefall | '''eeli ditru''' | a/the horse walks |- ! Uberfall | '''eeli diitru''' | a/the horse walks across (object in locative) |- ! Eintrefall | '''eeli diβotru''' | a/the horse walks in(to) (object in locative) |- ! Ausfall | '''eeli noditru''' | a/the horse walks out (of) (object in locative) |- ! Obenfall | '''eeli ditruus''' | a/the horse walks over/above (object in genitive) |- ! Unterfall | '''eeli ditroos''' | a/the horse walks below/under (object in genitive) |} The vowels added in eintrefall, ausfall, and unterfall are determined with the table below. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;" ! When the final vowel is... ! The affixed vowel is... |- |y |i |- |u |o |- |œ |e |- |o |a |- |} ====Verb Particles==== There are several bound and unbound particles that modify various features of a verb phrase. ("Bound" and "unbound" in this article refer to the freedom of position the particle has with respect to the verb it modifies, ie bound particles must appear either before or after the verb, as dictated by the category of particle, but unbound particles may appear before or after.) The generally assumed version of each category is marked with †. =====Tense===== Tense particles are unbounded, meaning that they need only appear immediately adjacent to the verb they modify. "eeli ditru baj" and "eeli baj ditru" are equally valid constructions for the phrase "a/the horse will walk". * Distant Past - '''spola''' * Today Past - '''ehes''' * Present/Habitual† - '''βii''' * Future - '''baj''' =====Aspect===== Aspect particles are bounded to the front of the verb. Stress still falls on the first syllable of the verb proper. *Habitual (the action described occurs frequently, but no particular instance is under consideration) - '''ku-''' *Imperfective† (only a portion of the action is being considered, the action extends beyond the tense boundaries) - '''ynde-''' *Perfective (the action of the verb exists in its entirety within the tense boundary) - '''ten-''' =====Evidentiality===== Evidential particles are unbounded. *Direct Evidence† - '''faa''' *Inferential (the speaker saw circumstantial evidence) - '''dʷidet''' *Hearsay - '''ʒœr''' *Imagined/Dreamed - '''hined''' =====Mood===== Mood particles are bounded to the end of the verb. *Conditional - '''-fiinge''' *Imperative - '''-sa''' *Subjunctive (used in dependent clauses and negatives, and with the perfective aspect to form the future tense) - '''-der''' ====Substantive Prefixes==== Six prefixes may be added to verbs to form substantives based on factors involved in the verb, as follows. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 804px;" ! Nominative | '''çy-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are different) | '''çykro''' | a/the person that kills |- ! Accusative | '''an-''' | That which is Xed | '''anhevmy''' | what is spoken (ie a speech) |- ! Inducive | '''bidi-''' | that which Xs (when agent and patient are the same) | '''bididitru''' | a/the thing that walks |- ! Genitive | '''ma-''' | instrument used to perform a specific action, or the indirect object | '''mamejœ''' | to whom/what something is given OR by what means something is given |- ! Locative | '''kazi-''' | where something occurs | '''kaziheritsu''' | place of eating |} These can be combined with any of the above verb particles, as well as nouns and pronouns, to substantivise more complex verb phrases. For example: =====Relative Clauses===== These are also used in relative clauses, with the relative particle '''afees'''. For example: :Duujuj afees spola ankro ʒaa - person RELATIVE DIST.PAST ACC-kill 1s - the person who I killed. ===Pronouns=== ====Personal and Demonstrative Pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;" ! rowspan=2 | Person ! rowspan=2 | First ! rowspan=2 |Second ! colspan=2 | Third Animate ! colspan=2 | Third Inanimate |- ! Proximal ! Distal ! Proximal ! Distal |- ! Nominative | fee | ma | lika | dwaaj | istee | harma |- ! Accusative | fekwa | meβe | reegsa | dvas | isese | haalma |- ! Inducive | fin | ma | ele | tu | ysta | ataz |- ! Genitive | vœz | baan | arii | tuu | iizden | hetsam |- ! Locative | fyky | mahœ | el | dwany | istœœ | aham |- ! Vocative | we | oma | yka | dwaaj | isteste | halalam |} NOTE: "Inanimate" refers to the grouping of Vegetal and Mineral classes, while "animate" refers to the grouping of Animal and Spiritual. Substantive prefix ma- and kazi- may be added to the inanimate pronouns to form "in this/that manner", and "here/there". ====Interrogative Pronouns==== Interrogative clauses are formed using verbs affixed by the substantive prefixes described above, along with the interrogative particle '''avi'''. For example: :Ankro ehes avi? - ACC-kill PAST IRGV - Who was killed? :Fini kazidiβotru baj avi? - 1pl.IDC LOC-walk.EIN FUTR IRGV - Whither will we walk? :Dwaaj mahevmy avi? - 3sn.DIST.NOM GEN-speak IRGV - How did he speak? (ie using which language did he speak?) When there is no verb to assign a substantive prefix to, and also when the verb can be inferred, the verb can be elided and the prefix can be bound directly to the interrogative particle. For example, the second line in this short conversation: :'''A:''' Tu noβojsœ kaziistee - He ran out of here. :'''B:''' Bidavi? - Who [ran out of here]? == See Also == {{LanguageNav}} [[Category:Originalian languages]] cb21409213f2d8ae3024a1b5cb0a6b0b72448b6b Template:Main Page banner 10 33 1912 159 2014-06-17T22:33:51Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[http://ahworlds.shoutwiki.com/wiki/Main_Page The contents of this wiki have been transferred to AHWorlds. This wiki is now defunct.]''' ac388414def1d0978a7185a5a30850d4fdea3e59 1913 1912 2014-06-17T22:36:12Z Manomow 3365071 Blanked the page wikitext text/x-wiki da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709 MediaWiki:Sitenotice 8 254 1914 2014-06-17T22:36:21Z Manomow 3365071 Created page with "'''[http://ahworlds.shoutwiki.com/wiki/Main_Page The contents of this wiki have been transferred to AHWorlds. This wiki is now defunct.]'''" wikitext text/x-wiki '''[http://ahworlds.shoutwiki.com/wiki/Main_Page The contents of this wiki have been transferred to AHWorlds. This wiki is now defunct.]''' ac388414def1d0978a7185a5a30850d4fdea3e59 1915 1914 2014-06-17T22:36:55Z Manomow 3365071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''NOTICE:''' '''[http://ahworlds.shoutwiki.com/wiki/Main_Page The contents of this wiki have been transferred to AHWorlds. This wiki is now defunct.]''' 96f184d5b5e1d827e2158367c0a19a94f64fc9df Gaia 0 105 1916 1164 2015-05-23T21:46:21Z 108.16.36.124 0 Awesome ness wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planet | width = <!--(Best given in font-proportional units such as 'em')--> | name = Gaia | symbol = <!--([[File:...]])--> | background = | image = [[File:basemap.png|250px|Basemap]] | caption = | pronunciation = - | apsis = | discovery_ref = <ref>...</ref> | discoverer = | discovery_site = | discovered = | discovery_method = | mp_name = | named_after = | mp_category = | alt_names = | orbit_ref = <ref>Osculating Orbital Elements</ref> | orbit_diagram = <!-- image link, just like in prose. ex.: [[File:1992 TC orbital diagram.jpg|260px]] --> | epoch = | aphelion = 1.435 AU | perihelion = 1.434 AU | periastron = | apoastron = | periapsis = | apoapsis = | semimajor = 1.43 AU | mean_orbit_radius = | eccentricity = 0.0167 | period = 587.695 days, 1.60899 years | synodic_period = | avg_speed = ? | mean_anomaly = | inclination = | angular_dist = <!--(Angular distance)--> | asc_node = <!--(Longitude of ascending node)--> | long_periastron = <!--(Longitude of periastron)--> | time_periastron = <!--(Time of periastron)--> | arg_peri = <!--(Argument of peri[helion/astron/...])--> | semi-amplitude = | p_orbit_ref = <ref>Proper Orbital Elements</ref> | p_semimajor = | p_eccentricity = | p_inclination = | p_mean_motion = <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)--> | perihelion_rate = <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)--> | node_rate = <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)--> | satellite_of = | satellites = 1 | dimensions = | flattening = | equatorial_radius = | polar_radius = | mean_radius = | circumference = | surface_area = | volume = | mass = 0.99 Earths | density = | surface_grav = <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)--> | escape_velocity = | sidereal_day = | rot_velocity = <!--(Rotational velocity)--> | axial_tilt = | right_asc_north_pole = <!--(North pole right ascension)--> | declination = <!--(North pole declination)--> | pole_ecliptic_lat = <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)--> | pole_ecliptic_lon = <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)--> | albedo = | single_temperature = | temp_name1 = | min_temp_1 = | mean_temp_1 = | max_temp_1 = | temp_name2 = | min_temp_2 = | mean_temp_2 = | max_temp_2 = | spectral_type = | magnitude = <!--(Apparent magnitude)--> | abs_magnitude = <!--(Absolute magnitude)--> | angular_size = | pronounced = {{IPA-en|<!-- IPA string -->|}} | adjectives = | atmosphere_ref = <ref>...</ref> | surface_pressure = | scale_height = | atmosphere_composition = }} Rotation: 26.9 hours ==Chronology== ===Geologic History=== [[File:continents.png|thumb|320px|right|The 12 continents of Gaia: {{nowrap|{{legend0|#0c0}} [[Dateline]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|green}} [[Murica]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#0040ff}} [[NEW MURICA]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#1F9BFF}} [[Arctica]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#fed52e}} [[Originalia]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#c10000}} [[Seforma]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#f33e01}} [[Omoserica]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#c04080}} [[Archipelago]]}}]] (Age of the World - 7.22 billion years) A timeline of world history, beginning with the formation of our home planet. ====First Eon (3210 mya - 2710 mya)==== *Formation of the World and its Moon from the accretion disk around the young star. The other planets begin to form around this time, as well. *The oldest known minerals appear, while the oldest known rocks date back to c. 2830 mya. *The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve. *Late Heavy Bombardment period ends c. 2790 mya. *Photosynthesis begins in microscopic primordial life c. 2710 mya. ====Second Eon (2710 mya - 1980 mya)==== *Simple single-celled life begins to form. *First known oxygen producing bacteria, the atmosphere later becomes oxygenic. *The first complex single-celled life, protists with nuclei form. The first super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world. ====Third Eon (1980 mya-500 mya)==== *The first major super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world, and persists for several hundred million years, before finally breaking up towards the end of the Third Eon. *Multi-cellular eukaryotic life begins to form. *The first "Snowball World" period; ice covers the world for two hundred million years before finally receding following a major period of volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts. *By the end of this eon, life flourishes wordwide in the seas, and life begins to make the jump to land. ====Fourth Eon (500 mya - present)==== *Major diversification and expansion of life in the (ATL Unnamed Cambrian Explosion). Numerous fossils, most modern forms of life emerge in the Fourth Eon. *Two major super-continents have formed and divided during this period: The first (Unnamed ATL Pannotia) forms c. 490 mya, before dividing c. 330 mya. The second, (Unnamed ATL Pangaea) forms c. 200 mya, before dividing c. 75 mya. *The second "Snowball World" event; triggers a mass extinction as most life becomes extinct in the face of tremendously colder climates and growing ice caps. Ends c. 320 mya. *Late Fourth Eon extinction event c. 90 mya. Leaves a large crater north of the (Unnamed Southern Archipelago) Current Date: Emergence of Humanity & The Current Glacial Maximum. Fourth Eon, Third Era. (4.3 Eo) Age Conversions Gaia Years (Earth-Years) 0-6 (0-11) Childhood 6-9 (11-17) Adolescence 9-20 (17-37) Young Adulthood 20-30 (37-56) Middle Age 30 + (56+) Old Age <references/> f559697dfcfe53bd2d982fc408d5203aa252d726 1917 1916 2015-10-10T08:38:58Z 73.0.104.176 0 Undo revision 1916 by [[Special:Contributions/108.16.36.124|108.16.36.124]] ([[User talk:108.16.36.124|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox planet | width = <!--(Best given in font-proportional units such as 'em')--> | name = Gaia | symbol = <!--([[File:...]])--> | background = | image = [[File:basemap.png|250px|Basemap]] | caption = | pronunciation = - | apsis = | discovery_ref = <ref>...</ref> | discoverer = | discovery_site = | discovered = | discovery_method = | mp_name = | named_after = | mp_category = | alt_names = | orbit_ref = <ref>Osculating Orbital Elements</ref> | orbit_diagram = <!-- image link, just like in prose. ex.: [[File:1992 TC orbital diagram.jpg|260px]] --> | epoch = | aphelion = 1.445 AU | perihelion = 1.444 AU | periastron = | apoastron = | periapsis = | apoapsis = | semimajor = 1.44 AU | mean_orbit_radius = | eccentricity = 0.0167 | period = 587.695 days, 1.60899 years | synodic_period = | avg_speed = ? | mean_anomaly = | inclination = | angular_dist = <!--(Angular distance)--> | asc_node = <!--(Longitude of ascending node)--> | long_periastron = <!--(Longitude of periastron)--> | time_periastron = <!--(Time of periastron)--> | arg_peri = <!--(Argument of peri[helion/astron/...])--> | semi-amplitude = | p_orbit_ref = <ref>Proper Orbital Elements</ref> | p_semimajor = | p_eccentricity = | p_inclination = | p_mean_motion = <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)--> | perihelion_rate = <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)--> | node_rate = <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)--> | satellite_of = | satellites = 1 | dimensions = | flattening = | equatorial_radius = | polar_radius = | mean_radius = | circumference = | surface_area = | volume = | mass = 0.99 Earths | density = | surface_grav = <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)--> | escape_velocity = | sidereal_day = | rot_velocity = <!--(Rotational velocity)--> | axial_tilt = | right_asc_north_pole = <!--(North pole right ascension)--> | declination = <!--(North pole declination)--> | pole_ecliptic_lat = <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)--> | pole_ecliptic_lon = <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)--> | albedo = | single_temperature = | temp_name1 = | min_temp_1 = | mean_temp_1 = | max_temp_1 = | temp_name2 = | min_temp_2 = | mean_temp_2 = | max_temp_2 = | spectral_type = | magnitude = <!--(Apparent magnitude)--> | abs_magnitude = <!--(Absolute magnitude)--> | angular_size = | pronounced = {{IPA-en|<!-- IPA string -->|}} | adjectives = | atmosphere_ref = <ref>...</ref> | surface_pressure = | scale_height = | atmosphere_composition = }} Rotation: 27.9 hours ==Chronology== ===Geologic History=== [[File:continents.png|thumb|320px|right|The 8 continents of Gaia: {{nowrap|{{legend0|#0c0}} [[Dateline]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|green}} [[Island Chain]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#0040ff}} [[Antarctic]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#1F9BFF}} [[Arctica]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#fed52e}} [[Originalia]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#c10000}} [[Seforma]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#f33e01}} [[Omoserica]],}} {{nowrap|{{legend0|#c04080}} [[Archipelago]]}}]] (Age of the World - 3.22 billion years) A timeline of world history, beginning with the formation of our home planet. ====First Eon (3210 mya - 2710 mya)==== *Formation of the World and its Moon from the accretion disk around the young star. The other planets begin to form around this time, as well. *The oldest known minerals appear, while the oldest known rocks date back to c. 2830 mya. *The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve. *Late Heavy Bombardment period ends c. 2790 mya. *Photosynthesis begins in microscopic primordial life c. 2710 mya. ====Second Eon (2710 mya - 1980 mya)==== *Simple single-celled life begins to form. *First known oxygen producing bacteria, the atmosphere later becomes oxygenic. *The first complex single-celled life, protists with nuclei form. The first super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world. ====Third Eon (1980 mya-500 mya)==== *The first major super-continent (Unnamed) forms on the surface of the world, and persists for several hundred million years, before finally breaking up towards the end of the Third Eon. *Multi-cellular eukaryotic life begins to form. *The first "Snowball World" period; ice covers the world for two hundred million years before finally receding following a major period of volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts. *By the end of this eon, life flourishes wordwide in the seas, and life begins to make the jump to land. ====Fourth Eon (500 mya - present)==== *Major diversification and expansion of life in the (ATL Unnamed Cambrian Explosion). Numerous fossils, most modern forms of life emerge in the Fourth Eon. *Two major super-continents have formed and divided during this period: The first (Unnamed ATL Pannotia) forms c. 490 mya, before dividing c. 330 mya. The second, (Unnamed ATL Pangaea) forms c. 200 mya, before dividing c. 75 mya. *The second "Snowball World" event; triggers a mass extinction as most life becomes extinct in the face of tremendously colder climates and growing ice caps. Ends c. 320 mya. *Late Fourth Eon extinction event c. 90 mya. Leaves a large crater north of the (Unnamed Southern Archipelago) Current Date: Emergence of Humanity & The Current Glacial Maximum. Fourth Eon, Third Era. (4.3 Eo) Age Conversions Gaia Years (Earth-Years) 0-6 (0-11) Childhood 6-9 (11-17) Adolescence 9-20 (17-37) Young Adulthood 20-30 (37-56) Middle Age 30 + (56+) Old Age <references/> c28b7ce85f025a4f3150b5caeda69163b9f5fe37 User:194.28.172.81 2 255 1918 2017-11-15T12:12:41Z 194.28.172.81 0 Кредитная Карта Без Справок О Доходах wikitext text/x-wiki [b]Пишите на почту: bernsontraff@gmail.com[/b] ----------------------------------- Кредиты под оборотные средства. Кредиты под оборотные средства - это особый вид займа, залогом по которому выступают оборотный средства предпринимателя и предусматривает финансирование его текущих потребностей для эффективного развития собственного бизнеса. Это может быть срочная проплата за поставляемый товар, покупка сырья или транспортных средств и прочее. Для чего используется кредит под оборотные средства. Кредит под оборотный капитал дает возможность предпринимателям значительно повысить темпы роста своего бизнеса, а также его деловую активность. Чаще всего оборотный кредит оформляется на следующие цели: 1. Закупка товаров. 2. Приобретение расходных материалов. 3. Покупка производственных материалов и сырья. 4. Рефинансирование текущих займов перед другими банками. 5. Погашение задолженности - по выплатам зарплаты рабочим, перед бюджетом и так далее. 6. Оплата гарантийного взноса, необходимого к допуску для участия в профильных тендерах. 7. Финансирование расходов, связанных с ведением бизнеса. Поскольку интенсивность применения оборотных средств влияет на прибыльность, тогда их увеличение благодаря банковским займам дает возможность поддержать стабильность дохода организации, а также сделать бизнес максимально рентабельным. 1. Досрочное погашение задолженности осуществляется без каких-либо штрафных санкций. 2. Возможность составления индивидуального графика для погашения (особенно удобно для предпринимателей, которые владеют сезонным бизнесом.. Возможности кредита под оборотные средства. Благодаря оборотному кредиту, предприниматель может существенно увеличить кредитоспособность своего предприятия на время совершения какой-либо сделки или определенного производственного цикла. Условия выдачи оборотных кредитов. 1. Сегодня, кредит под оборотные средства может быть предоставлен в качестве невозобновляемой и возобновляемой кредитной линии, либо в виде одноразового транша. Его размер может составлять от 300 тыс. рублей до 150 млн. рублей. 2. Комиссия за оформление данного вида кредита колеблется от 0 до 0,5%. 3. В среднем процентная ставка составляет около 9,7% (как в рублях, так и в других валютах.. 4. Предоставляется на срок от 12 до 36 месяцев. 5. Большая часть банковских учреждений, предоставляющих данный вид кредитования также предоставляют и отсрочку по выплате основного долга. Срок отсрочки составляет 3 месяца и более. Основные требования к заемщику. Основные требования, предъявляемые банками Российской Федерации к предпринимателям, желающим оформить кредит под оборотные средства включает в себя следующие моменты: 1. Кредиты под оборотный капитал предоставляются исключительно индивидуальным предпринимателям и юридическим лицам. 2. Организация должна быть зарегистрирована и территориально находится в том регионе, где планируется оформление займа. 3. Потенциальный заемщик обязан подтвердить наличие стабильного и рентабельного бизнеса, который существует более одного года (иногда более 6 месяцев.. 4. Учредитель бизнеса должен быть гражданином Российской Федерации, возраст которого более 22 года и менее 65 лет. 5. Чтобы получить оборотный кредит в банк необходимо предоставить следующий пакет документов: - в случае, если заемщик еще не обращался в банк - все учредительные документы; - бухгалтерскую и финансовую отчетность; - выписка из ЕГРЮЛ; - документы, подтверждающие отсутствие задолженностей перед налоговыми органами. - договор об аренде. 6. Потенциальный заемщик не должен иметь задолженностей перед другими банками. 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